Kauppi, P.E.

Mielikäinen, K.

Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto

-  1 2  -Joint meetingFebruary 2l-22, l99lFreiburg, GermanyECE Timbcr CommitteeTeam of specialist on the impaof air pollnbn aad other danageto forest lor wood supply andmarketsFAo European Forestry CommissionAd hoc granp: impct of airpollution on forcstsForest resources in Finland and findings on the impactsof air pollution on forestsKari Mielikiinen and Pekka KauppiThe Finnish Forest Reseach InstituteUnionink. 40 ASF-00170 HelsinkiFinlandphone: +358-0-857fax: +358-0-625Abs t rac tA lerge bod-y of inJormarion was collected in Finland in l9E5- 1990 on forest re$ourcesand ak- pollutioa. Many pollution effecrs were detected bur st rhe sarre rime- ii wasobserved rryt gee growtb has not been affccted as a rution wide average. Forest resourceshave sharply inceased since mid I970's because removals have beJn rcss iir"n- r*"r,growth. The authors believe thar acidification and other invesligated Ini.rr"ni.rr- orpollution effects do not cause major impacts on wood suppty and maikets in rior"oo i. oenext .10 o 2p years_. !!ow-eyer, there may evolve problcms'in restricted ,"nri*iu" ..""r. rnthe time horizon of 50-100 years it is possible that changes in ttre nutritionai .t"ru, orFinnish forcsts wilt cause advirse effects'on trees over wider land areas.051308_ r r _l. IntroductionThe first national forcst irvenrory in- Finrand was organized hy yrjo ltvessaro in r9z2-31.:-]Ir^:11:l_::.:.-.o_Tpl.t",r shortty before fre coiesponain'g ,ufi.y, in No.*"y .nosweden and its results aDDeared as the first national forest inventory resuhs in the world.comparable inventories hive been ""rti.o our ririi i*" ti,o", under rhe leadersrrio ftlv9.ssa.l9 an!. {ur!cn9 Kuuseta. The firsr tt'ee inventoiier- ",liJ "i . -ri"!-i,ii"j..ymethod in whiph the lines were situatbd 26 km apan from each ottrer. ruuseu -aevet'o:Jeo actuster sampling me&od which_ was applied for ihe first ti'n. i"-ixi--li,i"-ii"'i6io.,the .getho.d has been deveroped towardi the use of permanent sample plots combined withsatellite imagery.The sanding- stock of the main tree sp€cies - pine, spnrce and birch - has in this wav beenrecorded and monilored for over a time perioi of more than 60 t;.r. -ih; ;;rr'Jio, oethe results has been in the order of. plui mirns one per cetrt referring to the total standing:l* i1,.i.*,:* JI:: e'9ffi has been measured ii ail inveniorier-ti ,i riii"iir.*,cores . atro nerytrt increment measuremenb from sample trees. Tree growth estimates havethus been based on a satistica.lly represenrative sampie which "6u"r, ,ii'rt" - ror"rrr.Growth measurements provide. slightly' less accurate dlta than those on .,""ai"g- ,,".r.,nevertheless revealing eventual long ierm trends.crown defoliation ohservations were introduced into the national forest inventory in l9E5and have been taken srnce that. year on an annual tiri, i""iri.J"il'diir&cerecommendarions. A . rarge, murtidiciprinary research programme itn" llnino-programmc) was canied out in l9g5-1990 ro investigati a-nd assess' "i, poifotioosituation in Finland as well as fus impacts on ecosysrems, i'o p"rti.ur". r*.rr. ;rfiil.Soil acidificarion impries a Jong term risk on forest productivity (c.f. de Vries andBreeuwsma -1987). The mechanisms are related to chinges in -the' amounts oi t otr,nutrients and toxics in soil solution. Trees growing in sivere climatic conditions areespecially wlnerahle to such changes (Huftunen -1990). n.ioiri.atioo - *ooiJ- nrrtthreaten trees growing on poor soils (i.f. Raitio lg0).Nitrogen fertilization serves as. a.comparison. for estimating rhe impacts of nirogendeposition on forest resources. Apprication of nitogen fertilizirs i"**!o 'h" o"*ti orstgmwood in Finnish conditions by l-2 cubic merers per hecrare and v"", tr"rerloi"n'"t .r.1990). It has heen calculated thit forest fcrtilization has increased t" g.ii.r0r "Iii""i.r,lr"^rJ:-ly,l2,Til! T3 per year in rhe l9?0,s rnd 1980,s. Niaogen ir-"ppil"J-in o'or",gl .Ty, r)u kg per hectafe afid the growth response has been observed to continue foraDout ten years. Annual fertilization afca was ahout 100 fr)o hectares, and the totalamount of nitrogen applied in fertilizrrion in Finland ranged from 6 000 o g odb ioo,Per yerf.3: f:: gf li*C.i, deposition ftom the atmosphere is low on a hectare basis (2 to 6\qnuy). Howevef, rhe tohl amolnr of deposition in Finland in the lgg0.s was about 50000 tons ger yealin the form of nitrare-rri and abour +omo tonrdy."; ;; il;-ior,oof ammonia-N (Eriassen et ar. lggE). It can be eslimated rhar haff of the deposiiion isftom natural sources and half is man-made. Two thirds of the Fin;ish l;"d*";'ir";;;.,.and it crn be estimated thar most of the nitrogen is deposited i"to io."rii. -ir-'".i"rrrir' t "cgncluded that deposition is by far the largest sourci of ^.n-'nra" - nit-g"n - i-ni"iingFinnish forests.- t 4 -crnsl brrvc &€ |rm3 attcct rs &ftlntatlotr nttrogen- t eru&rcrs arereqoarivc forcrts. Thc growh rcsponse of needte up8kc cra bcdifftrctrt- -from lhst of root upteke. AirborDc nirogcn is oxic in cxtreme conditions (Fsrmct aL 190). Nitrogel deposiiing ir wintcr conditiins can leach ino surfacc *ater withourcontact to trccs. Nevertleless, dcpoeition can have a rubstantirt fertilization effect onfcest rcsources given the amounts of dtratc and ammonia it caries.Thc carbbn dioxide concentration in,thc atmosphere has risen ftom about 315 parts permillion in thc 1950's_ !o over 350 ppm iir 1990. Such a change can Stimulatcphoto synthesi and forest growtb,Natiol,l foresr inventory has formcd the basis of Fiaaish foresry poticy over the pasrdccadcs. .Th9 *io policy pdnciple heb been to follow and findrcr -devetoj the concepi ofsushinsble forestry. The rhreat duc o air poltution has added r new dimension boih orescarch ltrd t9 pglicy formularion. Air pollurion irnplies unccrrainty in empirical, longterD trends aad rclatio$shipr, Depositlon can havc differcnt khds of iffects. !t- can tend todecreasc as wcll as to incrcasc forcst Eowdr. Different sites can.eact in quite a differentwey. A l8rge body of new infornratbn is now available in Finlard ro assess the situation.In rhis paper we review results from Finnish investigations on forest resources and on theimpacts of air- pollutsnts on foress. The specific aim of this paper is to describe rhe longlerm trelds of forest re$rurces and the impact of Nif pollutants on these rends. This is inI way a new version of a similar papcr by N6jd (190). The trends in forest resourcesare directly relevant to timber market.2. Methods2l Forest rcsources and total growthThe merhods of fccst iavcor,mics hrvc bcen describcd in deuil ia a number of publications(c.f. Kuuscla end Salmincn 1969, Kuurch and Selmiruu l99l). The survev'in FinhndroEtes ftom one rcgion to another so that measuremeBts for ccrtain pans of the coutrycan bc es g1c-h as fivo ycarr otd- An updetc was collrtructcd compuut-iona[y hy corrcctin!the Ltcsr field measuremeat! by cutting strtistics, growth models- and incrimem variatircnmeasurements. strnding stock and Eee growth werc thus updated to comespond thesituatioa in the end of the growing season of 1989 (Tomppo and Siitonen lgl). '22. Interannual variation in diameter incrementAcidificrtion rnd. hitL -twcls of tropospheric ozone can retlrd foresr growth. on the orhcrhrnd the. increa$ng coJ corccntr.tion io the atmosphere aad the diposition of nitrogencompound$ can have a fatilizing effcct. In oder to study rhcse efftcti, tree ring analyseswere canied out. Trees subject to silvicultural astivities- improving growth werJ omitied-Incremert cores were taken from rbout 2 00p trees in 1989, These trees were selectedsystcmatically from the samplc plots of thc national forcst inventory, located all overFinland (for deoils of the method see lledtoncn 1990).23. Air pollution researchA whole ser of differenr mettodologies was applied in air pollution research includingemissioa srfveys, air chemistry mcasurements, deposition measurements, pollutiontransfomation and transporl modelling, vegelation surveys, water quality surveys,controlled laboratory and field experimeats etc. The methods ipplicd in Ffihtrd have beendescribed in a recent publication of the HAPRO programme Gfauppi et al. 1990).31, Forest resourccsand- t r -rorat growthFil:",3.' l',m! n"Uf;^were tather sable from the. early le20's until the te70.soisdo.in.;3;;;;^ti:f+,il'"yi'rfi Hl'il,f irT,H_H*"n,J.,i-g"lil*ierowth exceeded the rernovaf _of ;ru;*od. r,i ifrs-s'i ,h. ainii""."*t.-t""* fr# "roremovals was anually about 25 mill. mi.The totrr growth of stemwood in, Finnish forcsts _in the years lgg5-lggg was ?g mir.m3tvear on rhe averase. rrris is aooui-i5-.irL isi; a6ou" trr" GrLi *roic"ro-*"nyyears eartier. The relative. in.r:l:: of fo.i.i .gr-J;;-*as over 40 per cenr and rbusconsiderably higher rhan the .conesponding ii*easl tn stending stock. The annualremovals in 1985-90 accoun'ted for ' 55.2 LiiiitiiTvlr of timber comprising of 2 r.0mill'm3tvr of scots on* 22.2 'niir.*Jyr ;i'Ni;#.; spruce and r2.0 m'r.m3/yr ofdecidious trees.R^e-g_engration . of rgy-producing^-stands,,ditching of _pearlands, inrensive s vicurrue ofyo"ng plaaations' bigger voruries in oider ruoi, .niirnirizations are rhe main reasonsto such I high prodrction increase. The litesr t i*" pro;"ction ; f*.r,-.fi*il' i'n*rssl(Forest 2000 Report) ctearly una"i"rtirn"iJ roj"v:r- ffio producrion.32. Interannual variation in diameter incrementNo geneal long tenn tends were detected in &e dismeter groflh of Scos pine. The growtrvaried suhsrantirllv from "g t: y:"-rll,g.-ii-ri-igtor* patrerns differed betweenregions and sires. Fm examprs. in 'issz-d9 iit" ir.i.Lf iocremenr of pine rees growingon pcarland sites in nmthen Tinrand *.* ro-o'i6'-i'o cent berow the averagel Thoseffil?itr.l* were exceplionaily cota ano h"rtv i"uJir"g a very cotd winter period inP-*.1-"1f. growth of Norwll spruce was relarively high throughout the l9g0.s wirhsome exceptional vears. Tbe hr4 ^1::A proaucton a-ecr,eased the grounh of Norway sprucebv 20-30 per cem in fte vears-rgB a;;-it8t:d;;;;r an increasing rowrh trend or12 per cent in 20 years berween 1967 ;il- ig'Siiiiioilnen tB0). The nend corretaredto westher vatiables' nohbly temperature and precipiation. A similar correlation couldheve exisred betwecn Eee *iya.ri"a ;ilg;;;;;;iffi;^between tree growrh and co2concentration Such calculaiions, however, -*a.",ioi-y"l-pororrn"o.33. Air pollution researchlhere..was -a .gcneral tendency. within Finrand that concenfations and the levers ofdeposition of differenr air nolluiion dpd;dr';# &J"highe$ in the southernmost Darrof the country with anorhei rgong rnaiim,rn-io'ioltr,'Lrt."o. part of the country (Joffreet ar. 1990, Anrtira 1990. J.rvir[n ;il-G;'1]fr,iuo",n"n et ar. 1990). similarspatial grrdients were measured oo.rr.i-"temEnt '.-ool!nr.,io* of forest vegetation andIake. water chemisry (Ruhling er el. 19g7, I(ut,in-lig6.'toading  ..o'vrr-#r i'"'"r'i''i"a^**,;;dili; "'#iiJ:'HL':,,llr'ffi];.t:li'.jilindustries (Johansson et al. 1990).A rarge fraction of nitrocen depositioa in Finnish forests was absorbed by tree needles{1:'1y..'sry)'. Nitrogln is i.nutrienr o tr"., trui-ii-."o have had roxic effecrs onsome sensitive lichen species. This. could "*pf"in -U. i.i!e scale subsritution of pollurionsensitive epiphytic species hy otr,"r, insirisitiu"-'roffi (Kuusinen et al. I !i90). tn- ' 6 'Finland thcre were no- concirtcnt. reletionships bchrcen the regionar patterns of airpollution and crown dcfoliation (tukoh-sulonei er al. t990). c.oJn- a"roii"iionlo"-ia"ntroutcd from ono arca to anotfoer depending on wcath€f, ana on epiaemic-;tt";l;r;;*and pathogenes.4. Discussion and conclusionsup until the end of the 1980-s there has been no generar decrine of forest growrh inFinland- on rhe contarv forest resources have increa&d more thrn *", proio6J -in' o"gty 1?89'r . only sode 70.pcr cenr. of thc annual gro*rt ",,, ut ized through removals.Air pollutio! has nor caused Erge scale market effect! in oe Finni*r torJ;;t-*:-*'Thcre are nq research results. suggesting -thet the exports of Finnish forest products areaffccted by _ pollutioa induced mirkct iffects ia otier counties. In fact.it has bc€ndemonstated .that- the itrternation l market sysrem is fairry insensitive io ,."ii ,."1upertudrations in timber removals (Seppnln et'al. 1990).*::I"1^-T"l -"1tll r,"qi".g signats were derected indicating thar air poltutants affccrrlnnrs[ rorest ecosystems. pollution sensitive lichens have arynne{ Air fo[ution damageto -tecs has bcen detected in small geogrrphic scale at.many locations. s".ac" ","t"rr -L""acidifled due to srlphur deporitioq-ani sinsitivc aquatic organisms have decrihed. Massbalance celcuhrions - indicati that man-made a"poriiii,n or r"-rpu- "ra iiiroi", ".",n*-"have affected clement cycles to a subsantial exrentIn the light of arr thc observations it is clear thrt trecs are not among the most scasitiveorganisms to sir polrution. Howevcr, man-madc cmissions treve cnangid-tie- .t".irE' "rthe amorphcrc (rir concentratio's and deoosition oi ,oi*r-.n-".ili;;,#il'**thc past &cadcs aad continuc o do so. Thc inanges lave not dccrcased " ii.,,nil?-Firiirrforcsts "' the country-widc avcra.gc. Dircct evi&ncc oi a -gene*t ftrtitization effect of airpollutants on foresu -is also tactiig.Given the bufferiag charactcristics of typicer Finnish so s, acidification is unriterv tocaus. a gencf,rl decrine of Eee growfi wiihin the next l0 b m y"ars. wi*rin;;;;; il,o"9f 50 !" lfl).years (a.typical ro=ation period of tree srands in Fintand) tG;."t-;;;il "general nuEition problem of forest soils. So  acidification is one risk factor. Moreover,the frvq'ablc changes in the_ structure of forest stands seems ro be coming to an endcurrenr rescarch focuses on "early warning region." drai is, in areas oi -r,io- o"rr"ii""load and sensrtive soils end sunis. one ;;-i-bb ;uJ;' scenario in these regions is anincrease in pest and pathogen problems.R eferences:Anttila,, P' 1990. characterirlg, lr Arka-line Emissions, Atmospheric Aercsols andDeposition 9: Krynni p., Anttila, p-_and,Kentrrmiis, rc <ios.l. e.ioin""ti"" li""riir""o.S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g ( B e r l i n H e i d e l b e r g N e w Y o r k ) . p p . ' r i i . i : + .                          de vries, -w._ _ and Breeuwsma, A.. llg_z Jhe Rerationship Between Soir Acidification andElement Cycling. Water, Air, and Soil pollution. lj,i-S5-lf O._ J 7  _Eliasseq _A., -H*, O., Iversen, T., Salthorcs, J. and Simpson, D. t9gg. Estimates ofl"bTo: -Trambouodary Transport of Sulphur ard Nirtogen ovcr Europe. EMEPA.iSC-WReport lEE. The Norwegian Meteorological Insritute.F€rm A.' _llyt6nen, J., I {hdesmiki, p., pictir6inen, p., aod pltih, A. l99o. Effects of HighNitro,gen Deposition on Forests: case studies close to Fur Aoimal Farms. In: Kauppi, p.,4n!!ib P. and Kennlimies, K. (eds.). Acidification ia Finrand. spri"ger-virLi-i"s;nnHeidelberg New York). pp. 635-668.Forest 2000 Report. 1984. Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Foresry. (In Finnish).Forsius, M., Kimiri, J., Kortelainen; p., Mannio, J., Verta, M. and Kinnunen, K. 1990.:tali.:tical Lake S-uwey in Filtand: Regionat Estimites of Acidificarion. In: Iiauppi, p.,Antulal P. and Kenttimies, K. (eds.). Acidification in Finland. Springer-Verlag '(BerlinHeidelberg New York). pp. 759-780.Hentbnen, H. 1990. Kuusen rinnankorkeusHpimitan kasvun vaihtelu Etelil-suomessa.S_ummary: v-ariation in the Diameter Growth bf Norway spruce in souoern FilLna.university of Helsinki. Dept. Forest Mensuration and Management. Research Notes 25: l-8 8 .Yo$r} s. Reinilainen, J.- and rurunen, M. 1990. wintering Response of conifers roAcid Rain Treaunent unda {9r$er-n condirions. In: Kauppi, p.,-anuita, p. ano r"nite.ier,K. (eds.). Acidification in Finrand. springer-verrag lBerlin i{eidelberg N; y";-k). pp.6 0 7 - 6 3 3 .Hyviirile]0.- A 1990. Deposition on Foresr soils - Effect of rree canopy Throughfall. -Ibid.pp. 199-213.Jirvineq o' and Vinni, T. l9m. Bulk Deposition chemistry in Fintand. -Ibid. pp. l5l-1 6 5 .Joffre,--S.M., -kurila, T., Ha!o!a, tt., Lindfors, S., Konttinen, S. and Taalas, p. 1990. Onthe Effects of Meteorological Factors on Air concenuations and Deposition in Finland- -Ibid. pp. 43-94.{9!1nrton, ,M., Knm{ri, J., pipafti, _!., _ Savolainen, I., Tuovinen, J.-p. and Tihtinen, M.-1990. Developmenl oJ an Integrated Model for the Assessment of Acidification i" ii"r"iro. -Ib id .  pp . l  l7 l - l193 .Jukola'sulonen, E.-L., Mikkora, K-.- and Salemaa, M. 1990. The vir8lity of conifers inFinland 1986-1988. Ibid. pp. 523-560.Sauppi' _P.' -Antt a, P. and Nenttamies, K. (eds.). Acidification in Finllrnd. 1237 p.Springer-Verlag (Berlin Heidelberg New york).Krbin,. E. . 1990.. A _Survel of Element Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnmphvsodes in Finland in 1985-1986. -Iq ragnpi: p., Anttila, p.'dn.i rente;i;r;'ft:%Jr.r.Acidification in Fintand springer-Verlag lrierrin Heidelberg u"* voril.-pp. -lz-{: &.Kuusta' K and salminen, s. 1969. The 5th National Forest Inventory in Finrand. commun.Inst. Frcst. Fenniae 69.4.Kuusela, x.-^and- -sarminen, s. 199r. s-uomen metsev a,ot r97i-r9g4 ja niiden kebit-tyminen 1952-1980. summary: Forest Resources in Finland in rszzlisgi-lna "ii"i,Developmenr in 1952- 1980. Folia Forestalia (in press).- 5 8 -fuu.sjncn, Y., _Y!!!ot., .[r,^-"ld J,ukola-S-utoncn, E.-L. t990. Epiphytic Lichens onConiftri in thc 1960's to 1980's in Finland- In: Kiunoi- p.. Anniu f rirt [.,.rrr,,i.t riftri lr  's rc s   0's  0-s  i tr d" : ruppi, , nila, p. iril x.oruroiis, x.(e<ls.). Acidification in FinLnd. Sorincer-Vcdaq (Beriin Heideltreto Nerr ynrtrl ,,,, ioz-420.p g r- g ( ;lin tb rg w ork). pp. 3f-Mtrlkdncn, E., Derome, J. and Kukkola M. 1990. Effects of Nitrogen Inputs on ForestEcosystems. Estimation Based on Long-Term Fertilization Experimints. itria. pp.- izs-341 .N^6j!: l: 1990.. Detgcting Forest Growth Responses to Environrnental changes - a Reviewof Finnish Studies. Ibid" p. 507-.522.Raitio, H. 1990. Decline of young scots pines in a Dry Hcaft Forest. Acta universitetisOulucnsis. Series A : 216.Ruhling., A, Rasmussen L, pilegaard, K., Mekinen, A. and Steines E. I9g7. Sunrev ofAtmospheric Heavy Metal Deposition in the Nordic countries in 19g5. Nono rsgi,z r.Nordisk Ministerrild.!.p.pnF' H.' seppe4' R.' and Kalrio, M. 1990. Economic Impacr of western Eurooean Airt,orrutron on ttre Finnish Forest sector. In: Kauppi, p., Anrtila, p. and Kenttiiiies, K.(eds.)' Acidification in Finland. Springer-verlag- (Berlin Heidetberg N"; yo*t. ' pp.t 2 t 7  -  1 2 3 7  .Tomppo' E. and Siir,onen, M.. 1990. The Nationar Forest lnventory of Finrand. paped jaPuu - Paper and Timber 73( 199l):2:90-98.Tuovinen' _J.,-P., -Kanges, L and Nordlund G. 1990. Model calculations of Sulohur andN rEogen Deposftion in FiBland. I_n: Keuppi, p., Atrttita, p. and Kenttimies, r. (eds.).Acidification in Finhnd. springer-vertag (-Berlia Heidelberg New vot*1. pp. ' r oi- rUi.Tola l  vo lumgmit l .  m32 0 0 0- t 9 -reAl-38 1946-53 t9Sg-?ONl sprr""1 5 0 01 0 0 0192!-24 t030-38Tota l  incrementl 95 t -53  t 9G4-70  t o77 -84  1e90I e 18-2it22prn.r972-a4 19A5-69n Deciduous sp.Total volurne and annuaL increnent of the growingstock by nain tree species in 1921-1990 on forestand other wooded 1and. in Flnland (Tonppo and Sii_tonen 1991 )  .m i l t .  m gF i q .  1 .1 3 01201 11009080713012074 76 78 80 82 84 86 88- Norway spruce J- -- Norway spruce lI- Scots pine [t- - - Scots plne I!1 11- scots pin€ I-- - Scots pine IlFig. 2. Variat ion of tr€e dianeter growth in Finland 1972'49.Km, N74AOTtoo6850s$),i iy'''. '.;:.' \112470) 71 76 78 80 82 84 86 8880J -  -70J 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88

Forest resources in Finland and findings on the impacts of air pollution on forests

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Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto