Faculty Advisor: Karina QuevedoThis research was supported by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP)

Dimick, Savannah

Mohamed, Sumaya

Porter, David

Punzalan, Monica Talitha

Quevedo, Karina

Scott, Hannah

Smyda, Gary

Strup, John

Teoh, Yuan

Thomas, Kathleen

Ururbil, Kamil

Faculty Advisor: Karina QuevedoThis research was supported by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP).Dimick, Savannah; Punzalan, Monica Talitha; Teoh, Yuan; Smyda, Gary; Mohamed, Sumaya; Ururbil, Kamil; Strup, John; Thomas, Kathleen; Scott, Hannah; Porter, David; Quevedo, Karina. (2018). Self-Face Processing After and Before Neurofeedback in Youth with Varying Levels of Depressive Symptoms. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/196300

University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy

Self-Face Processing After and Before Neurofeedback in Youth with Varying Levels of Depressive SymptomsMonica Talitha Punzalan, Savannah Dimick,Yuan Teoh, Gary Smyda,Sumaya Mohamed, Kamil Ururbil, PhD, John Strup, Kathleen Thomas, Hannah Scott, David Porter, PhD, Karina Quevedo, PhDIntroductionMethodsDiscussion & LimitationsParticipantsResults● Major depressive disorder is a major risk and has high levels of recurrence in adolescents (1, 2).○ Treatments only have moderate effects.○ Depression will come back in most cases.● It is important to have treatments to change neurobiology in order to have a better treatment for depression.● Neurofeedback is a novel way to change brain activity in-vivo.○ Example: Watching a bar going up and down to represent activity from the hippocampus and amygdala.● Self-Referential processing is essential for development in adolescents (3)● However, differences in response to negative emotion have been associated with vulnerability to suicidal behavior (4).● In addition, negative self-image, a symptom of depression, has been found to lead depressed individuals to perceive negative information as relevant to themselves (5).Research Question: Does self-processing (self-face versus other-face) change neurobiology after a neurofeedback trial in adolescents with depression?Session 1:All participants were given a psychological interview to assess symptoms of depression. Session 2:1. Emotional Self Other Morph - Pre (ESOM_Pre): Facial Recognition Taska. Test consisted of morphs between their own face and a stranger’s face. b. Had to determine whether the face they were seeing was their own face or another’s. 2. Neurofeedback Taska. Participants then looked at their own happy face and recalled their happy memories.b. While looking at their own face, they received neurofeedback and had to increase  the level of the bar (ie. brain activity) by recalling happy memoriesc. While looking at the stranger’s face,     they had to count backwards from 1003. ESOM_Post: Repeat Facial Recognition TestStatistical Tests:A mixed repeated measure GLM (generallinear model) examined brain activity with 3 within-subject factors: Time (Pre, Post) by Self (Self-face, Other-face) by Emotions (Happy, Neutral, Sad). The GLM was conducted through SPM 12. Table 1. Summary of Brain Region Locations With Significant Brain Activity. The table depicts the different brain regions with significant brain activity. It details which brain regions are active, the size of the region, the hemisphere it belongs to, and the coordinate of the most active cluster. Table 1. Areas of Brain Activation During Self versus Other Face ProcessingWhole-Brain Results Voxels Hemisphere MNI Coordinatesx y zMain Effect of Time[RW1] Cerebellum Posterior and Anterior Lobe 756 Both 2 -74 -20Superior Temporal Gyrus, BA41 252 Left -38 -30 4Cuneus, Precuneus, Posterior Cingulate,Parahippocampa Gyrus 299 Left -24 -50 6Inferior Parietal Lobule, Caudate, Cingulate Gyrus,Anterior Cingulate, BA 40/44/24/9 2702 Left -44 18 28Middle Frontal Gyrus, Cingulate Gyrus, Precuneus, CaudateBA 6/7/5/40/4/3/32 3385 Left -20 -20 48Medial Frontal Gyrus/Cingulate GyrusBA 6/32 571 Right 20 -18 54Interaction of Time and Self[RW3] Middle and Medial Frontal Gyrus, Cingulate Gyrus,Anterior Cingulate, BA 9/6/32/10 1735 Left -20 22 24Superior and Medial Frontal Gyrus, BA 9 341 Right 10 36 42Parietal Lobe, BA 6 186 Left -14 -10 56Figure 1. Main Effect of Time on Brain Function in ESOM_Pre Versus ESOM_Post Conditions. The brain activity of adolescents (n=52) was measured across several different cortical areas. To measure the activity, participants received an fMRI scan and completed the ESOM task. The activity before NF treatment (ESOM_Pre) and after NF (ESOM_Post) were compared to see how the treatment affected brain function in those areas. (p<0.05)Figure 2.  Effect of Time By Self Interaction on Brain Activity Across ESOM_Pre and ESOM_Post. The brain activity of adolescents (n=52) was measured across several different cortical areas. Facial recognition was compared across ESOM_Pre and ESOM_Post to see how the NF treatment affected the participants ability to recognize their own face. ● Main Effect of Time○ More activity in ESOM_Pre than ESOM_Post in multiple cortical areas after the neurofeedback task (Table 1, Figure 1)● Time By Self Interaction○ Participants had more activity processing other faces than their own in ESOM_Pre. After neurofeedback treatment in ESOM_Post, they had more activity seeing their own face. These differences were seen  in midline cortical areas known for self-referential areas (Table 1, Figure 2)● The treatment was able to have a significant effect on brain function in several areas.● This suggests that neurofeedback might have had a significant effect on neurobiology● This suggests that the neurofeedback treatment could have potential to act as a form of treatment or a supplement to medication or psychotherapy to enhance recovery from depressive symptoms. ● This significant effect is interesting due to habituation (6).○ Generally, ESOM_Pre should always have higher brain activity than ESOM_Post due to habituation. ● Because depression is so prevalent in adolescents and is a major risk factor in suicide, the study has important implications in the current public health crisis that is depression and suicide among adolescents● However, as there was no placebo group, it cannot be confirmed that these effects are due to neurofeedback.Table 2. Demographic Characteristics:Control Low SuicidalityHigh SuicidalitySuicide AttemptParticipant Characteristics:Total: (n) 38 31 27 24Age: (mean, stdv) 14.46, 1.52 14.87, 1.75 15.04, 1.68 14.61, 1.57IQ (mean, stdv) 116.89 (12.30)104 (14.44) 109.3 (12.56)111.33 (21.64)Gender (n, %)Male 19 (50) 14 (45) 12 (44) 10 (42)Female 19 (50) 17 (55) 15 (56) 14 (58)Medication (n, %)Antidepressants 2 (5) 10 (31) 13 (48) 13 (54)Any Psychotropic 2 (5) 11 (35) 16 (59) 15 (63)References(1(1)Avenevoli, S., Swendsen, J., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2015). Major Depression in the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement: Prevalence, Correlates, and Treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(1). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.010(2) Suicide. Retrieved March 26, 2018, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml(3)Quevedo, K., Ng, R., Scott, H., Smyda, G., Pfeifer, J. H., & Malone, S. (2016). The neurobiology of self-processing in abused depressed adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 29(03), 1057–1073.(4) Pan, L. A., & Phillips, M. L. (2013). Toward Identification of Neural Markers of Suicide Risk in Adolescents. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(1), 236–237. http://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.233(5) Speed, B., & Hajcak, G. (2016). 52.1 Self-Referential Emotional Processing Abnormalities In Adolescents With Depression And Those At Increased Risk. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10).http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.429(6) Schmid, S., Wilson, D. A., & Rankin, C. H. (2015). Habituation mechanisms and their importance for cognitive function. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 8. http://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2014.00097

Self-Face Processing After and Before Neurofeedback in Youth with Varying Levels of Depressive Symptoms

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Self-Face Processing After and Before Neurofeedback in Youth with Varying Levels of Depressive Symptoms

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