Moore, Dwight M.

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 1 Article 121941White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas WildFlowersDwight M. MooreUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Botany CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academyof Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationMoore, Dwight M. (1941) "White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild Flowers," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 1 ,Article 12.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/1225WHITE-FLOWERED FORMS OF SOME ARKANSAS WILD FLOWERS 1Dwight M. Moore, University of Arkansas, FayettevilleColor In the flowers of plants growing out of cultivation inArkansas is one of their outstanding features. In a great majorityof species the flower color is reasonably constant while in othersthere is a great deal of variability. Inmany of these, white formsare relatively common while in others the white forms are sufficient-lyrare to attract particular attention. Some of these white formshave already been described under appropriate names. Others haveapparently not previously been reported. Inthe present paper attentionis called to some of the common white forms and some new ones pre-viously unnoted are here described.In at least thirteen different plant families white forms ofour common wild flowers have been noted.In the Commellnaceae certain of our species of Tradescantiashow white forms. T. Ernest iana Anderson and Woodson, displays thegreatest amount of color variation ranging from deep purple throughthe most common color, blue-lavender, to pale lavender, deep rose,pink and pure white. These are all probably genetic segregates andthis group would furnish the basis for an interesting genetic study.In some localities where this species is found, Individual plantsfrom each of these color groups may be present. Tradescantiacanal iculata Raf. shows much less variation in color but pale formsare often found and occasionally plants with white petals and blue orwhite filaments may be found with the typical form.In the Iradaceae two genera present white forms. Certainspecies of Sisyrinchium, which are usually blue, may occur in thewhite form. In Iris at least two species, normally blue or blue-lavender, may be found in pure white. Iris cri stata Alt., whilesomewhat variable in the degree of coloration, is not often foundwithout any blue color. However, in a few localities relativelylarge clones of this species have been found In which the blue coloris entirely absent, only remaining color being a touch of yellowwhich is usually found on the outer segments of the perianth. Inanother species of Iris most commonly found In low, wet meadows,Iris virginica var. Shrevei (Small) Anderson, the perianth segmentsare normally veined with various shades of blue but not uncommonlywith the species may be found plants totally lacking the blue color.In the Ranunculaceae the genus Delphinium in Arkansas is repre-sented by species predominantly blue or purplish. Two species, atleast, vary considerably in the degree of blueness often reaching apoint where they would be described as a "dirty white". These areDelphinium tricorne Michx. and D. newtonianum D. M. Moore.The Oxalidaceae contains yellow species as well as the wide-spread Oxalis violacea. The latter has been found in several local-ities with entirely white flowers. In such cases where pigmentationof the flower is lacking, the foliage also usually lacks the pur-plish pigmentation. This might indicate that a single gene isresponsible for the anthocyanin pigmentation in both flowers andfoliage. Proof of this, however, must await further study.Of the Passlfloraceae the common Passion Flower, Pass ifloraincarnata L., varies from a deep lavender-blue to forms in which thepigmentation is entirely lacking.Research Paper No. 718. Journal Series, University of Arkansas.25Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 194126The violets in the Violaceae are frequently very constant intheir color but some of our species are widely variable. Most note-worthy of these is Viola pedata L., the Bird-foot Violet. This maybe found in all degrees and combinations from rich, deep purplethrough very pale lavender to white. Some other violets, thoughnot so variable, also occur in white forms.In the Primulaceae the Shooting Star, Dodecatheon Mead ia L.,which in certain regions is nearly always of a lavender coloration,occurs most commonly in Arkansas in white with occasional plants inthe lavender color.Of the Gentianaceae the genus Sabatia usually occurs in a rose-pink color. The white form of one of these, as already recognizedpreviously, (Sabatia angularis f. albiflora (Raf.) House), may occurwith the typical form. White forms of Sabatia campestris Nutt. havealso been found with the typical form in Benton County. Inkeepingwith the usual practice this is here designated by the name, Sabatiacampestris f. albiflora f.n.2The Polemoniaceae is represented in Arkansas by several species.The genus Phlox is normally represented by flowers ranging in colorfrom a lavender-blue through deep rose. In the Ozark region Phloxpi losa is represented by P. pilosa var. ozarkana Wherry, in which thewhite variant has been recognized by Wherry (1935). Phlox divaricataL. is usually quite constant in its coloration. Recently in theOzark region the author has found this species in pure white. Itishere designated as P. divaricata f. albiflora forma nov.3In the Labiatae Lamium amplexicaule L. is quite constant inthe purple color of its flowers. In the spring of 1933 and again in1934 the author found a quantity of this species with entirely whiteflowers growing in a parkway in Russellville. This is sufficientlyunusual to recognize as a distinct form and will be designatedLamium amplexicaule f. albiflorum forma nov.4 This form differsfrom the species in having white flowers and in general lackingpurplish pigmentation in the leaves and stems.Attention might be merely directed here to the Moth Mullein,Verbascum Blattaria L., of the Scrophulariaceae in which the whiteform, Verbascum Blattaria f. albiflorum (G. Don) House, occurscommonly with the typical yellow form as elsewhere in the UnitedStates.The genus Houstonia in the Rubiaceae has several typicallyblue species in which white forms occur. In the same family thecommon weed known in Arkansas as Poor Joe (Diodia teres Walt.) hasbeen found with white flowers in Pulaski County. Since the statusof this one is not certain and there is a possibility that this maybe an edaphic variation, it will not be considered at present as adistinct form but a variation.iunong the Lobelias in the Lobeliaceae two of the Arkansasspecies usually occur in very brilliant collors- L. cardinal is L.in its rich cardinal color and L. siphilitica L. in a bright blue.Along a stream in the northern part of Washington County a white2 Sabatia campestris f, albiflora D. M. Moore forma nova.A typo differt corollis albis.P. divaricata f. alb ifIor a D. M. Moore forma nova.A typo differt corollls albis.lamium amplex icaule f. albiflorum D. '.'. Moore forma nova.A typo differt corollis albis.26Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/1227plant of the latter was found growing among the typical plants ofboth of these species. Itpresented a very patriotic group-thisred, white and blue combination. Specimens of this were not takenand have not been seen since. However, it is hoped that this maybe rediscovered and correctly described and recorded.In addition to the white forms thus enumerated there may beothers which occasionally vary into the white. Among these it willbe noted that, with the exception of Verbascum BIattar ia, tSe pig-mentation inallof these is due toanthocyanins. This would indicatethat these pigments, which normally do not occur inplastids, are morevariable than others . This would present the subject matter for a veryinteresting study ofthese pigments and their hereditary characters.The present paper has attempted to call attention to some note-worthy white forms of colored Arkansas wild flowers. The whiteforms mentioned represent thirteen plant families. Others could beincluded. Of those included three new forms are described. Perhapsthese few records may stimulate further observation and investiga-tion and bring to light additional examples of such variations.Bibl iography1. House, Homer. 1923. N. Y. Mus. Bull. 243-44; 45.2. McVaugh, Rogers. 1936. Studies in the taxonomy and distribu-tion of the eastern North American Species of Lobelia.Rhodora. 38:279.3. Moore, Dwight M. 1939. Delphinium newtonianum, a new speciesfrom the Arkansas Ozarks. Rhodora 41:193-197.4. Robinson, B. L. and Fernald, M. L. 1908. Gray's New Manualof Botany.5. Wherry, Edgar T. 1935. An Ozark variety of Phlox pilosa.The Amer. Mid. Nat. 16: No. 3 413-416.27Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 194128Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/12

White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild Flowers

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 1 Article 12 1941 White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild Flowers Dwight M. Moore University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Moore, Dwight M. (1941) "White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild Flowers," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 1 , Article 12. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/12 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 25WHITE-FLOWERED FORMS OF SOME ARKANSAS WILD FLOWERS 1Dwight M. Moore, University of Arkansas, FayettevilleColor In the flowers of plants growing out of cultivation inArkansas is one of their outstanding features. In a great majorityof species the flower color is reasonably constant while in othersthere is a great deal of variability. Inmany of these, white formsare relatively common while in others the white forms are sufficient-lyrare to attract particular attention. Some of these white formshave already been described under appropriate names. Others haveapparently not previously been reported. Inthe present paper attentionis called to some of the common white forms and some new ones pre-viously unnoted are here described.In at least thirteen different plant families white forms ofour common wild flowers have been noted.In the Commellnaceae certain of our species of Tradescantiashow white forms. T. Ernest iana Anderson and Woodson, displays thegreatest amount of color variation ranging from deep purple throughthe most common color, blue-lavender, to pale lavender, deep rose,pink and pure white. These are all probably genetic segregates andthis group would furnish the basis for an interesting genetic study.In some localities where this species is found, Individual plantsfrom each of these color groups may be present. Tradescantiacanal iculata Raf. shows much less variation in color but pale formsare often found and occasionally plants with white petals and blue orwhite filaments may be found with the typical form.In the Iradaceae two genera present white forms. Certainspecies of Sisyrinchium, which are usually blue, may occur in thewhite form. In Iris at least two species, normally blue or blue-lavender, may be found in pure white. Iris cri stata Alt., whilesomewhat variable in the degree of coloration, is not often foundwithout any blue color. However, in a few localities relativelylarge clones of this species have been found In which the blue coloris entirely absent, only remaining color being a touch of yellowwhich is usually found on the outer segments of the perianth. Inanother species of Iris most commonly found In low, wet meadows,Iris virginica var. Shrevei (Small) Anderson, the perianth segmentsare normally veined with various shades of blue but not uncommonlywith the species may be found plants totally lacking the blue color.In the Ranunculaceae the genus Delphinium in Arkansas is repre-sented by species predominantly blue or purplish. Two species, atleast, vary considerably in the degree of blueness often reaching apoint where they would be described as a "dirty white". These areDelphinium tricorne Michx. and D. newtonianum D. M. Moore.The Oxalidaceae contains yellow species as well as the wide-spread Oxalis violacea. The latter has been found in several local-ities with entirely white flowers. In such cases where pigmentationof the flower is lacking, the foliage also usually lacks the pur-plish pigmentation. This might indicate that a single gene isresponsible for the anthocyanin pigmentation in both flowers andfoliage. Proof of this, however, must await further study.Of the Passlfloraceae the common Passion Flower, Pass ifloraincarnata L., varies from a deep lavender-blue to forms in which thepigmentation is entirely lacking.Research Paper No. 718. Journal Series, University of Arkansas.25Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 194126The violets in the Violaceae are frequently very constant intheir color but some of our species are widely variable. Most note-worthy of these is Viola pedata L., the Bird-foot Violet. This maybe found in all degrees and combinations from rich, deep purplethrough very pale lavender to white. Some other violets, thoughnot so variable, also occur in white forms.In the Primulaceae the Shooting Star, Dodecatheon Mead ia L.,which in certain regions is nearly always of a lavender coloration,occurs most commonly in Arkansas in white with occasional plants inthe lavender color.Of the Gentianaceae the genus Sabatia usually occurs in a rose-pink color. The white form of one of these, as already recognizedpreviously, (Sabatia angularis f. albiflora (Raf.) House), may occurwith the typical form. White forms of Sabatia campestris Nutt. havealso been found with the typical form in Benton County. Inkeepingwith the usual practice this is here designated by the name, Sabatiacampestris f. albiflora f.n.2The Polemoniaceae is represented in Arkansas by several species.The genus Phlox is normally represented by flowers ranging in colorfrom a lavender-blue through deep rose. In the Ozark region Phloxpi losa is represented by P. pilosa var. ozarkana Wherry, in which thewhite variant has been recognized by Wherry (1935). Phlox divaricataL. is usually quite constant in its coloration. Recently in theOzark region the author has found this species in pure white. Itishere designated as P. divaricata f. albiflora forma nov.3In the Labiatae Lamium amplexicaule L. is quite constant inthe purple color of its flowers. In the spring of 1933 and again in1934 the author found a quantity of this species with entirely whiteflowers growing in a parkway in Russellville. This is sufficientlyunusual to recognize as a distinct form and will be designatedLamium amplexicaule f. albiflorum forma nov.4 This form differsfrom the species in having white flowers and in general lackingpurplish pigmentation in the leaves and stems.Attention might be merely directed here to the Moth Mullein,Verbascum Blattaria L., of the Scrophulariaceae in which the whiteform, Verbascum Blattaria f. albiflorum (G. Don) House, occurscommonly with the typical yellow form as elsewhere in the UnitedStates.The genus Houstonia in the Rubiaceae has several typicallyblue species in which white forms occur. In the same family thecommon weed known in Arkansas as Poor Joe (Diodia teres Walt.) hasbeen found with white flowers in Pulaski County. Since the statusof this one is not certain and there is a possibility that this maybe an edaphic variation, it will not be considered at present as adistinct form but a variation.iunong the Lobelias in the Lobeliaceae two of the Arkansasspecies usually occur in very brilliant collors-L. cardinal is L.in its rich cardinal color and L. siphilitica L. in a bright blue.Along a stream in the northern part of Washington County a white2 Sabatia campestris f, albiflora D. M. Moore forma nova.A typo differt corollis albis.P. divaricata f. alb ifIor a D. M. Moore forma nova.A typo differt corollls albis.lamium amplex icaule f. albiflorum D. '.'. Moore forma nova.A typo differt corollis albis.26Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/1227plant of the latter was found growing among the typical plants ofboth of these species. Itpresented a very patriotic group-thisred, white and blue combination. Specimens of this were not takenand have not been seen since. However, it is hoped that this maybe rediscovered and correctly described and recorded.In addition to the white forms thus enumerated there may beothers which occasionally vary into the white. Among these it willbe noted that, with the exception of Verbascum BIattar ia, tSe pig-mentation inallof these is due toanthocyanins. This would indicatethat these pigments, which normally do not occur inplastids, are morevariable than others . This would present the subject matter for a veryinteresting study ofthese pigments and their hereditary characters.The present paper has attempted to call attention to some note-worthy white forms of colored Arkansas wild flowers. The whiteforms mentioned represent thirteen plant families. Others could beincluded. Of those included three new forms are described. Perhapsthese few records may stimulate further observation and investiga-tion and bring to light additional examples of such variations.Bibl iography1. House, Homer. 1923. N. Y. Mus. Bull. 243-44; 45.2. McVaugh, Rogers. 1936. Studies in the taxonomy and distribu-tion of the eastern North American Species of Lobelia.Rhodora. 38:279.3. Moore, Dwight M. 1939. Delphinium newtonianum, a new speciesfrom the Arkansas Ozarks. Rhodora 41:193-197.4. Robinson, B. L. and Fernald, M. L. 1908. Gray's New Manualof Botany.5. Wherry, Edgar T. 1935. An Ozark variety of Phlox pilosa.The Amer. Mid. Nat. 16: No. 3 413-416.27Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 194128Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 1 [1941], Art. 12https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol1/iss1/12

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White-flowered Forms of Some Arkansas Wild Flowers

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