In the present scenario of work, an investigation of experiment on CNC turning of AISI 410 stainless steel impeller has been brought into presentation. Turning parameters such as cutting speed (Cs), feed rate (Fr) and depth of cut (Dc) are taken into investigation and thus modeled for performance characteristics like cutting temperature (Ct) and surface roughness (Ra). The desirability function (Df) is employed in order to optimize the multi performance characteristics. In correspondence to the highest desirability, Cs: 80 m/min, Fr: 0.12 mm/rev and Dc: 0.59 are considered to be the optimal combination of process parameters. In result of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it denotes that the formation relating surface defect on AISI 410 are deposition of tool material particles, scratches and feed marks

P. Karuppuswamy

P. Raghunayagan

S. Venkatachalapathy

English

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263METALURGIJA 58 (2019) 3-4, 263-266S. VENKATACHALAPATHY, P. KARUPPUSWAMY, P. RAGHUNAYAGANOPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR MINIMUM CUTTING TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN TURNING OF AISI 410 STAINLESS STEEL IMPELLERReceived – Primljeno: 2018-10-10Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2019-02-02Original Scientific Paper – Izvorni znanstveni radS. Venkatachalapathy, pathysrini@gmail.com, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Study World College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India. P. Karuppuswamy, hod-mech@srec.ac.in, Dept. of Mechanical Engi-neering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India.P. Raghunayagan, raghunayagan@gmail.com, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coim-batore, India.In the present scenario of work, an investigation of experiment on CNC turning of AISI 410 stainless steel impeller has been brought into presentation. Turning parameters such as cutting speed (Cs), feed rate (Fr) and depth of cut (Dc) are taken into investigation and thus modeled for performance characteristics like cutting temperature (Ct) and surface roughness (Ra). The desirability function (Df) is employed in order to optimize the multi performance characteristics. In correspondence to the highest desirability, Cs: 80 m/min, Fr: 0.12 mm/rev and Dc: 0.59 are considered to be the optimal combination of process parameters.  In result of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it denotes that the formation relating surface defect on AISI 410 are deposition of tool material particles, scratches and feed marks. Keywords: AISI 410 stainless steel, turning, impeller, temperature, SEM, surface defect INTRODUCTIONIn the recent span of years it is known that stainless steels have taken up a good position in the fields of in-dustry owing to its corrosion resistance. The ductility and hardenability are the main characteristics features that revolve around it [1]. Tool wear, thermal degrada-tion and expansion of the workpiece is caused by the machining process occurred by the discussed tempera-ture rise. It also affects machining accuracy and quality [2]. When complex industrial problems are taken as a fact, multi objective optimization is said to be an impor-tant issue [3]. The adopted optimization technique im-proves the machining operations so that manufacturing of the product would be high with a low cost [4]. Metal cutting is subjected to high strains so that the energy required for the cutting is converted into heat. Many causes in machining difficulties in stainless steel are because of discussed heat generation during the machining [5]. Findings toward the generation of heat in workpiece was investigated and therefore also found that the heat transfer among the tool, workpiece are caused due to high speed and shortage time and heat conduction [6]. [7] carried out experimental in-vestigation to analyze the influence of cutting param-eters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on cutting temperature. Several works have been taken ISSN 0543-5846METABK 58(3-4) 263-266 (2019)UDC – UDK 669.15:621.9.002.53:672.7-536.5:539.26: 620.191=111into subject by adopting methods GA, Taguchi, PSO, GRA, DF, etc. in accordance to the cutting parameters in optimization of machining process [8].  The desira-bility function approach is the choice taken into focus, as it allows the multi objective optimization [9]. Re-searchers often adopt desirability approach to calcu-late responses as to the reason of its simplicity weigh-ing flexibility and insertion in statistical software. In accordance to the response calculated by the statistical model, it is noted by the desirability makes the possi-ble estimation. It also brings about a satisfaction of percentage that corresponds to the desired objective [10]. Several factors rely on the machined surface with cutting process topography. To analyze various char-acteristics of surface and sub finish alteration, advanc-es techniques like Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) have helped in many ways [3]. Presently, ef-forts are being made to optimize the parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on AISI 410 stainless steelEXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY Experimental setupCNC Lathe TL20MAX500 Machine was utilized for tuning experimentation. The CNCT20 machine is having maximum 280 turning diameter, maximum 300 mm turning length, position accuracy (0,01mm) and re-peatability (+ 0,05 or – 0,05) as per VDI DGQ - 344. Coated carbide (CGC4305) insert was used as a tool with the recommendation of sandvick coromant (tool manufacturer). AISI 410 stainless steel impeller compo-nent was used as a work piece material with an outer diameter of 95 mm. 264S. VENKATACHALAPATHY et al.: OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR MINIMUM CUTTING... METALURGIJA 58 (2019) 3-4, 263-266Experimental design and procedureDesign matrix was developed by the software De-sign expert Version.10 to perform the experiment. Fif-teen sets of actual values were matrixes based on three factor central composite face centered (CCF) design and comprising of half fraction, six center points in which one replicated the factorial points and other with axial points. The Table 1 portrays the turning parame-ters selected for the experimental work. Figure 1 shows the machined impellerTemperature rise (Tr) and surface roughness (Ra) are the responses analyzed on the impeller in the turning process. For experimental studies, the thermal radia-tions are measured with contacting devices to observe tool-work interface temperature. The chips of the work-piece and carbide insert jointly constructed to observe the cutting temperature (Ct). Temperature is measured using a K-type thermocouple digital thermometer with a maximum range of 2 000 °C with higher accuracy of 0, 1 °C. The maximum temperature noted during the machining process thrice to avoid environmental errors. The quality of the machining product is mainly depends on the Surface roughness (Ra). The surface roughness is measured at three different positions on the machined surface with surf tester SJ-210. Experimental values with measured responses are presented in Table 2RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONResponse surface methodologyThe Model F-value of 46,68 and 21,71 correspond-ing to cutting temperature and surface roughness im-plies the developed model is adequate. The terms A, C, AB, AC, BC and A, C, A², C² have achieved significant in the case of Tc and Ra. The R2 value ( 0,97) for Ct and Ra are in reasonable agreement with the adjusted R² value (0,95) and (0,93). The Figure 2 perturbation ef-fects from the surface plots reveals that minimum cut-ting temperature attained for the range of  cutting pa-rameters like  cutting speed (80 - 90) m/min, feed rate (0,12 - 0,13) mm/rev and depth of cut less than 0,7 mm. It is also observed from Figure 3 that surface roughness can be achieved minimum condition  for the range of process parameters like cutting speed (145 - 160) m/min, feed rate (0,13-0,14) mm/rev and depth of cut less Table 2 Actual values and their responsesCs / m/min Fr / mm/rev Dc / mm Ct/ °C Ra/  μm80 0,14 1 278 1,01160 0,14 1 512 0,69120 0,14 1 379 1,03120 0,12 1 381 1120 0,14 1 330 0,89120 0,16 1 401 0,99120 0,14 0,5 250 0,96120 0,14 1,5 522 1,2980 0,16 1,5 418 1,63160 0,12 1,5 382 0,99120 0,14 1 382 0,98160 0,16 0,5 512 0,63120 0,14 1 385 1,0280 0,12 0,5 201 0,89120 0,14 1 383 1,06Figure 1 Machined impellersTable 1 Turning parametersParameters Unitslevels-1 0 1Cs mm/ min 80 120 160Fr mm/rev 0,12 0,14 0,16Dc mm 0,5 1 1,5Figure 2 Direct effect of CtFigure 3 Direct effect of Ra265S. VENKATACHALAPATHY et al.: OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR MINIMUM CUTTING...METALURGIJA 58 (2019) 3-4, 263-266than 0,6 mm. It is also noticed that reduction of cutting temperature improves tool life considerably.Surface defect SEM micrographs of different turning parameters are shown in Figure 4. From the Figure 4 a – c, SEM micrograph it is clear that the damage on the surface of AISI 410 impeller after the turning operation such as deposition of tool material, scratches and aggressive feed marks. Higher cutting temperatures (above 500 °C) are induced by the increase in cutting parameters (Cs: 160 m/min, Fr: 0,16 mm/rev and Dc: 1,5 mm. This leads to deposition of tool material on the machined sur-face causes to damages the surface finish. It has been observed from the Figure 4b, larger cutting speed (150 – 160) m/min and depth of cut (0,15 – 0,16) mm/rev produces unbalancing tool positions which causes to produce scratches on machined texture. Figure 4c por-trays that higher feed rate (0,158 – 0,16) mm/rev causes to produce aggressive feed marks. This aggressive feed mark increases the surface roughness of the impeller component. Usually less surface roughness reduces the wear of the meshing components like impeller. The above discussion clearly shows that accurate se-lection of turning parameter is required to achieve qual-ity components.Multi-performance optimization through desirability function approachThe objective of the present works deals in maxi-mizing the overall desirability function for lower cut-ting temperature and minimizing the surface value for the optimal parameters. Table 3 portrays the twenty op-timized parameter combination for the lower cutting temperature and surface roughness. The overall desira-bility for multi-performance characteristic is portrayed in ramp chart Figure 5. From the interaction effects, the desirability value of 0,851 located on the left hand side are reduced and moves downward towards right. From the Figure 6 overlay plot, it has been found that corresponding to highest desirability 0,851 of turning parameters for multi-performance characteristics for optimal combina-tion are Cs: 80 m/min, Fr: 0,12 mm/rev and Dc: 0,59. The optimized turning setting gives minimum cutting tem-perature 201°C and surface roughness 0,876 μm. Figure 4 a-c Observed surface defects using SEM micrographFigure 5 Ramp of desirability valuesFigure 6 Overlay plotTable 3 Optimized results using desirability functionCs / m/ min Fr / mm/rev Dc / mm Ct / °C Ra / μm Df80,00 0,12 0,59 201,00 0,876 0,85180,00 0,12 0,59 201,00 0,876 0,85180,00 0,12 0,60 201,00 0,876 0,85180,00 0,13 0,60 201,00 0,876 0,85180,00 0,12 0,58 200,89 0,876 0,85180,00 0,13 0,61 201,00 0,876 0,85180,00 0,12 0,58 200,92 0,876 0,85180,00 0,12 0,58 200,21 0,876 0,85180,00 0,12 0,58 201,00 0,876 0,85180,01 0,13 0,61 201,00 0,876 0,85180,00 0,13 0,62 200,99 0,876 0,85180,00 0,13 0,59 195,14 0,876 0,85180,00 0,13 0,63 200,71 0,877 0,85080,00 0,13 0,59 192,78 0,877 0,85080,00 0,13 0,63 198,79 0,878 0,85080,00 0,12 0,54 200,99 0,879 0,84980,52 0,13 0,60 201,00 0,879 0,84980,00 0,13 0,65 201,00 0,879 0,84980,00 0,13 0,58 177,04 0,880 0,84980,00 0,13 0,58 165,95 0,882 0,847266S. VENKATACHALAPATHY et al.: OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR MINIMUM CUTTING... METALURGIJA 58 (2019) 3-4, 263-266CONCLUSIONAn observation made from this investigation draws the following conclusion.Higher cutting temperatures (above 500 °C) are in-duced by the increase in cutting parameters (Cs: 160 m/min, Fr: 0,16 mm/rev and Dc: 1,5 mm. This leads to deposition of tool material on the machined sur-face causes to damages the surface finish.By adopting selections of lower feed rate values, the aggressive feed marks can be reducedThe perturbation effects from the surface plots re-veals that minimum cutting temperature attained for the range of cutting parameters like cutting speed (80 - 90) m/min, feed rate (0,12 - 0,13) mm/rev and depth of cut less than 0,7 mm. It is also observed from perturbation plot that sur-face roughness can be achieved minimum condi-tion  for the range of process parameters like cut-ting speed (145 - 160) m/min, feed rate (0,13-0,14) mm/rev and depth of cut less than 0,6 mm·mm/rev and depth of cut less than 1 mm.A parameter combination of twenty optimized so-lutions is obtained based with multi-objective op-timization by desirability approach. Correspond-ing to highest desirability 0,851 of turning param-eters for multi-performance characteristics for op-timal combination are Cs: 80 m/min, Fr: 0,12 mm/rev and Dc: 0,59. the optimized turning settings gives minimum cutting temperature 201°C and surface roughness 0,876 μm. REFERENCES[1] W. B. Rashid, S. Goel, J. P. Davim,N.Shrikrish--na. Parame-tric design optimization of hard turning of AISI 4340 steel (69 HRC). Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82(2016), 451–462.[2] N. Sugita, K. Ishii, T. Furusho, K. Harada, M. Mitsuishi. Cutting temperature measurement by a micro-sensor array integrated on the rake face of a cutting tool. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology 64(2015), 77-80.[3] N. Zeelanbasha, V. Senthil, B. S. Sylvester. An experimen-tal investigation into the impact of vibration on the surface roughness and its defects of Al6061-T6. Metaulurgija 57(2018) 1-2, 121-124. [4] J. A. Palacios. 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Optimization of process parameters for minimum cutting temperature and surface roughness in turning of AISI 410 stainless steel impeller

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