This study is a survey of the bryophyte species that occur on the trunks of Cyathea delgadii Sternb. (Cyatheaceae), a native tree fern, encountered in a fragment of Atlantic forest located in the area of the „Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI)“, São Paulo State, Brazil. Specimens of bryophytes were collected from March 2001 to October 2003. We found 35 bryophyte species (12 spp. of mosses and 23 of liverworts). Ceratolejeuenea dentacornuta Steph. is presented as a new record for Brazil. A brief discussion about previous records of bryophyte species growing on trunks of tree ferns in Brazil is also presented

Prado, Jefferson

Vital, Daniel M.

English

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51TROPICAL BRYOLOGY 24  (2003)Epiphytes on trunks of Cyathaea delgadiiTropical Bryology 27: 51-54, 2006Moss and liverwort epiphytes on trunks of Cyathea delgadii in afragment of tropical rain forest, São Paulo State, BrazilDaniel M. Vital and Jefferson PradoInstituto de Botânica, C.P. 4005, CEP 01061-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Abstract:  This study is a survey of the bryophyte species that occur on the trunks of Cyatheadelgadii Sternb. (Cyatheaceae), a native tree fern, encountered in a fragment of Atlantic forestlocated in the area of the „Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI)“, São Paulo State, Brazil.Specimens of bryophytes  were collected from March 2001 to October 2003. We found 35 bryophytespecies (12 spp. of mosses and 23 of liverworts). Ceratolejeuenea dentacornuta Steph. is presentedas a new record for Brazil. A brief discussion about previous records of bryophyte species growingon trunks of tree ferns in Brazil is also presented.IntroductionIt is known that the trunks of tree fernsare an excellent habitat for establishment ofseveral groups of bryophytes (Beever 1984).Also, according to the same author, some mossesare regarded as specializing on tree ferns andrarely are found on other substrates. Among theseare: Calomnion laetum Hook. f. & Wilson,Rhizofabronia sphaerocarpa (Dusén) M.Fleisch., and Hymenodon aeruginosus (Hook.f& Wilson) Müll. Hal.For Brazil, there is only one paper,Ahmed and Frahm (2002), reporting theoccurrence of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts,and hornworts) on trunks of tree ferns. In thispaper the authors recorded a total of 142bryophyte species on two tree fern species(Cyathea arborea (L.) J. Sm. and Dicksoniasellowiana Hook.) and five new bryophyteassociations were described.The aim of the present survey was toamplify our knowledge of the occurrence ofbryophytes on trunk of tree ferns in a Braziliantropical forest.52TROPICAL BRYOLOGY 24  (2003)Vital & PradoMaterial and methodsStudy area: The study was made in a fragmentof a tropical rain forest (Atlantic forest) locatedin the city of São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil,23°38’08"–23°40’18" S and 46°36’48"–46°38’00" W. This fragment of native forestbelongs to the Botanical Garden of São Paulo,and is inside of the Parque Estadual das Fontesdo Ipiranga (PEFI). The elevation in the areavaries from 770 to 825 m (Barbosa et al. 2002).Temperatures are quite variable during the year,and range from 4.6 °C in winter to 35.6 °C insummer (Santos & Funari 2002). The uplandAtlantic forest is the predominant vegetation inthe area, but there are some open areas occupiedby natural fields. During the last 60 years, thisforest vegetation has been submitted to intenseatmospheric pollution from the city of São Paulo.This pollution caused drastic alterations on forestcomposition during the 1980s, including the lossof species. More recently, as this pollution hasbeen reduced, the forest is in better condition.Choice of the phorophyte: Cyathea delgadiiSternb. was chosen because it is a native andcommon species in the study area. Tenindividuals were selected for sampling withtruncks that were at least 2 m tall, and 10–15 cmin diam. These phorophytes were numbered (#1–#10) and the date of each collection was noted.The phorophytes were located in the forestinterior, under the canopy or near the forestmargins. Vouchers of the phorophytes wereplaced in the Herbarium of the Instituto deBotânica (Herbarium SP).Sampling the bryophtyes: all individuals ofbryophytes growing on the selected phorophyteswere collected, from the ground level to 2 m upthe trunk. The material was collected over theperiod of two years and seven months, fromMarch 2001 to October 2003. Nomenclaturefollows Gradstein et al. (2001). Vouchers of allbryophyte species sampled were deposited in theHerbarium SP.ResultsA total of 35 bryophytes species werefound, 12 species of Musci and 23 species ofHepaticae (table 1).Nine genera of mosses were found, andamong them the best represented were Fissidens,Syrrhopodon, and Thamniopsis with two specieseach. Fourteen genera of liverworts wererecorded.  Lejeunea,  Lophocolea, andPlagiochila were the most diverse with threespecies each followed by Aphanolejeunea,Metzgeria, and Radula with two species each(table 1).Thamniopsis langsdorffii and Lophocoleamartiana were the most common species andboth were encountered growing on ninephorophytes, followed by Isopterygium tenerumand Lejeunea flava both registered from eightphorophytes (table 1). On the other hand, therewere species that occurred on only onephorophyte: Bryum beyrichianum, Campylopusfilifolius,  Fissidens  weirii,  Hymenodonaeruginosus, Syrrhopodon ligulatus, cf. Wijkiaflagellifera, Aphanolejeunea cf. microscopica,A.  subdiaphana,  Frullania  beyrichiana,Lepidolejeunea  involuta,  Plagiochilacorniculata, Riccardia chamaedryfolia, andSchiffneriolejeunea polycarpa (table 1).Among the phorophytes, the samples #1,#4, and #7 had the highest number of bryophytespecies with 17 spp., 14 spp, and 13 spp.,respectively (table 2).Ceratolejeunea dentatocornuta wasrecorded for two phorophytes (#4 and #6) and itis the first record of this species for Brazil. Thisspecies was previously known only from the typecollection for Ecuador (Bonner 1953), insideforests near river margins and from FrenchGuiana (Onraedt 1989) occurring as an epiphyteon „Sabralia“. This species can be recognizedby having a perianth that normally has four keelsthat are extended distally into narrow horn-likeprojections.Eight of the 35 species found on Cyatheadelgadii in the present work were also reportedby Ahamed and Frahm (2002) on trunks ofDicksonia sellowiana and Cyathea arborea.These included the two mosses Hymenodonaeruginosos and Isopterygium tenerum, and six53TROPICAL BRYOLOGY 24  (2003)Epiphytes on trunks of Cyathaea delgadiiliverworts Anoplolejeunea conferta, Lejeuneaflava, Lophocolea martiana, L. muricata, Radulakegelii, and R. nudicaulis.DiscussionAccording to the checklist by Visnadi andVital (2000), in the area of the PEFI there are 74species of Hepaticae, 2 spp. of Anthocerotae, and87 of mosses. While the majority of mosses havea terrestrial habit, the opposite is true for theliverworts, where the epiphytic habit  isdominant. Although mosses, including terrestrialand epiphytic species,  are more diverse in thearea, the liverworts were found more often onthe trunks of Cyathea delgadii (23 spp.).The presence of a large number of specieson the phorophytes #1, #4, and #7 probablycould be attributed to the age and larger diameter(ca. 15 cm) of their trunks.Hymenodon aeruginosus, an example ofa specialized moss (Beever 1984), reported onphorophyte #2, was previously cited for Brazilgrowing on tree ferns (Cyathea and Nephelea)by Churchill and Salazar-Allen (2001).Despite the comparison made with thepaper by Ahmed and Frahm (2002), we believethat the indentification of the phorophyte,Cyathea arborea cited in that paper, may bewrong. According to Proctor (1985, 1989), C.arborea is restricted to the Caribbean region(Greater and Lesser Antilles) and northernColombia. The similarity of species foundbetween the phorophytes studied in the presentwork with those studied by Ahmed and Frahm(2002) suggests that both phorophytes could bethe same species (C. delgadii), but moreevidence is necessary. Although Ahmed andFrahm (2002) did not cite which bryophytespecies occurred on Dicksonia sellowiana andCyathea arborea separately, our data show thateight species found on C. delgadii in the area ofthe PEFI were also reported by Ahmed andFrahm (2002) that studied a wide area along theAtlantic forest in southeastern Brazil.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Michael Sundue (NY) forcritical comments and English improvement onthe manuscript.LiteratureAHMED, J. & FRAHM, J.-P. (2002).Moosgesellschaften auf Baumfarnstämmen inSüdostbrasilien. Trop. Bryol. 22: 135–178.BARBOSA, L. M., POTOMATI, A. & PECCININI,A. A. (2002). O PEFI: histórico e legislação.In D.C. Bicudo, M.C. Forti & C.E.M. Bicudo(eds), Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga,Unidade de Conservação que Resiste àUrbanização de São Paulo: 1–28. Secretariado Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo,São Paulo.BEEVER, J.E. (1984). Moss epiphytes of tree-fernsin a warm temperate forest, New Zeland. J.Hattori Bot. Lab. 56: 89–95.BONNER, C.E.B. (1953). A contribution to the studyof the genus Cerotolejeunea (Spruce)Schiffner. Candollea 14: 163–256.CHURCHILL, & SALAZAR-ALLEN (2001).Mosses. In S. R. Gradstein, S.P. Churchill, N.Salazar-Allen & G. Raetmaekers (eds.), Guideto the bryophytes of tropical America. Mem.New York Bot. Gard. 86: 240–571.GRADSTEIN, R.S., CHURCHILL, S.P., SALAZAR-ALLEN, N. & RAETMAEKERS, G. (2001).Guide to the bryophytes of tropical America.Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 86: 1–577.ONRAEDT, M. (1989). Contribution a la florebryologique de Guiane Française. IV.Cryptogamie, Bryol. Lichénol. 10(2): 119–129.PROCTOR, G.R. (1985). Ferns of Jamaica. BritishMuseum of Natural History, London.PROCTOR, G.R. (1989). Ferns of Puerto Rico andthe Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard.53: 1–389.SANTOS, P.M. & FUNARI, F.L. (2002). Clima local.In D.C. Bicudo, M.C. Forti & C.E.M. Bicudo(eds), Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga,Unidade de Conservação que Resiste àUrbanização de São Paulo: 29–48. Secretariado Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo,São Paulo.VISNADI, S.R. & VITAL, D.M. 2000. Lista dasbriófitas ocorrentes no Parque Estadual dasFontes do Ipiranga-PEFI. Hoehnea 27: 279–294.54TROPICAL BRYOLOGY 24  (2003)Vital & PradoPhorophyte  #1 #2 #3  #4 #5 #6 #7 #8  #9 #10 M u s c i                  Bryum beyrichianum  (Hornsch.)  Müll.Hal.            x     Campylopus filifolius  (Hornsch.)  Mitt.  x               Fissidens elegans  Brid.              x**  x**   Fissidens weirii  Mitt.  x               Hymenodon aeruginosus (Hook. f. & Wilson) Müll. Hal.    x                 Isopterygium tenerum  (Sw.)  Mitt.  x  x  x  x**   x  x  x  x Sematophyllum subpinnatum (Brid.) E. Britton  x        x** x  x  x**  x   Syrrhopodon ligulatus  Mont.  x               Syrrhopodon prolifer  Schwägr.  x    x**  x           Thamniopsis incurva  (Hornsch.)  W.R.  Buck  x      x** x       Thamniopsis langsdorffii (Hook.) W. R. Buck  x  x  x  x  x** x  x  x    x cf. Wijkia flagellifera  (Broth.)  H.  A.  Crum      x***           Hepaticae                 Anoplolejeunea conferta (Meissn.) A. Evans  x      x      x       Aphanolejeunea cf. microscopica (Taylor) A. Evans      x**               Aphanolejeunea subdiaphana  (Jovet-Ast)  Pócs                 x** Ceratolejeunea dentatocornuta  Steph.       x  x         Drepanolejeunea mosenii (Steph.) Bischl.      x**        x       Frullania beyrichiana (Lehm & Lindenb.) Lehm. & Lindenb.      x           Lejeunea caespitosa  Lindenb.            x  x**  x**   Lejeunea flava  (Sw.)  Nees  x  x x x  x**   x  x x   Lejeunea glaucescens  Gott.  x     x     x     x Lepidolejeunea involuta  (Gott.)  Grolle    x*             Lophocolea bidentata  (L.)  Dumort.        x  x       Lophocolea martiana  Nees  x  x x x  x** x  x  x x   Lophocolea muricata  (Lehm)  Nees        x  x  x     Metzgeria albinea  Spruce              x**  x**   Metzgeria myriopoda  Lindb.    x x x  x   x      Plagiochila corniculata  (Dumort.)  Dumort.  x               Plagiochila corrugata  Nees  &  Mont.  x     x           Plagiochila micropterys Gott.  x  x     x      x  Radula kegelii  Gott.  ex  Steph.  x        x       Radula nudicaulis  Steph.             x x   Riccardia chamaedryfolia  (With.)  Grolle       x           Schiffneriolejeunea polycarpa  (Nees)  Gradst.       x           Telaranea nematodes (Gott. ex Austin) M. Howe  x      x      x    x**  x * predominant; ** fragments; *** doubtful   Table 1: Mosses and liverworts growing on trunks of Cyathea delgadii.#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10Mosses 8 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 2Liverworts 9 4 6 11 6 5 9 5 7 3Total species 17 7 9 14 10 8 13 9 10 5Table 2: Number of bryophyte species per phorophyte of Cyathea delgadii in the study area.

Moss and liverwort epiphytes on trunks of Cyathea delgadii in a fragment of tropical rain forest, São Paulo State, Brazil

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