Grabill, Bill

Tucker, Gary E.

English

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 24 Article 161970Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas,AreaGary E. TuckerArkansas Tech UniversityBill GrabillArkansas Tech UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Botany Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academyof Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationTucker, Gary E. and Grabill, Bill (1970) "Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, Area," Journal of the Arkansas Academy ofScience: Vol. 24 , Article 16.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol24/iss1/16Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXIV,1970 39Additions To The Arkansas FloraBuchholz, J. T. and E. J. Palmer 1926. Supplement tothe catalogue of Arkansas Plants. Trans.Acad. Sci. of St. Louis 25:91-155.Dale, E. E. 1963. Literature on the vegetation of Arkan-sas. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 17:40-49.Moore, D. M. 1961. Revised and annotated catalogue ofthe grasses of Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad.Sci. 15:9-25.Shinners, L. H. 1951. Notes on Texas Compositae VIII.Field & Lab. 19:134.Small, J. K. 1913. Flora of the Southeastern UnitedStates. 2nd ed. New York.Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. The IowaState U. Press, Ames.Wells, J. R. 1969. Specific relationships between Poly-mnia canadensis and P. laevigata (Compositae). Castanea 34:179-184.Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, AreaGary Tucker and BillGrabillArkansas Polytechnic College, Russellville, Arkansas 72801I Pope County, Arkansas, a primarily mountainouscounty of the Arkansas River valley in west-central Ar-Ikansas, is a unique area floristically. The area has arich flora representing a number of different habitatsand vegetation types: rock outcrop (sandstone, shale,and limestone); unconsolidated sand dunes; several de-ciduous climax forest types, principally dominated byoaks of several species, often accompanied by one ormore species of hickory, but with mesophytic speciesprevailing on moister, cooler sites; cypress-tupelo swampforest; several forest types of successional nature, in-cluding shortleaf pine; various aquatic and semiaquaticvegetation types; and disturbed habitats in several stagesof succession. Extensive agricultural land utilization andI building construction activity allows for an abundance ofweedy species.I Extensive vascular plant collections have been madewithin Pope County, and surrounding counties, withinI the past three years. Preliminary examination of theseand other herbarium specimens has revealed several im-portant phytogeographical elements within the flora ofthe area.Any area, regardless of geographic location, willI harbor species having many different geographic ranges.Any area, therefore, will have certain "rare" speciesI which are either local endemics, disjuncts, or at leastmarginal in range. Many workers, therefore, think it idleI to mention "northern" or "southeastern" or "western"species of an area. Such species, to be sure, areI usually not of consequence if considered individually.It is less than easy, however, to discount large assemb-I 'ages of such species groups on the basis of present dis-tribution patterns alone. An assemblage of "rare" orI marginal" species is often instructional in interpretingpast geological history, former distributional patterns,and, in many cases, present ecological conditions of anarea.The following lists of taxa broadly categorize thephytogeographical affinities of important elements of theflora of Pope County and surrounding area. Sources ofdistribution data include Gleason and Cronquist (1963),Harrington (1966), Radford et al (1968), and Steyer-mark (1963). The lists are not exhaustive and are notintended to represent major contributions toward a checklist of the area. They are offered as evidence of a di-verse flora which offers much potential for serious study.Specimens cited are on deposit in the Herbarium ofthe Biology Department, Arkansas Polytechnic College,unless otherwise noted.TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTIONIN SOUTHEASTERN STATESTrichomanes petersii Gray— Pope County (Redfearn,University of Arkansas Herbarium)Aira elegans Willd. ex Gaud. — Pope County (Tucker4191)Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc.—Pope County (Tuck-er 4776)Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr.— Pope County (Tuck-er 3624)Tradescantia hirsuticaulis Small — Pope County (Wil-son s.n.)Aneilema keisak Hassk.—Conway County (Tucker 7760)Ulmus crassifolia Nutt.—Conway County (Tucker 8357)39Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 24 [1970], Art. 16Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 19701Planera aquatica Walt, ex Gmel. — Pope County (Tucker3610)Brunnichia cirrhosa Gaertn.— Pope County (Stringfel-low s.n.)Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx.—Pope County(Tucker 8029)Neviusia alabamensis A. Gray—Conway County (Tuck-er 6897)Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) Koch— Pope County (Tuck-er 3543)Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Mohr.—Johnson County(Tucker 8241)Aeschynomene indica L. — Pope County (Moore s.n.)Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex Hill— Pope County(Tucker 7622)Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.—Pope County (Tucker7131)Berchemia scandens (Hill) Koch—Pope County (Tuck-er 7702)Eryngium prostratum Nutt.— Pope County (Tucker7210)Trepocarpus aethusae Nutt.— Pope County (Tucker7995)Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) Muell.— Pope County(Tucker 7998)Nyssa aquatica L. — Pope County (Tucker 3607)Lyonia ligustrina (L.) Britt.— Pope County (Tucker7215)Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don— Pope County (Tucker7214)Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.—Pope County (Tucker 8038)Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir— Pope County(Tucker 7107)Verbena brasiliensis Veil.— Pope County (Tucker 7132)Spermacoce glabra Michx.—Pope County (Tucker7548)Sherardia arvensis L.—Pope County (Tucker 7993)Sphenoclea zeylandica Gaertn.—Yell County (Tucker6801)Senecio tomentosus Michx.— Pope County (Reddells.n.)Liatris elegans (Walt.) Michx.—Pope County (Tucker3498)Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.—Pope County (Tucker3613)Facelis retusa (Lam.) Sch.-Bip. — Pope County (Tucker7030)Baccharis halimifolia L.—Pope County (Grabill s.n.)Soliva pterosperma (Juss.) Lessing — Pope County(Tucker 7930)TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION INNORTHERN AND EASTERN STATESCarex albursina Sheldon—Pope County (Tucker 7873A)Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll ¦—Pope County (Wright s.n.)Orchis spectabilis L. — Pope County (Tucker 7918)Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br.— Pope County(Tucker & Hodges s.n.)Actaea pachypoda Ell.—Pope County (Tucker 7650)Magnolia acuminata L.—Pope County (Tucker)Magnolia tripetala L.— Pope County (Tucker 7666)Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim — Pope County(Tucker 7652)Cornus alternifolia L. f.—Pope County (Tucker 7663A)Panax quinquefolius L—Pope County (Tucker 7672)Halesia Carolina L.— Pope County (Tucker 3553)Fraxinus quadra ngulata Michx.—Pope County (Tucker3539)Viburnum molle Michx.—Pope County (Tucker 6867)TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTIONIN WESTERN STATESFestuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. & Graebn.—PopeCounty (Tucker 5003)Eragrostis oxylepis (Torr.) Torr.—Pope County (Tuck-er 7235)Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. — Pope Coun-ty (Tucker 7205A)Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. — Pope County (Snod-grass s.n.)Dalea lanata— Pope County (Tucker 7173)Cotinus obovatus Raf.—Pope County (Tucker 5804)Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn. — Pope County(Tucker 7043)Callirhoe involucrata (T. & G.) Gray — Pope County(Tucker 8041)Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXIV, 1970 40Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 24 [1970], Art. 16http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol24/iss1/16Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXIV, 197041Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, AreaSpermolepis echinata (Nutt.) Heller—Pope County Penstemon arkansanus Penned — Pope County (Wlison(Tucker 7106) s.n.)Ruellia pedunculata Torr.— Pope County (Tucker 7996TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION Galium arkansanum Gray—Pope County (WilliamsonIN MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY*'"'*Cynosciadium digitatum DC.—Pope County (Tucker occcdcm^cc8039) REFERENCESHydrolea uniflora Raf.—Pope County (3621) Gleason, H. A. and S. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United Statesand adjacent Canada, Princeton, N. J.TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION Harrington, H. D. 1966. Manual of the plants of Colorado.IN OZARK HIGHLANDS REGION Denver.Radford, A. E. et al. 1968. Manual of the vascular floraCarya texana Buckl.—Pope County (Flanagin s.n.) of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill.Castanea ozarkensis Ashe—Pope County (Tucker 4182) Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Ames, Iowa.Phlox pilosa var. ozarkana Wherry— Pope County Waterfall, U. T. 1969. Keys to the flora of Oklahoma.(Moore 54-100) Stillwater.Land Use In Northwestern Arkansas: A Case StudyJoe E. Yates, State College of ArkansasConway, Arkansas 72032The area of study is a civil township in BentonCounty in northwestern Arkansas. The topographicalfeatures range from a flat prairie surface in the southernportion of the township to a rugged, stream dissectedsurface in the northern portion. The total acreage ofthe area is 7,851.6 acres. The physical elements of theegion willallow the growing of most mid-latitude crops)ut only a few are found in the area. Therefore, theuthor turned to the cultural factors to determine the usef land, while keeping in mind that physical controlsould exert some influence. In an attempt to get ansight into the cultural involvement, the population waslivided into groups based on whether they were full-timearmers, part-time farmers, non-farming families, or ab-sntee owners of farms. A questionnaire was used andI affected people were interviewed.IThe major categories used are cropland, pastured, abandoned agricultural land, farmsteads, forestd, and public and semi-public land.1A total of 536 acres, 6.8 per cent of the township,(1) Data was collected during the week of March 24,1969.is used for crops. There are four commercially growncrops in the area. Green beans utilize 276 acres, wheat143 acres, soybeans 67 acres, and corn 50 acres.Green beans are raised as a cash crop, and all aresold to Allen's Canning Company in Siloam Springs,Arkansas. One farmer who resides in the township raises80 acres of green beans in addition to producing beefcattle and poultry. The remaining 196 acres are grownby two absentee owners who reside close to the town-ship. Both of these farmers engage in beef productionas well as green beans. They raise no other crops. Allbeans are grown in the southern portion of the townshipwhere the soil has developed under prairie vegetation.This soil is productive farming land when properly drain-ed and limed.All three farmers who grow green beans moved intothe area from another state and brought capital withthem. This cultural influx has had an impact on cashcrop production in these prairie areas. Several yearsago much of the prairie area was in apple orchards butbecause of disease, insects, and the ease of pasturingcattle, the orchards were allowed to die and were neverreplanted. The native people regarded the land as too41Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 24 [1970], Art. 16Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1970

Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, Area

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 24 Article 16 1970 Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, Area Gary E. Tucker Arkansas Tech University Bill Grabill Arkansas Tech University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Botany Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Tucker, Gary E. and Grabill, Bill (1970) "Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, Area," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 24 , Article 16. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol24/iss1/16 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXIV,1970 39Additions To The Arkansas FloraBuchholz, J. T. and E. J. Palmer 1926. Supplement tothe catalogue of Arkansas Plants. Trans.Acad. Sci. of St. Louis 25:91-155.Dale, E. E. 1963. Literature on the vegetation of Arkan-sas. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 17:40-49.Moore, D. M. 1961. Revised and annotated catalogue ofthe grasses of Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad.Sci. 15:9-25.Shinners, L. H. 1951. Notes on Texas Compositae VIII.Field & Lab. 19:134.Small, J. K. 1913. Flora of the Southeastern UnitedStates. 2nd ed. New York.Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. The IowaState U. Press, Ames.Wells, J. R. 1969. Specific relationships between Poly-mnia canadensis and P. laevigata (Compositae). Castanea 34:179-184.Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, AreaGary Tucker and BillGrabillArkansas Polytechnic College, Russellville, Arkansas 72801I Pope County, Arkansas, a primarily mountainouscounty of the Arkansas River valley in west-central Ar-Ikansas, is a unique area floristically. The area has arich flora representing a number of different habitatsand vegetation types: rock outcrop (sandstone, shale,and limestone); unconsolidated sand dunes; several de-ciduous climax forest types, principally dominated byoaks of several species, often accompanied by one ormore species of hickory, but with mesophytic speciesprevailing on moister, cooler sites; cypress-tupelo swampforest; several forest types of successional nature, in-cluding shortleaf pine; various aquatic and semiaquaticvegetation types; and disturbed habitats in several stagesof succession. Extensive agricultural land utilization andI building construction activity allows for an abundance ofweedy species.I Extensive vascular plant collections have been madewithin Pope County, and surrounding counties, withinIthe past three years. Preliminary examination of theseand other herbarium specimens has revealed several im-portant phytogeographical elements within the flora ofthe area.Any area, regardless of geographic location, willI harbor species having many different geographic ranges.Any area, therefore, will have certain "rare" speciesI which are either local endemics, disjuncts, or at leastmarginal in range. Many workers, therefore, think it idleI to mention "northern" or "southeastern" or "western"species of an area. Such species, to be sure, areI usually not of consequence if considered individually.It is less than easy, however, to discount large assemb-I 'ages of such species groups on the basis of present dis-tribution patterns alone. An assemblage of "rare" orI marginal" species is often instructional in interpretingpast geological history, former distributional patterns,and, in many cases, present ecological conditions of anarea.The following lists of taxa broadly categorize thephytogeographical affinities of important elements of theflora of Pope County and surrounding area. Sources ofdistribution data include Gleason and Cronquist (1963),Harrington (1966), Radford et al (1968), and Steyer-mark (1963). The lists are not exhaustive and are notintended to represent major contributions toward a checklist of the area. They are offered as evidence of a di-verse flora which offers much potential for serious study.Specimens cited are on deposit in the Herbarium ofthe Biology Department, Arkansas Polytechnic College,unless otherwise noted.TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTIONIN SOUTHEASTERN STATESTrichomanes petersii Gray—Pope County (Redfearn,University of Arkansas Herbarium)Aira elegans Willd. ex Gaud.—Pope County (Tucker4191)Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc.—Pope County (Tuck-er 4776)Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr.—Pope County (Tuck-er 3624)Tradescantia hirsuticaulis Small—Pope County (Wil-son s.n.)Aneilema keisak Hassk.—Conway County (Tucker 7760)Ulmus crassifolia Nutt.—Conway County (Tucker 8357)39Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 24 [1970], Art. 16Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 19701Planera aquatica Walt, ex Gmel.—Pope County (Tucker3610)Brunnichia cirrhosa Gaertn.—Pope County (Stringfel-low s.n.)Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx.—Pope County(Tucker 8029)Neviusia alabamensis A. Gray—Conway County (Tuck-er 6897)Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) Koch—Pope County (Tuck-er 3543)Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Mohr.—Johnson County(Tucker 8241)Aeschynomene indica L.—Pope County (Moore s.n.)Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex Hill—Pope County(Tucker 7622)Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.—Pope County (Tucker7131)Berchemia scandens (Hill) Koch—Pope County (Tuck-er 7702)Eryngium prostratum Nutt.—Pope County (Tucker7210)Trepocarpus aethusae Nutt.—Pope County (Tucker7995)Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) Muell.—Pope County(Tucker 7998)Nyssa aquatica L.—Pope County (Tucker 3607)Lyonia ligustrina (L.) Britt.—Pope County (Tucker7215)Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don—Pope County (Tucker7214)Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.—Pope County (Tucker 8038)Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir—Pope County(Tucker 7107)Verbena brasiliensis Veil.—Pope County (Tucker 7132)Spermacoce glabra Michx.—Pope County (Tucker7548)Sherardia arvensis L.—Pope County (Tucker 7993)Sphenoclea zeylandica Gaertn.—Yell County (Tucker6801)Senecio tomentosus Michx.—Pope County (Reddells.n.)Liatris elegans (Walt.) Michx.—Pope County (Tucker3498)Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.—Pope County (Tucker3613)Facelis retusa (Lam.) Sch.-Bip.—Pope County (Tucker7030)Baccharis halimifolia L.—Pope County (Grabill s.n.)Soliva pterosperma (Juss.) Lessing—Pope County(Tucker 7930)TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION INNORTHERN AND EASTERN STATESCarex albursina Sheldon—Pope County (Tucker 7873A)Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll ¦—Pope County (Wright s.n.)Orchis spectabilis L.—Pope County (Tucker 7918)Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br.—Pope County(Tucker & Hodges s.n.)Actaea pachypoda Ell.—Pope County (Tucker 7650)Magnolia acuminata L.—Pope County (Tucker)Magnolia tripetala L.—Pope County (Tucker 7666)Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim—Pope County(Tucker 7652)Cornus alternifolia L. f.—Pope County (Tucker 7663A)Panax quinquefolius L—Pope County (Tucker 7672)Halesia Carolina L.—Pope County (Tucker 3553)Fraxinus quadra ngulata Michx.—Pope County (Tucker3539)Viburnum molle Michx.—Pope County (Tucker 6867)TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTIONIN WESTERN STATESFestuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. & Graebn.—PopeCounty (Tucker 5003)Eragrostis oxylepis (Torr.) Torr.—Pope County (Tuck-er 7235)Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.—Pope Coun-ty (Tucker 7205A)Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq.—Pope County (Snod-grass s.n.)Dalea lanata—Pope County (Tucker 7173)Cotinus obovatus Raf.—Pope County (Tucker 5804)Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn.—Pope County(Tucker 7043)Callirhoe involucrata (T. & G.) Gray—Pope County(Tucker 8041)Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXIV, 1970 40Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 24 [1970], Art. 16https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol24/iss1/16Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXIV, 197041Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, AreaSpermolepis echinata (Nutt.) Heller—Pope County Penstemon arkansanus Penned—Pope County (Wlison(Tucker 7106) s.n.)Ruellia pedunculata Torr.—Pope County (Tucker 7996TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION Galium arkansanum Gray—Pope County (WilliamsonIN MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY*'"'*Cynosciadium digitatum DC.—Pope County (Tucker occcdcm^cc8039)REFERENCESHydrolea uniflora Raf.—Pope County (3621) Gleason, H. A. and S. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United Statesand adjacent Canada, Princeton, N. J.TAXA HAVING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION Harrington, H. D. 1966. Manual of the plants of Colorado.IN OZARK HIGHLANDS REGION Denver.Radford, A. E. et al. 1968. Manual of the vascular floraCarya texana Buckl.—Pope County (Flanagin s.n.) of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill.Castanea ozarkensis Ashe—Pope County (Tucker 4182) Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Ames, Iowa.Phlox pilosa var. ozarkana Wherry—Pope County Waterfall, U. T. 1969. Keys to the flora of Oklahoma.(Moore 54-100) Stillwater.Land Use In Northwestern Arkansas: A Case StudyJoe E. Yates, State College of ArkansasConway, Arkansas 72032The area of study is a civil township in BentonCounty in northwestern Arkansas. The topographicalfeatures range from a flat prairie surface in the southernportion of the township to a rugged, stream dissectedsurface in the northern portion. The total acreage ofthe area is 7,851.6 acres. The physical elements of theegion willallow the growing of most mid-latitude crops)ut only a few are found in the area. Therefore, theuthor turned to the cultural factors to determine the usef land, while keeping in mind that physical controlsould exert some influence. In an attempt to get ansight into the cultural involvement, the population waslivided into groups based on whether they were full-timearmers, part-time farmers, non-farming families, or ab-sntee owners of farms. A questionnaire was used andI affected people were interviewed.IThe major categories used are cropland, pastured, abandoned agricultural land, farmsteads, forestd, and public and semi-public land.1A total of 536 acres, 6.8 per cent of the township,(1) Data was collected during the week of March 24,1969.is used for crops. There are four commercially growncrops in the area. Green beans utilize 276 acres, wheat143 acres, soybeans 67 acres, and corn 50 acres.Green beans are raised as a cash crop, and all aresold to Allen's Canning Company in Siloam Springs,Arkansas. One farmer who resides in the township raises80 acres of green beans in addition to producing beefcattle and poultry. The remaining 196 acres are grownby two absentee owners who reside close to the town-ship. Both of these farmers engage in beef productionas well as green beans. They raise no other crops. Allbeans are grown in the southern portion of the townshipwhere the soil has developed under prairie vegetation.This soil is productive farming land when properly drain-ed and limed.All three farmers who grow green beans moved intothe area from another state and brought capital withthem. This cultural influx has had an impact on cashcrop production in these prairie areas. Several yearsago much of the prairie area was in apple orchards butbecause of disease, insects, and the ease of pasturingcattle, the orchards were allowed to die and were neverreplanted. The native people regarded the land as too41Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 24 [1970], Art. 16Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1970

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Floristic Elements of the Pope County, Arkansas, Area

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