Wright, James C

English

Scholarship;  Research;  and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College

Bryn Mawr College
Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr
College
Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology Faculty
Research and Scholarship Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology
1997
Review of Archaeological Ethics, edited by Karen D.
Vitelli; Antiquities, Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical
and Conservation Issues, edited by Kathryn Walker
Tubb
James C. Wright
Bryn Mawr College, jwright@brynmawr.edu
Let us know how access to this document benefits you.
Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubs
Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, and the History of Art,
Architecture, and Archaeology Commons
This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubs/13
For more information, please contact repository@brynmawr.edu.
Custom Citation
Wright, James C. 1997. Review of Archaeological Ethics, edited by Karen D. Vitelli; Antiquities, Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical and
Conservation Issues, edited by Kathryn Walker Tubb. American Journal of Archaeology 101:403-404.
BOOK REVIEWS 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ETHICS, edited by Karen D. Vitelli. 
Pp. 272, map 1. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, 
Calif. 1996. $40. ISBN 0-7619-0530-8. 
ANTIQUITIES, TRADE OR BETRAYED: LEGAL, ETHICAL 
AND CONSERVATION ISSUES, edited by Kathryn 
Walker Tubb. Pp. xxi + 263, color pls. 35, pl. 1. 
Archetype, London 1995. $35. ISBN 1-873132- 
70-0. 
Issues in cultural property have received increasing 
attention in the popular and academic press in the last 
15 years. The two books under review represent different 
approaches to studying the problem of the management 
of cultural property. The first is an assemblage of articles 
published in Archaeology. They constitute an easily read, 
informative, anecdotal presentation of instances of destruc- 
tion of archaeological sites, theft of artifacts, and traffic 
in stolen goods, and illustrate the varieties of responses 
by professionals in the field. Largely selected by students, 
the compendium is supplemented by a brief essay by the 
editor, K.D. Vitelli, who has been teaching a course on this 
subject for some years. Each article contains a brief bib- 
liography and footnotes to pertinent recent publications. 
By themselves the articles do not offer an analytical under- 
standing of the issues behind the cases. For this one needs 
to look to the end where a series of questions for discus- 
sion are posed. These, together with the suggested further 
reading, will lead the curious and critical reader to a deeper 
understanding of the issues of policy, legality, and ethics 
underlying each case. As an introduction, especially for 
undergraduates or perhaps in a graduate proseminar, this 
is a book to recommend. The format, however, is some- 
what cheap for the price. There are numerous misprints 
and the subject matter cries out for illustrations. 
In contrast, the publication of the papers given at the 
conference on "Conservation and the Antiquities Trade" 
sponsored by the United Kingdom Institute for Conser- 
vation Archaeology surveys the issues behind international 
conventions on cultural property, their impact on national 
legislation, and the activities of dealers, collectors, conser- 
vators, administrators, and museum and academic pro- 
fessionals. The result is a broadly based treatment with 
contributions by legal scholars, representatives of inter- 
national and national agencies, archaeologists, conserva- 
tors, a member of the press, a lay person, and two dealers. 
Codes of ethics and legislation are discussed, with perspec- 
tives offered from law and policy in Great Britain, Ireland, 
and the United States. 
Of particular use are the articles that discuss the me- 
chanics of cultural property policy, either in terms of how 
the matters are handled in the courts or how codes of eth- 
ics have evolved for museums, curators, conservators, and 
dealers. The first section, "Legal Issues," contains texts of 
important agreements (the 1970 UNESCO Convention, the 
Draft UNIDROIT Convention, and the U.K. fine art and 
antiques trade code of ethics). The reprinted article by 
Norman Palmer explains the legal issues and the context 
and impact of the 1970 UNESCO Convention, which is 
then usefully detailed in the paper of Etienne Clement. 
Lyndell Prott's article considers the trade in cultural ob- 
jects, the rise of codes governing it, and developments that 
will follow from the UNIDROIT Convention of 1995. Maria 
Papageorge Kouroupas clearly explains the mechanics of 
U.S. law by focusing on the 1983 Cultural Property Imple- 
mentation Act. Patrick Boylan's contribution dwells on 
codes of practice implemented by museums and their de- 
pendence on the International Council of Museums (ICOM) 
1986 Code of Professional Ethics, since it is a touchstone 
for setting international standards and encouraging co- 
operation among museums. These should all be required 
reading. 
Examining how these codes work when they become 
cases in courts of law, the second section begins with Patty 
Gerstenblith's examination of the case of the Kanakariai 
mosaics. Here is a quick course in U.S. law on the recovery 
of stolen property, replete with a glossary of legal terms. 
Catherine Sease and Danae Thimme detail the damage 
done to the mosaics by the plunderers and the conserva- 
tors hired by them and, as in the article by Patrick O'Keefe, 
consider the ethical questions confronting conservators. 
Unfortunately the remaining articles in this section are 
disappointing. Chippendale and Gill had published their 
contribution in AJA and would better have withdrawn from 
this publication than contribute their choppy, poorly edited 
piece. Geraldine Norman has a brief contribution that, 
aside from its cynicism (answered later by Alison Sheri- 
dan), is uninformative - all the more regrettable, since the 
author has much inside knowledge that she might have 
shared. The article by Lawrence Kaye and Carla Main on 
the Lydian Hoard diverges from a discussion of the pri- 
mary issues of the case to offer aesthetic descriptions of 
some of the objects from the hoard, something better left 
to ancient art historians. Finally, the very useful contribu- 
tion byJohn Browning recounting his experiences in trying 
to wrest his Icklingham Bronzes from Leon Levy and Shelby 
White would better have been included in the following 
section detailing the situation in the United Kingdom. 
Browning's observations expose the threadbare policies 
that govern much of U.K. antiquities law and illustrate 
clearly how education of the public is the best strategy 
for protectors of the cultural heritage. The first three 
pieces of this section, by Peter Addyman, Rosamond Han- 
worth, and Harvey Sheldon, review the problems inherent 
in the legal concept of Treasure Trove. One article would 
have sufficed, and at this point this reader begins to wish 
that a stronger editorial policy for this volume had been 
applied. Fortunately, Brian Cook's piece returns the dis- 
cussion to the level of scholarship and prose that one ex- 
pects. On the basis of his long experience in the British 
Museum, he supplies balanced and judicious insights into 
the practical dimensions of museum policy and of imple- 
menting state policy through the Reviewing Committee 
on the Export of Works of Art. This is refreshing, albeit 
discouraging, reading. The following piece by Alison Sher- 
403 
404 BOOK REVIEWS [AJA 101 
idan demonstrates how the law is different and arguably 
more effective in Scotland, and, after reading ahead, might 
best have been followed by the presentation of the state 
of protection offered in Ireland, as described by Eamonn 
Kelly. Instead, this contribution appears somewhat illog- 
ically in the final section of the volume. 
This section, entitled "The Way Ahead," begins with a 
plea from James Ede, a dealer, for a less absolutist posi- 
tion. He advocates more education and open trade in prop- 
erly excavated and recorded duplicate and minor objects. 
But he misconstrues some issues. Dealers and collectors 
are not interested only in money; instead they trade in pres- 
tige. That is why subjective values like aesthetics and per- 
sonal "reputation[s] for reliability and integrity" are more 
important to them than the intellectual and social goals 
of archaeological and historical context. A slightly hyster- 
ical, wandering, and illogical diatribe against Ricardo Elia 
by Jerome Eisenberg, a dealer and the editor of Minerva, 
follows and probably points the way ahead as being "more 
of the same." 
An important practical perspective is given by two po- 
licemen, Richard Ellis andJohn Butler. Their experiences 
belie the dealers' insistence on their innocence of the smug- 
gling, but also point up the problems of cooperation in 
an international arena. Butler notes that self-regulation, 
for example the IADA code promulgated by Ede, has never 
worked, and he argues that the foremost effective action 
to protect cultural property is to document it. Such doc- 
umentation is the subject of Peter Cannon-Brookes's article, 
which describes the development of an electronic thesaurus, 
which records material on the market and permits word 
searches. Certainly, the ability to create and consult easily 
huge inventories of known cultural artifacts has much po- 
tential in controlling the trade in stolen items, though it 
will hardly help the more virulent one in smuggled un- 
documented artifacts from illicit excavations. 
Turning to policy for conservators, Elia argues why they 
should "assume that unprovenanced objects are the prod- 
ucts of illegal excavation and illegal export unless there 
is documentation that proves otherwise:' because of the 
impediments to determining the truth created by the long 
tradition of dealers and collectors not to disclose verifiable 
information about their transactions. To conclude, Kathryn 
Tubb carefully reviews the issues faced by conservators to- 
day and argues for their having a more open role in the 
formation of policy. 
In a civilization where products are valued over process 
and every event and thing is commodified for exchange 
on the private market, critical examination of the many 
ethical, political, economic, and social issues of the trade 
in cultural property is necessary. Anyone reading these 
books will recognize how the problems of cultural prop- 
erty management highlight the contradictions inherent 
in the laissez-faire market, illustrate the importance of sup- 
porting international agencies and interstate cooperation, 
and show us how the past is a vital agency of the present. 
JAMES C. WRIGHT 
DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL AND 
NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 
BRYN MAWR COLLEGE 
101 NORTH MERION AVENUE 
BRYN MAWR, PENNSYLVANIA 19010-2899 
JWRIGHT@BRYNMAWR.EDU 
CULTURAL IDENTITY AND ARCHAEOLOGY: THE CON- 
STRUCTION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, edited 
by Paul Graves-Brown, Sin nJones, and Clive Gam- 
ble. Pp. xx + 284, figs. 29. Routledge, London 
1996. $69.95. ISBN 0-415-10676-1. 
Identity- of the individual and of the community- is 
a subject of major interest in many fields today, including 
anthropology, archaeology, history, literary studies, and psy- 
chology, as well as in public debates, both national and 
international. Among archaeologists, the principal issue 
dominating discussion is: How can we study cultural, or 
ethnic, identities of past peoples through the evidence of 
material culture? Principally by using theory and empir- 
ical results from the field of cultural anthropology, archae- 
ologists are developing informed and useful approaches 
to this important question. 
This timely book presents 17 papers, most of them from 
the 1992 conference of the Theoretical Archaeology Group 
(TAG) at Southampton, U.K. The preface notes the signifi- 
cance of that year. First, 1992 was planned as a crucial year 
in the unification of European countries, when they would 
be expected to yield some portion of their individual iden- 
tities to form the larger unity. Second, it was the 30th 
anniversary of Lewis Binford's "Archaeology as Anthropol- 
ogy" article, a landmark publication in the development 
of the New Archaeology. The TAG conference included 
two related sessions, one on archaeological study of eth- 
nic identities, the other on the ways archaeology is used 
to construct modern identities, specifically in Europe. 
Papers in the book include theoretical discussion of archae- 
ological approaches to the question of identity and specific 
studies in the field of European archaeology, as well as 
essays about the role archaeology plays in the construction 
of modern identities in European countries. I shall com- 
ment on only a few exemplary papers here. 
The principal paper on the first topic, by Siain Jones, 
titled "Discourses of Identity in the Interpretation of the 
Past," is an excellent discussion of current understanding 
of the nature of ethnic identity and of archaeological ap- 
proaches to the subject. Ethnic groups are not monolithic 
entities that persist through time, but rather categories 
defined by the people themselves in the context of specific 
challenges to their territory, economy, or political system. 
Groups transform their identities through interaction with 
others. Expressions of a group's identity can vary with cir- 
cumstances, hence we should not expect a community to 
employ the same signs of its identity in all contexts. These 
themes have been much discussed recently by cultural an- 
thropologists, and they provide important tools for archae- 
ologists. Paul Graves-Brown, in a section titled "Ethnicity 
and Material Culture," draws attention in his paper to the 
problem of recognizing when an object is a sign of iden- 
tity, and when it is something else. His discussion bears 
directly on the larger issue of how we can tell whether the 
maker of an object consciously fashioned it to express iden- 
tity, or whether we, the investigators, assign the object that 
role. 
Four papers present studies of material culture and 
identity in European archaeology. They concern Indo- 
Europeans, Celts, peoples of northeastern Europe in the 
Roman period, and populations of early medieval Britain. 
All contain interesting ideas, yet they make reference to 


Review of \u3ci\u3eArchaeological Ethics\u3c/i\u3e, edited by Karen D. Vitelli; \u3ci\u3eAntiquities, Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical and Conservation Issues\u3c/i\u3e, edited by Kathryn Walker Tubb

Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College | Bryn Mawr College Research

Bryn Mawr CollegeScholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn MawrCollegeClassical and Near Eastern Archaeology FacultyResearch and Scholarship Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology1997Review of Archaeological Ethics, edited by Karen D.Vitelli; Antiquities, Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethicaland Conservation Issues, edited by Kathryn WalkerTubbJames C. WrightBryn Mawr College, jwright@brynmawr.eduLet us know how access to this document benefits you.Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubsPart of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, and the History of Art,Architecture, and Archaeology CommonsThis paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubs/13For more information, please contact repository@brynmawr.edu.Custom CitationWright, James C. 1997. Review of Archaeological Ethics, edited by Karen D. Vitelli; Antiquities, Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical andConservation Issues, edited by Kathryn Walker Tubb. American Journal of Archaeology 101:403-404.BOOK REVIEWS ARCHAEOLOGICAL ETHICS, edited by Karen D. Vitelli. Pp. 272, map 1. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, Calif. 1996. $40. ISBN 0-7619-0530-8. ANTIQUITIES, TRADE OR BETRAYED: LEGAL, ETHICAL AND CONSERVATION ISSUES, edited by Kathryn Walker Tubb. Pp. xxi + 263, color pls. 35, pl. 1. Archetype, London 1995. $35. ISBN 1-873132- 70-0. Issues in cultural property have received increasing attention in the popular and academic press in the last 15 years. The two books under review represent different approaches to studying the problem of the management of cultural property. The first is an assemblage of articles published in Archaeology. They constitute an easily read, informative, anecdotal presentation of instances of destruc- tion of archaeological sites, theft of artifacts, and traffic in stolen goods, and illustrate the varieties of responses by professionals in the field. Largely selected by students, the compendium is supplemented by a brief essay by the editor, K.D. Vitelli, who has been teaching a course on this subject for some years. Each article contains a brief bib- liography and footnotes to pertinent recent publications. By themselves the articles do not offer an analytical under- standing of the issues behind the cases. For this one needs to look to the end where a series of questions for discus- sion are posed. These, together with the suggested further reading, will lead the curious and critical reader to a deeper understanding of the issues of policy, legality, and ethics underlying each case. As an introduction, especially for undergraduates or perhaps in a graduate proseminar, this is a book to recommend. The format, however, is some- what cheap for the price. There are numerous misprints and the subject matter cries out for illustrations. In contrast, the publication of the papers given at the conference on "Conservation and the Antiquities Trade" sponsored by the United Kingdom Institute for Conser- vation Archaeology surveys the issues behind international conventions on cultural property, their impact on national legislation, and the activities of dealers, collectors, conser- vators, administrators, and museum and academic pro- fessionals. The result is a broadly based treatment with contributions by legal scholars, representatives of inter- national and national agencies, archaeologists, conserva- tors, a member of the press, a lay person, and two dealers. Codes of ethics and legislation are discussed, with perspec- tives offered from law and policy in Great Britain, Ireland, and the United States. Of particular use are the articles that discuss the me- chanics of cultural property policy, either in terms of how the matters are handled in the courts or how codes of eth- ics have evolved for museums, curators, conservators, and dealers. The first section, "Legal Issues," contains texts of important agreements (the 1970 UNESCO Convention, the Draft UNIDROIT Convention, and the U.K. fine art and antiques trade code of ethics). The reprinted article by Norman Palmer explains the legal issues and the context and impact of the 1970 UNESCO Convention, which is then usefully detailed in the paper of Etienne Clement. Lyndell Prott's article considers the trade in cultural ob- jects, the rise of codes governing it, and developments that will follow from the UNIDROIT Convention of 1995. Maria Papageorge Kouroupas clearly explains the mechanics of U.S. law by focusing on the 1983 Cultural Property Imple- mentation Act. Patrick Boylan's contribution dwells on codes of practice implemented by museums and their de- pendence on the International Council of Museums (ICOM) 1986 Code of Professional Ethics, since it is a touchstone for setting international standards and encouraging co- operation among museums. These should all be required reading. Examining how these codes work when they become cases in courts of law, the second section begins with Patty Gerstenblith's examination of the case of the Kanakariai mosaics. Here is a quick course in U.S. law on the recovery of stolen property, replete with a glossary of legal terms. Catherine Sease and Danae Thimme detail the damage done to the mosaics by the plunderers and the conserva- tors hired by them and, as in the article by Patrick O'Keefe, consider the ethical questions confronting conservators. Unfortunately the remaining articles in this section are disappointing. Chippendale and Gill had published their contribution in AJA and would better have withdrawn from this publication than contribute their choppy, poorly edited piece. Geraldine Norman has a brief contribution that, aside from its cynicism (answered later by Alison Sheri- dan), is uninformative - all the more regrettable, since the author has much inside knowledge that she might have shared. The article by Lawrence Kaye and Carla Main on the Lydian Hoard diverges from a discussion of the pri- mary issues of the case to offer aesthetic descriptions of some of the objects from the hoard, something better left to ancient art historians. Finally, the very useful contribu- tion byJohn Browning recounting his experiences in trying to wrest his Icklingham Bronzes from Leon Levy and Shelby White would better have been included in the following section detailing the situation in the United Kingdom. Browning's observations expose the threadbare policies that govern much of U.K. antiquities law and illustrate clearly how education of the public is the best strategy for protectors of the cultural heritage. The first three pieces of this section, by Peter Addyman, Rosamond Han- worth, and Harvey Sheldon, review the problems inherent in the legal concept of Treasure Trove. One article would have sufficed, and at this point this reader begins to wish that a stronger editorial policy for this volume had been applied. Fortunately, Brian Cook's piece returns the dis- cussion to the level of scholarship and prose that one ex- pects. On the basis of his long experience in the British Museum, he supplies balanced and judicious insights into the practical dimensions of museum policy and of imple- menting state policy through the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art. This is refreshing, albeit discouraging, reading. The following piece by Alison Sher- 403 404 BOOK REVIEWS [AJA 101 idan demonstrates how the law is different and arguably more effective in Scotland, and, after reading ahead, might best have been followed by the presentation of the state of protection offered in Ireland, as described by Eamonn Kelly. Instead, this contribution appears somewhat illog- ically in the final section of the volume. This section, entitled "The Way Ahead," begins with a plea from James Ede, a dealer, for a less absolutist posi- tion. He advocates more education and open trade in prop- erly excavated and recorded duplicate and minor objects. But he misconstrues some issues. Dealers and collectors are not interested only in money; instead they trade in pres- tige. That is why subjective values like aesthetics and per- sonal "reputation[s] for reliability and integrity" are more important to them than the intellectual and social goals of archaeological and historical context. A slightly hyster- ical, wandering, and illogical diatribe against Ricardo Elia by Jerome Eisenberg, a dealer and the editor of Minerva, follows and probably points the way ahead as being "more of the same." An important practical perspective is given by two po- licemen, Richard Ellis andJohn Butler. Their experiences belie the dealers' insistence on their innocence of the smug- gling, but also point up the problems of cooperation in an international arena. Butler notes that self-regulation, for example the IADA code promulgated by Ede, has never worked, and he argues that the foremost effective action to protect cultural property is to document it. Such doc- umentation is the subject of Peter Cannon-Brookes's article, which describes the development of an electronic thesaurus, which records material on the market and permits word searches. Certainly, the ability to create and consult easily huge inventories of known cultural artifacts has much po- tential in controlling the trade in stolen items, though it will hardly help the more virulent one in smuggled un- documented artifacts from illicit excavations. Turning to policy for conservators, Elia argues why they should "assume that unprovenanced objects are the prod- ucts of illegal excavation and illegal export unless there is documentation that proves otherwise:' because of the impediments to determining the truth created by the long tradition of dealers and collectors not to disclose verifiable information about their transactions. To conclude, Kathryn Tubb carefully reviews the issues faced by conservators to- day and argues for their having a more open role in the formation of policy. In a civilization where products are valued over process and every event and thing is commodified for exchange on the private market, critical examination of the many ethical, political, economic, and social issues of the trade in cultural property is necessary. Anyone reading these books will recognize how the problems of cultural prop- erty management highlight the contradictions inherent in the laissez-faire market, illustrate the importance of sup- porting international agencies and interstate cooperation, and show us how the past is a vital agency of the present. JAMES C. WRIGHT DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL AND NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY BRYN MAWR COLLEGE 101 NORTH MERION AVENUE BRYN MAWR, PENNSYLVANIA 19010-2899 JWRIGHT@BRYNMAWR.EDU CULTURAL IDENTITY AND ARCHAEOLOGY: THE CON- STRUCTION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, edited by Paul Graves-Brown, Sin nJones, and Clive Gam- ble. Pp. xx + 284, figs. 29. Routledge, London 1996. $69.95. ISBN 0-415-10676-1. Identity- of the individual and of the community- is a subject of major interest in many fields today, including anthropology, archaeology, history, literary studies, and psy- chology, as well as in public debates, both national and international. Among archaeologists, the principal issue dominating discussion is: How can we study cultural, or ethnic, identities of past peoples through the evidence of material culture? Principally by using theory and empir- ical results from the field of cultural anthropology, archae- ologists are developing informed and useful approaches to this important question. This timely book presents 17 papers, most of them from the 1992 conference of the Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) at Southampton, U.K. The preface notes the signifi- cance of that year. First, 1992 was planned as a crucial year in the unification of European countries, when they would be expected to yield some portion of their individual iden- tities to form the larger unity. Second, it was the 30th anniversary of Lewis Binford's "Archaeology as Anthropol- ogy" article, a landmark publication in the development of the New Archaeology. The TAG conference included two related sessions, one on archaeological study of eth- nic identities, the other on the ways archaeology is used to construct modern identities, specifically in Europe. Papers in the book include theoretical discussion of archae- ological approaches to the question of identity and specific studies in the field of European archaeology, as well as essays about the role archaeology plays in the construction of modern identities in European countries. I shall com- ment on only a few exemplary papers here. The principal paper on the first topic, by Siain Jones, titled "Discourses of Identity in the Interpretation of the Past," is an excellent discussion of current understanding of the nature of ethnic identity and of archaeological ap- proaches to the subject. Ethnic groups are not monolithic entities that persist through time, but rather categories defined by the people themselves in the context of specific challenges to their territory, economy, or political system. Groups transform their identities through interaction with others. Expressions of a group's identity can vary with cir- cumstances, hence we should not expect a community to employ the same signs of its identity in all contexts. These themes have been much discussed recently by cultural an- thropologists, and they provide important tools for archae- ologists. Paul Graves-Brown, in a section titled "Ethnicity and Material Culture," draws attention in his paper to the problem of recognizing when an object is a sign of iden- tity, and when it is something else. His discussion bears directly on the larger issue of how we can tell whether the maker of an object consciously fashioned it to express iden- tity, or whether we, the investigators, assign the object that role. Four papers present studies of material culture and identity in European archaeology. They concern Indo- Europeans, Celts, peoples of northeastern Europe in the Roman period, and populations of early medieval Britain. All contain interesting ideas, yet they make reference to 

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Review of \u3ci\u3eArchaeological Ethics\u3c/i\u3e, edited by Karen D. Vitelli; \u3ci\u3eAntiquities, Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical and Conservation Issues\u3c/i\u3e, edited by Kathryn Walker Tubb

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Scholarship; Research; and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College

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