Hydrolysable tannins are polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants, with a high bioactive function. A twelve-month feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of the feed additive Farmatan-D® on average daily gain (ADG) of Simmental bulls. The feed supplement Farmatan-D® mainly consists of highly concentrated hydrolysable tannins, organic acids, and lignocellulose. This study focused on two periods. First period from month 1 to 7, and from month 8 to 12 of study. The study reveals that ADG in the first 7 months of the feeding trial is numerically higher (P = 0.119) in the control group and lower in the group with added Farmatan-D®. The results after the 8th month of our investigation suggest that the group supplemented with Farmatan-D® showed (P = 0.003) higher ADG than the control group after the month when a drop in ADG was observed due to the incidence of mycotoxicosis. Feed supplement helps animals better tolerate nutritional and metabolic imbalances and results in smaller production losses for the farmers

Andrej Mergeduš

Maja Prevolnik Povše

Maksimiljan Brus

Marjan Janžekovič

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303Agriculturae Conspectus Scientifi cus . Vol. 82 (2017) No. 3 (303-306)ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERSummaryHydrolysable tannins are polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants, with a high bioactive function. A twelve-month feeding trial was conducted to determine the eff ect of the feed additive Farmatan-D® on average daily gain (ADG) of Simmental bulls. Th e feed supplement Farmatan-D® mainly consists of highly concentrated hydrolysable tannins, organic acids, and lignocellulose. Th is study focused on two periods. First period from month 1 to 7, and from month 8 to 12 of study. Th e study reveals that ADG in the fi rst 7 months of the feeding trial is numerically higher (P = 0.119) in the control group and lower in the group with added Farmatan-D®. Th e results aft er the 8th month of our investigation suggest that the group supplemented with Farmatan-D® showed (P = 0.003) higher ADG than the control group aft er the month when a drop in ADG was observed due to the incidence of mycotoxicosis. Feed supplement helps animals better tolerate nutritional and metabolic imbalances and results in smaller production losses for the farmers.Key wordsfattening bulls, hydrolysable tannins, mycotoxicosis, average daily gainBetter Tolerance against Dietary Mycotoxins in Fattening Bulls when Supplemented with Farmatan-D® Maksimiljan BRUS 1Andrej MERGEDUŠ 1Maja PREVOLNIK POVŠE 1,2Marjan JANŽEKOVIČ 1( )1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoče, Slovenia e-mail: marjan.janzekovic@um.si2 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaReceived: April 30, 2017 | Accepted: August 8, 2017ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank to Tanin Sevnica d.d. for providing feed additive Farmatan-D® for the trial.Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 82 (2017) No. 3304 Maksimiljan BRUS, Andrej MERGEDUŠ, Maja PREVOLNIK POVŠE, Marjan JANŽEKOVIČIntroductionTh e literature about tannins, polyphenolic secondary me-tabolites of plants, with both benefi cial and adverse functions according to their concentration and chemical structure, is vast and oft en contradictory (Piluzza et al., 2014). In the past, tan-nins were classifi ed as “anti-nutrients” because they can cause a reduction of feed intake and nutrient utilization (Frutos et al., 2004). Recently, there is an increasing awareness of tannins’ ben-efi cial roles in animal nutrition and health. Several researchers have reported health improvements in ruminants in the case of diets containing tannins. Tannin feedstuff s resulted in effi  cient nutrient utilization in ruminants in the form of better growth rates, milk yields and milk composition, higher production and better fertility (Barry and Mcnabb 1999; Makkar, 2003; Waghorn and McNabb, 2003; Patra and Saxena, 2011). Th e antimicrobial properties of tannins have opened the possibility of using them to manipulate ruminal microbial activity in a favorable direc-tion (Lamy et al., 2011). It has generally been advised that tannin concentrations greater than 50 g/kg dry matter (DM) diet may negatively aff ect feed intake whereas lower concentrations of tannins have no infl uence on intake by ruminants (Barry and Manley, 1984; Aerts et al., 1999; Waghorn and McNabb, 2003).Aft er the ban on nutritive antibiotics in 2006 in the European Union, the EU Directive EC 1831/2003 provided an opportuni-ty to exploit plants, plant extracts and plant secondary metab-olites as natural alternatives to improve livestock productivity (Makkar et al., 2009). In recent years, many plants extracts have been evaluated for their ability to modulate rumen microbiome, feed digestion, and rumen fermentation. Some plant compounds have been revealed to have an eff ect on activity of rumen archaea, protozoa, and specifi c bacteria populations (Cobellis et al. 2016). Plants tend to produce complex mixtures of tannins and not all tannins have the same feeding eff ects. Th e study of tannins in animal production has been focused primarily on condensed tannins (CT), and little information is available on the eff ects of hydrolysable tannins (HT) in livestock production. Th e aim of the study is to present the growth response of Simental bulls in fattening period prior to and aft er the incidence of mycotoxins in the feed ration supplemented with or without HT (Farmatan-D®).Animals, material and methodsExperimental designA 12- month fi eld feeding trial was conducted to determine the eff ect supplementing bulls’ diet with wood extract Farmatan-D® containing hydrolysable tannins on growth performance of Simmental bulls. Th e experiment was conducted on a commer-cial farm in Slovenia. At the beginning of the experiment the animals were uniform in age and live weight and then divided into a control (n=8, one pen) and an experimental group (n=8, one pen). Both groups were off ered the same total mixed ration (TMR) which met the needs of the bulls at their specifi c stages of development. Bulls from the experimental group were sup-plemented with Farmatan-D® feed additive which consists of tannin wood extract, organic acids and lignocellulose (produced by Tanin Sevnica d.d, Slovenia) in concentrations presented in Table 1. Th e animals were fed ad libitum once a day and were slaughtered at the age of 18 months in a commercial abattoir.Data collectionAnimals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment – when the experimental group started receiving tannins, i.e. at app. the age of   174 days and 200 kg of live weight. At the end of the feeding trial (aft er 12 month) animals were weighed on the day of slaughter. During the trial the  animals were weighed 13 times. Around the 8th weighing, occurred unintended problems with feed component which resulted in the ADG alteration. At that months according to visually inspected the mold was de-tected in corn maize silage component of feed ration (Bittman 2004, Oetzel 2009, Whitlow 2010). For that reason, the silage was immediately replaced. No laboratory analysis of mycotox-ins was done. Accordant to that incidence, the whole period was divided into two phases, fi rst and second period (prior to and aft er the onset of problems, respectively). Th e fi rst period was from 1st to 7th weighing and the second period from 9th to 13th weighing. Daily gains of animals for both phases were calculated and compared. Th e live weight of animals at the slaughter was standardized on an average age of all animals before slaughter in the trial 562 days of age. Th e standardization was done ac-cording to ICAR (2011) (Figure 3).Statistical analysisStatistical analysis was carried out by SAS 9.1 (SAS Inc., Carry, NC, USA). GLM procedure was used in order to evaluate the eff ect of tannin supplementation on growth performance. Th e model comprised fi xed eff ect of treatment group (with and with-out tannin supplementation). Least squares means (LS means) were compared using the PDIFF option in SAS.Results and discussionSome studies have confi rmed that adding tannins to the feed decreases voluntary intake in lambs (Frutos et al., 2004). Barry and Manley (1984) reported that consumption of plant species with high tannin contents signifi cantly reduces voluntary feed intake, while medium or low consumption seems to not aff ect it. In the present study, we mainly focused on two periods of growth. Because we have weighed all the animals during the whole study, we noticed an extraordinary decrease in feed intake and daily gain between 7th and 8th month of the study. Noted drop in ADG in that month was by test group 45% and in con-trol group 50%, compare to 7th month. Th is was probably due to the feed component that has been infested by mold and con-taminated with mycotoxins. Th e drop in ADG was detected in all animals on the farm. Feed was immediately changed and the situation started to improved. Category of animals based on live weight (kg) Dosage per animal (g/day) 150-250 8 250-400 13 400-550 18 550-till end 24 Table 1. Daily dosage of feed additive Farmatan-D®Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 82 (2017) No. 3305Better Tolerance against Dietary Mycotoxins in Fattening Bulls when Supplemented with Farmatan-D®Figures 1 and 2 shows the comparison of control and experi-mental groups for daily gain for period 1st–7th and 9th–12th month of the study. Signifi cant diff erences in ADG were observed aft er month 8 of the study (Figures 1 and 2). In our study ADG was higher in the control group (no tannin wood extract added) as compared to the experimental group during the fi rst 7 months (P = 0.119). Aft er month 8 of the study ADG was signifi cant-ly higher (P = 0.0027) in the group with tannin wood extract and lower in the control group. Th e results of our investigation suggest that the group supplemented with tannin wood extract showed higher ADG than the control group aft er the month when a drop in ADG was detected. Th e achieved average age at the slaughter was 562 days. In Figure 3 are presented standard-ized live weight before slaughter. Statistical analyses shoved no signifi cant diff erences between compared groups (P = 0.899).Since it is hard to accurately determine the bioactive effi  cacy of tannins and their impact on microbial function and trans-formation of nutrients in ruminant nutrition the real cause for the increase of ADG in the tannin supplemented group in the second period of the trial remains unclear. According to dif-ferent authors, ruminants are more resistant to certain myco-toxins than are monogastric animals, suggesting that there are detoxifi cation mechanisms in the rumen (Dawson et al., 1997). We must also bear in mind that the feed for fattening bulls fun-damentally has been shift ed to higher proportions of concen-trates, which contributes to the development of a large number of microbial populations in the rumen. More abundant micro-bial population in rumen as higher concentration of microbes in rumen juice possess great conversion capacity for nutrients in feed ration into animal ideally available nutrients. Paswan and Sahoo (2010) have studied the feeding of oak leaves to cattle bulls. Oak leaves (hydrolysable tannins) along with local grass hay showed an increase in feed and nutrient intake and a positive shift  on rumen metabolic (propionate-type fermentation, microbial energetic effi  ciency) and enzymat-ic (fi ber-degrading and proteolytic activity) profi le of animals. Jolazadeh et al. (2015) reported that treatment of soybean meal with pistachio extract concentrate (containing tannins) did not aff ect fi nal body weight or dry matter intake, but adding pista-chio extract linearly increased ADG and feed effi  ciency. Tabacco et al. (2006) showed that low levels of chestnut HT, applied to lucerne, are useful for reducing proteolysis in silages and could improve protein utilization. Elizondo et al. (2010) studied the use of commercial tannins in vitro to determine the capacity of tan-nins to inhibit the development of intestinal diseases produced by Clostridium perfringens. In this study, tannins were able to reduce the alpha toxin lecithinase activity and epsilon toxin cy-totoxicity in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Th ese results suggest that tannin-supplemented diets could be useful to prevent some clostridial diseases.In ruminants, a particularly important positive eff ect of tannins is dietary protein protection from ruminal microfl ora attack. Due to the binding of tannins to dietary protein, and to a reduction in the activity of a large proportion of microfl ora, there is an increased rate of amino acid absorption in the in-testine, which improves the utilization of nitrogen by rumi-nants. As well as binding to protein, tannins can also bind to carbohydrates, leading also to a reduction in ruminal gas pro-duction (Buzzini et al 2008; Lamy et al. 2011; Patra and Saxena, 2011). Tannins can also have post-ruminal benefi ts e.g. parasite control (Waghorn and McNabb, 2003). Due to the activities mentioned above tannins can be as-sociated with improvements in animal growth and productiv-ity. Whether the higher ADG in our study can be ascribed to tannin attributions to protect feed protein from degradation, antimicrobial properties or just some positive health eff ect, still needs more research. Former studies of tannins have primarily focused on CT, and little information is available on the eff ects of HT in livestock production. In addition, many times studies 5008001100140017002000Tannin ControlADG(g)Treatment groupP = 0.11915008001100140017002000Tannin ControlADG (g)Treatment groupP = 0.00274005006007008009001 2Live weight (kg)Treatment groupTannin ControlP = 0.899 Figure 1. Average daily gain in the first periodFigure 2. Average daily gain in the second periodFigure 3. Standardized body weight before slaughterAgric. conspec. sci. Vol. 82 (2017) No. 3306 Maksimiljan BRUS, Andrej MERGEDUŠ, Maja PREVOLNIK POVŠE, Marjan JANŽEKOVIČof tannins are concentrated on small ruminants like sheep and goats. Little attention is focused on fattening bulls. Also there has been no attention on mycotoxins exposure and adding tan-nins to animal feeds. Th e potential use of HT as a feed additive requires further investigation to provide a stronger basis for un-derstanding the possible role of HT in animal feeding.ConclusionTh e obtained results of feeding trial on fattening Simmental bulls suggest that supplementing the diet with tannin wood extract (Farmatan-D®) led to signifi cantly higher (P= 0.0027) ADG aft er the month where a drop in ADG was detected due to incidence of mycotoxins in feed ration component. Th e sig-nifi cant positive eff ect by using HT additives in mycotoxcosis occurrence can help animals better tolerate nutritional and metabolic imbalances.ReferencesAerts R. J., Barry T. N., McNabb W. C. 1999. Polyphenols and agri-culture: benefi cial eff ects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 75(1), 1-12.Barry T. N., Manley T. R. 1984. Th e role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep: 2. Quantitative digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. 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Better Tolerance against Dietary Mycotoxins in Fattening Bulls when Supplemented with Farmatan-D

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