Tiivistelmä: Kloorattujen hiilivetyjen ja elohopean esiintymisestä eläinplanktonissa Suomen rannikkovesissä

Hattula, Marja-Liisa

Miettinen, Veijo

Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto

VESIENTUTKI MUSLAITOKSEN JULKAISUJAPUBLICATIONS OF THE WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTEIlkka Isotalo: Concentrations and Ioads of some metais and fluorine inthe River Kokemäenjoki in 1975 and 1977Tiivistelmä: Metallien ja fluorin pitoisuuksista ja määristä Kokemäenjoessavuosina 1 975—1977 3Lea Kauppi: Effect of drainage basin characteristics on the diffuse loadof phosphorus and nitrogen.Tiivistelmä: Valuma-alueen vaikutus fosforin ja typen hajakuormitukseen. 21Kaarle Kenttämies: Airborne sulphur and lake water acidification inFinland.Tiivistelmä: Ilman rikkilaskeuma ja järvien happamoituminen Suomessa. 42Veijo Miettinen & Marja-Liisa Hattula: Clorinated hydrocarbons andmercury in zooplankton near the coast of Finland.Tiivistelmä: Kloorattujen hiilivetyjen ja elohopean esiintymisestä eläinplanktonissa Suomen rannikkovesissä. 46Urpo Myllymaa, Anneli Ylitolonen & Erkki Alasaarela: Spread of thewaters from the River Siikajoki in the Bothnian Bay.Tiivistelmä: Siikajoen vesien leviäminen. 51VESIHALLITUS—NATIONAL BOARD OF WATERS, FINLANDHelsinki 1979ISBN 951-46-3754-2ISSN 0355-0982Helsinki 1979. Valtion painatuskeskus46CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AND MERCURYIN ZOOPLANKTON NEAR THE COAST OF FINLANDVeijo Miettinen & Marja-Liisa HattulaMIETTINEN, V. & HATTULA, M-L. 1978. Chlorinated hydrocarbons andmercury in zooplankton near the coast of Finland. Publications of the WaterResearch Institute, National Board of Waters, Finland. No. 30.Zooplankton was sampled for analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury near the coast of Finland in 1972. The dominant species in the sampieswere Cladocera or Copepoda species. The fresh weight PCB contents (0.9—65 big/kg), total DDT contents (0.2—15 .ig/kg) and mercuxy contents (10—87 g/kg) were rather Iow compared to values obtained by other investigations. None of the samples contained DDT, aldrin or lindane. Local pollutionby industry and municipalities was observed. PCB and total DDT concentrations decreased towards the open sea, and were Iower in the Gulf of Bothniathan in the Gulf of Finland. The use of zooplankton studies in monitoringIocal and regional pollution by chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury wasevaluated.Index words: Zooplankton, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCB, DDT, DDE,DDD, mercury, aldrin, lindane, Baltic Sea.1. INTRODUCTIONThe first observations of the chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT and PCB in Baltic Sea biota weremade in 1965 (Jensen et al. 1969). Within onlya few years pollution by these compounds wasshown to be serious in the Southern and CentralBaltic Sea (Otterlind et al. 1971). Local heavypollution of fish by mercury in Swedish andFinnish coastal waters was also observed (Miljövårdsforskning 1 1967, Häsänen and Sjöblom1968). About 80—90 per centofthetotalamountof mercury in fish was shown to be in the highlytoxic form of methyl mercury (Noren andWestöö 1967).These compounds are known to be bioaccumulating. In order to obtain rapid evidenceof the level and extent of the pollution preliminary studies were made of the organisms at thetop of the food chain, i.e. predator fish, sealsand sea birds of prey.The purpose of this study was to clarify thelevel of pollution by DDT and its metabolites,PCB, lindane and aldrin, and also by mercury,in zooplankton near the coast of Finland.The suitability of zooplankton studies tothe monitoring of regional and Iocal pollutionby these compounds was also evaluated.472. DATA AND METHODSZooplankton sampies were taken by the researchvessel “Aranda” offshore from densely andsparsely populated coastal areas and also fromopen sea areas of the Gulf of Finland and theGulf of Bothnia in July-August 1972. The sampies were netted (0.1 mm mesh) from a depthof 0—10 m and deep-frozen immediately in glassbotties stopped with natural cork. In the laboratory, the samples were thawed, removed frombottles and the fresh weights were determinedon filter paper. Dry weights were obtained afterheating at 70 °C for 24 hours and chlorinatedhydrocarbons were analysed by the method ofSärkkä et al. (1978).Total mercury was analysed from undriedsampies by the method of Häsänen (1970).The species composition of the sampies wasanalysed by microscope by identifying thespecies of the first 50 organisms in each sample.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results of the analyses are shown in Tabies1—2 and Figure 1. Values below 1 jig/kg are cxpressed with an accuracy of one decimal place.The sampling stations in Table 1 are presentedin order from the town or coast towards theopensea. -The composition of the sampies is expressed ona volume basis. The dominant species in the sampies were the Cladocera species Bosmina longirostris var. maritima P.E. MULLER, (B, Table 1),Daphnia cucullata G.O. SARS or D. cristata G.O.SARS (D), or the Copepoda species Eurytemorabirundoides NORDQVIST (E). Ail these speciesare herbivores, eating phytoplankton and situatedat the same level in the food chain. This fact isof importance for local and regional comparisons.Williams and Holden (1973) have shown thatthe PCB contents of zooplankton sampies maydiffer very much according to the food habitsof the dominant species, i.e. the PCB contentsof a predator species may be much higher thanthose of omnivorous or herbivorous species.Also Särkkä et al. (1978) found that the S-DDTcontents in the greatest size-fraction of plankton(0,35 mm mesh net) were on average higher thanin smaller fractions.None of the sampies taken in this work contained DDT, so the total DDT contents (S-DDT)represent the sum of DDE and DDD contents.None of the sampies contained lindane (BHC)or aldrin, either. The analysed PCB contents,0.9—65 pg/kg (Stations 39 and 28) and S-DDTcontents, 0.2—15 jig/kg (Stations 39 and 28),were rather low compared to the results ofprevious similar studies. Jensen et al. (1971)analysed mixed zooplankton and phytoplanktonsampies from the Southern Baltic Sea and found38 jig/kg and 56 zg/kg DDT (fresh weight).TornioKrni013OlliOll23’ OuLuOlIli111300 1VIV4OKokkolaV3 0ValassoarifroVaasayli4VIII3Oo PariUusikaupunkiTurku LovisaPorvoo Kotkao HeLsinki xv1 .XOX4O 01(1113coXII3O 1(1111 0X13 0XI1OFig. 1. Sampling stations nearthe coast of Finland.1. Kotka 62. Kotka 5 t3. Kotka4A t4. Kotka 4 c5. Kotka 3 c6. Kotka 2 c7. XV-1 08. Loviisa t9. Hästholm c10. Loviisa 11 c11. Porvoo 712. Porvoo 313. Porvoo 214. Porvoo 115. XIII-316. XIH-I17. X11-318. XI-319. XI-120. X-421. X-3 c22. X-1 c23. Uusikaupunki 7 t24. Pori 11 c25. Pori4 c26. VIll-327. VII-428. Vaasa29. Vaasa 830. Valassaari31. V-332. IV-433. IV-134. 111-335. 111-136. 11-237. 11-138. 1-339. Kemi 740. Tornio A41. Tornio B60°26’ 26056’ 3360027’ 26058’ 3160°25’ 26°56’ 2460°24’ 26°53’ 1460°21’ 26°52’ 1160°20’ 26°57’ 2660°15’ 27°15’ 1160°25’ 26°17’ 1760°21’ 26°20’ 960°17’ 26°26’ 17t 60°18’ 25°36’ 12t 60°17’ 25°33’ 7c 60°15’ 25°35’ 8c 60°13’ 25°36’ 7o 60°00’ 24°57’ 14o 59°50’ 24°51’ 13o 5°52’ 23°59’ 11o 59°44’ 22°60’ 20o 59°31’ 22°58’ 8c 59031’ 21040’ 760°19’ 22°03’ 1060°21’ 21°36’ 760°48’ 21°21’ 1261°34’ 21°25’ 961°33’ 21°20’ 11c 61°57’ 21°03’ 13c 62°31’ 21°00’ 5t 63°05’ 21036’ 65c 63°07’ 21°18’ 8o 63°32’ 21°05’ 6c 63°48’ 22°21’ 8c 64°07’ 23°28’ 5o 64°16’ 22°21’ 5c 64°39’ 24°08’ 12o 64°51’ 23°13’ 465°08’ 24°10’65°18’ 23°38’65°32’ 24°34’65°37’ 24°24’65°44’ 24° 10’65°41’ 24°13’5 6 113 4 72 4 63 5 83 3 63 4 72 2 42 4 62 3 56 2 83 4 71 3 42 3 52 4 63 6 95 5 103 5 83 4 71.0 0.3 1.32.1 0.9 3.00.8 0.5 1.3 512 1 3 334 2 62 1 32 1 33 2 5 190.2 1.2 1.40.2 1.1 1.3 191 2 32 1 35 2 2 46 0.6 1.4 2.06 2.5 0.9 3.40.9 0.2- 0.29 2 - 25 0.2 0.8 1.045 D35 DBDE19 B24 DD17 D12 D10 D21 DBEBBBEEBEBEBE8BBDDBBBD1) S-DDT = DDT+DDE-+DDD2) t = town stationc = coastal statjon0 = open sea stationZooplankton sampies taken from the Turku 750 jig/kg (fresh weight) in surface sampiesarchipelago in 1972—7 3 and analysed by Linko (0—10 m).et al. (1974) also had much higher PCB con- On a dry weight basis the PCB contents obtents. These authårs found PCB values of 40— tained in this study were 13—585 iig/kg (Stations48Table 1. PCB, DDE, DDD, S-DDT and mercury contents (kg/kg fresh weight) jo the zooplankton sampies taken fromthe Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia in July-August 1972.Sampling station N E PCB DDE DDD S-DDD1) Hg Dominantspecies0.6- 0.6 E2 1 3 B15- 15 87 B2 1 3 B4 2 6 B000ccc4939 and 28) and the S-DDT contents were 3—139iig/kg (Stations 30 and 28). The mean PCB andS-DDT contents in these sampies are lower(Table 2) than those determined in the planktonof Lake Päijänne in 1972—1974 by Särkkäetal.(1978). These authors obtained values of 2904ug PCB/kg and 91 pg S-DDT/kg.O On a fat weight basis the PCB contents obtained were 130—2 500 jig/kg (Stations 39 and1) and S-DDT contents 30—850 tg/kg (Stations39 and 1). In sampies taken with a net of thesame mesh size (0.1 mm) from the Stockholmarchipelago in 1971—1972, Jensen et al. (1972)found PCB values of 300—35 000 pg/kg.The highest PCB and S-DDT contents werefound in sampies from station 28, situated offthe town of Vaasa. A transformer factory in thistown uses PCB (about 40 tons in 1971) and themain losses occurred to the atmosphere. A packing plant in Vaasa delivered most of the DDTpreparations used in Finland until their use wasdiscontinued in 1970.In the area of the BothnianSea local PCB contamination was also observedoff Uusikaupunki, Pori, Raahe, Kemi and Tornio.In station 26 the high PCB value may be due tothe River Kokeniäenjoki. The largest amountsof PCB in Finland are used along this river(about 200 tons in 1971).In the Gulf of Finland obvious PCB contamination was observed off the town of Kotka, oneof the biggest harbours in Finland, and off Loviisa and Porvoo, where the biggest oil harbour andoil refinery of Finland is situated No sampieswnere taken off Helsinki. No DDT contamination was observed except in the samples just offKotka and Vaasa.The mercury contents in the samples were10—87 kg/kg (Stations 13 and 28). In the RiverKokemäenjoki the mercury contents in planktontaken with a 0.08 mm mesh net in 1969—70were 50 jg/kg upstream of a chloralkali factoryand 3 90—3 240 pg/kg downstream (V. Miettinen,unpublished data).The highest mercury contents were in samplesfrom station 28, off the town Vaasa. The samepacking plant delivering the DDT preparationsalso delivered most of the mercury compoundsused in the pulp and paper industry in Finlanduntil 1968, and stiil supplies the majority ofmercuric compounds used in Finnish agriculture.In Table 2 the contents of PCB and DDT inthe town, coastal and open sea areas studied arepresented. PCB and DDT contents decreasedtowards the open sea. A similar observation wasmade in the Stockholm archipelago by Jensenet al. (1972). The contents in samples from theGulf of Bothnia were lower than in those fromthe Gulf of Finland. Jensen et al. (1971) observed the same phenomenon in fish. The contents of chlorinated hydrocarbons decreasedfrom the Southern Baltic Sea towards the North.The results obtained indicate that well-definedzooplankton samples can be used in the regionalmonitoring of chlorinated hydrocarbons in theBaltic Sea. Local sources of pollution could alsobe detected.Table 2. Mean PCB and S-DDT contents (ILg/kg fresh weight and dry weight) in town, coastal and open sea stations.PCB SDDT NumberStationsfresh dry fresh dry of sampiesTown stationsGulf of Finland 20.6 249 6.8 82 6Gulf ofBothnia 1) 38.5 365 10.5 103 2Coastal StationsGulf of Finland 13.1 173 6.4 80 7GulfofBothnia 7.8 130 2.3 38 11Archipelago off Turku 2) 8.0 104 2.4 34 3Open sea stationsGulfof Finland 12.1 139 6.5 65 6GulfofBothnia 5.3 79 3.3 46 61) Includes the high values of station 282) Includes values of stations 20, 21 and 224 127802939E—1350AC KNOW LE DG E ME NTSThe authors thank the personnel of the lnstituteofMarine Research, especially Prof. Aarno Voipio,leader of the research cruise. Ms. Pirkko Kokkonen, National Board of Waters, carried out themicroscopical analyses, Prof. Erkki Häsänen,Technical Research Center of Finland, the mercury analyses and Ms. Mirja Lahtiperä, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskylä, theanalyses of chlorinated hydrocarbons.Helsinki, October 1978LOPPUTIIVISTELMÄVeijo MiettinenMarja-Liisa HattulaVuonna 1972 heinä-elokuussa kerättiin Suomenlahden ja Pohjanlahden rannikolta sekä Saaristomereltä 41 eläinplanktonnäytettä. Näytteissä olivat valtalajeina vesikirput ja hankajalkaisäyriäiset.Näytteistä analysoitiin DDT-, DDE-, DDD-, PCB-,aldriini-, lindaani- ja elohopeapitoisuus. Todetutkokonais-DDT-pitoisuudet (0.2—15 kg/kg tp.)PCB-pitoisuudet (0.9—6 5 big/kg tp.) ja elohopeapitoisuudet (10—8 7 pg/kg tp.) olivat melko pieniä verrattuina muiden vastaavien tutkimustentuloksiin. Näytteissä ei todettu DDT:a, aldriiniaja lindaania. Teollisuuden ja asutuksen vaikutuksesta todettiin paikallisesti kohonneita pitoisuuksia. Pitoisuudet alenivat aivan rannikon edustulta ulkomerelle päin ja olivat Pohjanlahdellaalhaisempia kuin Suomenlahdella. Tulosten perusteella lajistoltaan määritettyjä eläinplanktonnäytteitä voidaan käyttää kerääntyvien ympäristömyrkkyjen esiintymisen alueelliseen ja paikalliseen seurantaan.REFERENCESHäsänen, E. 1970. Determination of mercury in biological material by neutron activation analysis. Suomen Kemistilehti B 43:251—254.Häsänen, E. & Sjöblom, V. 1968. Kalojen elohopeapitoisuus Suomessa 1967. Summary: Mercury content of fish in Finland in 1967. Suomen Kalatalous36:1—24.Jensen, S., johnels, A.G., Olsson, M. & Otterlind, G.1969. DDT and PCB in marine animals from Swedishwaters. Nature 224 :247—250.Jensen, S., Johnels, A.G., Onlsson, M. & Otterlind, G.1971. DDT and PCB in Baltic fish. Soviet-SwedishSymposium on the Pollution of the Baltic. Stockholm 1971. 15 p. (mimeograph.).Jensen, 5., Renberg, L. & Olsson, M. 1972. PCB contamination from boat bottom paint and levels of PCBin plankton ouside a polluted area. Nature 240:25 8—360.Linko, R.R., Rantamäki, P. & Urpo, K. 1974. PCBresidues in plankton and sediment in the southwestern coast of Finland. Bull. Environm. Contam. &Toxicol. 12:733—738.Miljövårdsforskning 1 1967. Statens offentliga utredningar 196743, 183 p.Noren, K. & Westöö, G. 1967. Metylkvicksilver i fisk.Vår föda 2:13—17.Otterlind, G., Jensen, S. & Olsson, M. 1971. DDT andPCB in Baltic fish. International Council for theExploration of the Sea. C.M. 1971/E:31, 22 p.(mimeograph.).Särkkä, J., Hattula, M-L., Janatuinen, J. & Paasivirta, J.1978. Mercury and chlorinated hydrocarbons inplankton of Lake Päijänne, Finland. Environm.Pollut. 1641—49.Williams, R. & Hoiden, A.V. 1973. Organoclorine residues from plankton. Mar. PolI. BulI. 4:109—111.

Clorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in zooplankton near the coast of Finland.

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