The first and second instars of Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis are described and illustrated. First instars are distinguished from other species of Lecanodiaspis by the arrangement of dorsal 8-shaped pores in six complete longitudinal rows and a partial row in the thoracic region and the number of labial, anal plate, and spiracular setae. Second instars are dimorphic with males possessing well developed 5-segmented legs, dorsal tubular ducts, and long hair-like setae on the venter between the antennae and on the abdominal segments. Females have fewer 8-shaped pores in transverse rows on the dorsum, as well as legs reduced to stubs and only one pair of hair-like medial setae on the venter

Lambdin, P. L.

Podsiadlo, Elzbieta

English

Hochschulschriftenserver - Universität Frankfurt am Main

179 INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 17, No. 3-4, September-December, 2003IntroductionOf the 62 recognized species of Lecanodiaspisrepresented in the Australian, Ethiopian, Nearctic,Neotropical, and Palearctic regions (Howell and Kosz-tarab 1972, Howell et. al 1973, Lambdin et. al 1973),first instars for 29 species have been described andillustrated (Williams and Kosztarab 1970, Morrisonand Morrison 1927, Lambdin and Podsiadlo 2001).Because of their cryptic appearance, small size, andperiod of development throughout the season, theimmature stages are seldom available for study andcomparisons. One such rare species is Lecanodiaspistingtunensis (Borchsenius), which was originally de-scribed and placed in the genus Prosopophora (Borch-senius 1960) and later transferred to the genus Lecan-odiaspis (Lambdin et al. 1973). This species wasplaced into the Quercus group (Howell et al. 1973)based on the presence of lateral reticulated anal platesand non-bifid posterior spiracular furrows on theadult female. At present, 13 species from the Austra-lian, eight from the Oriental, and three from thePalearctic regions are assigned to this group.The morphology of immatures differs from that ofthe adults providing the opportunity to establish amore stable classification for the species. Since controlefforts against these pests are more effective whenapplied against emerging first instars, identificationof the immature stages is essential to properly identi-fy the species and to determine the time of develop-ment to protect the host plant from damage. Theobjective of this study was to describe and illustratethe first and second instars of L. tingtunensis fromavailable specimens to distinguish them from theimmatures of similar species.Material and MethodsThe type material studied consisted of eight firstinstar specimens collected by Borchsenius in theYunnan Province, China. An additional seven speci-mens obtained from dry material collected by D.Murphy in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest, Singaporewere mounted on slides for study. Second instars wererepresented by seven female and two male specimens.Measurements (in micrometers) of structures forthese specimens are presented as averages followed byranges in parentheses. The illustrations were devel-oped using Adobe Photoshopﬁ. Enlargements of thevarious structures in the margin of each figure arenot proportional, but illustrate the general appear-ance of the specific structure. Terminology in thedescriptions follows that of Williams and Kosztarab(1970). The gender of the first instar was not deter-mined.External morphology of the first and secondinstars of Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis (Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae)P. L. LambdinDepartment of Entomology and Plant PathologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN 37996-4560Elzbieta PodsiadloDepartment of ZoologyAgricultural University of Warsaw02-787 Warszawa, Nowoursynowska 166Warsaw, PolandAbstract. The first and second instars of Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis are described and illustrated. First instarsare distinguished from other species of Lecanodiaspis by the arrangement of dorsal 8-shaped pores in six completelongitudinal rows and a partial row in the thoracic region and the number of labial, anal plate, and spiracularsetae. Second instars are dimorphic with males possessing well developed 5-segmented legs, dorsal tubularducts, and long hair-like setae on the venter between the antennae and on the abdominal segments. Femaleshave fewer 8-shaped pores in transverse rows on the dorsum, as well as legs reduced to stubs and only one pairof hair-like medial setae on the venter.Key Words. Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis, Coccoidea, Lecanodiaspididae, scale insect.180 Volume 17, No. 3-4, September-December, 2003, INSECTA MUNDIDescriptionsLecanodiaspis tingtunensis (Borchsenius)First Instar (Fig.1a-j)Body of slide-mounted specimens ovoid (Fig. 1a),481 (400-630) long, 247 (200-280) wide.Dorsal surface (left half). Anal lobe (Fig. 1a) withapical seta 151 (120-182) long, 1 seta on inner margin6.8 (6-8) long, and 1 stout seta on outer margin 9.8 (9-12) long. Anal ring (Fig. 1b) elliptical, slightly openanteriorly, 18.8 (16.0-20.0) diam.; with 6 fleshy setae,each 42.0 (32.0-45.0) long. Anal plates (Fig. 1b) del-toid, margins reticulated, each 33.5 (25.0- 40.0) long,18.8 (15.0-21.5) wide; 1 seta on inner margin, each 5(5) long, and a pair of setae on medial bar, 2 (2) long.Arched plate (Fig. 1b) slightly curved, 8.0 (6.0-10.0)long, 32.8 (30.0- 38.0) wide. Anal cleft (Fig. 1a) short.Figure 8-shaped pores (Fig. 1c) slightly bent; ar-ranged in 3 complete and 1 partial longitudinal rows;marginal row with 17 pores, one per segment, partialsubmarginal row of 4-5 pores in spiracular regionassociated with submarginal row of 11 (11-12) pores,and medial row of 13 (13) pores; each 4.5 (4.0-5.0) long,2.8 (2.0-3.0) wide. Simple disc pores (Fig. 1d) sparse,8 (7-11) arranged one per segment in longitudinal rowbetween submarginal and submedial rows of 8-shapedpores, each 2 (2) in diam.; simple disc pores associatedwith tack-like setae.  Setae variable, marginal setae(Fig. 1e) spine-like, 18 setae arranged one per seg-ment, each 6.4 (5.0-8.0) long except for 2 pair of stoutsetae at apex of cephalic region, larger 14.0 (10.0-16.0)long, smaller 8.0 (6.0-8.5) long; other dermal setaeFigure 1.  Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis (Borchsenius), firstinstar (sex undetermined). a) dorsoventral view; b) analring, anal plate, and arched plate; c) figure 8-shaped pore;d) simple disc pore; e) marginal spine-like seta; f) fleshyspiracular setae; g) bilocular pore (dark rimmed); h) flat 8-shaped pore; i) quinquelocular pore; j) tack-like seta.Figure 2.  Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis (Borchsenius), secondinstar female. a) dorsoventral view; b) anal ring, anal plate,and arched plate; c) figure 8-shaped pore; d) simple pore;e) marginal spine-like seta; f) fleshy spiracular setae; g)bilocular pore (dark rimmed); h) flat 8-shaped pore; i)spiracle; j) quinquelocular pore; k) tack-like seta.181 INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 17, No. 3-4, September-December, 2003located submedially, 7 (6-8) setae associated withsimple pores and 8-shaped pores, tack-like, each 2 (2)long; pair of medial setae above mouthparts 5.0 (4.0-6.0) long. Spiracular setae (Fig. 1f) on margin; 2anterior setae at apex of spiracular furrows, unequalin size, larger one 32.0 (29.0-35.0) long, smaller one12.4 (7.0-14.0) long, posterior seta 6.4 (6.0-8.0) long.Ventral surface (right half). Antennae (Fig. 1a)well-developed, 6-segmented, length 124 (115-141).Segments I-VI: 14.1 (10.0-15.0), 19.7 (15.0-25.0), 21.9(20.0-27.0), 20.8 (17.0-25.0), 17.7 (13.0-21.0), and 30.1(25.0-37.0) long, respectively. Bilocular pores (Fig. 1g)rare, 1-2 in cephalothorax and in submarginal row of3 pores mesad of flat 8-shaped pores on abdomen, each2.5 (2.0-3.0) diam. Clypeolabral shield 89.3 (70.0-104.0) long, 67.2 (55.0-78.0) wide; with a pair of hair-like setae in anteriodorsal region 10 (10). Labiumdeltoid, 31.5 (25.0-35.0) long, 47.7 (40.0-60.0) wide;with 10 slender setae, each 8.0 (5.0-10.0) long. Flat 8-shaped pores (Fig. 1h) in submarginal row of 14 (13-15) pores; each 2.8 (2.0-3.0) long. Legs 5-segmented,similar in size, prothoracic 130.0 (120.0-140.0) long,mesothoracic 135.0 (125.0-145.0) long, and metatho-racic 138 (125.0-145.0) long; claw curved withoutdenticle, each 13.3 (10.0-17.0) long; each tibial digit-ule 29.8 (26.0-32.0) long, and each tarsal digitule 19.3(15.0-25.0) long. Spiracles on submargin, each 14.5(11.0-16.0) long, peritreme 7.0 (5.0-9.0) in diam.,aperture 2.4 (2.0-3.0) in diam.; with 2 quinquelocularpores (Fig. 1i) near each spiracle, each 2.5 (2.0-4.0) indiam. Posterior furrows not bifid. Setae variable,submarginal row of segmental setae between margin-al row of 8-shaped pores and submarginal row of flat8-shaped pores, each tack-like (Fig. 1j), 2 (2) long; 4pairs of submedial setae on head between antennae,each 23.0 (20.0-24.0), 25 (20-35), 30.0 (25.0-35.0), and25.0 (20.0-35.0) long, respectively; row of 3 hair-likemedial setae on posterior abdominal segments, each22.4 (18.0-25.0), 24.5 (23.0-25.0), and 46.7 (40.0-56.0)long, respectively.Material Studied: on Pasania sp., 8(4); YunnanProvince, China, 11 Jun. 1957, N. Borchsenius, Coll.;on Quercus sp., 7(2); Nee Soon Swamp Forest, Sin-gapore, 8 Aug. 1972, D. H. Murphy Coll.Female Second Instar (Fig. 2a-k)Body of slide-mounted specimens ovoid (Fig. 2a),712 (625-815) long, 337 (345-405) wide.Dorsal surface (left half). Anal lobe (Fig. 2a) withspine-like apical seta 91.2 (85.0-100) long. Anal ring(Fig. 2b) subcircular, slightly anterior to anal plates,21.3 (15.0-27.0) long, 19.7 (16.0-21.0) wide; with 6fleshy setae, each 56.2 (50.0-64.0) long. Anal plates(Fig. 2b) deltoid, attached anteriomedially by wideplate, margins reticulated, 43.9 (35.0-50.0) long, 40.0(40.0) wide; each half with 2 stout setae, each 7.5 (6.0-9.0) long, and a pair of minute setae on medial bar, 2(2) long. Arched plate (Fig. 2b) slightly curved andscalloped, 40.4 (32.0-46.0) long and 10.6 (8.0-15.0)wide. Figure 8-shaped pores (Fig. 2c) in a marginalrow and in transverse segmental rows with medialFigure 3.  Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis (Borchsenius), secondinstar male. a) dorsoventral view; b) anal ring, anal plate,and arched plate; c) figure 8-shaped pore; d) simple discpore; e) marginal spine-like seta; f) fleshy spiracular setae;g) tubular duct; h) bilocular pore (dark rimmed); i) flat 8-shaped pore; j) spiracle; k) quinquelocular pore; l) tack-likeseta.182 Volume 17, No. 3-4, September-December, 2003, INSECTA MUNDIand submarginal areas void of pores that provide aswirl-like appearance; marginal pores 5.9 (5.2-6.0)long, 2.9 (2.5-3.0) wide, segmental pores 4.2 (4.0-5.0)long, 2.2 (2.0-3.0) wide. Simple disc pores (Fig. 2d)sparse, each 2 (2) in diam. with spine-like marginalsetae (Fig. 2e), 1 seta per segment, each 8.3 (7.0-10.0)long, other setae on derm rare. Spiracular setae(Fig.2f) on thoracic margin; 2 anterior fleshy setae atapex of anterior spiracular furrows, unequal in size;larger one 37.0 (30.0 - 46.0) long, smaller one 16.4(11.0-22.0) long; posterior spiracular furrows eachwith one fleshy seta 24.8 (22.0-28.0) long.Ventral surface (right half). Antennae (Fig. 2a)well-developed, 7-segmented, third and fourth seg-ments often appearing fused, length 135 (124-140).Segments I-VII: 16.6 (12.0-22.0), 16.9 (12.0-21.0),25.0 (15.0-35.0), 19.6 (12.0-28.0), 19.1 (17.0-22.0),18.7(16.0-20.0) and 19.3 (17.0-22.0) long, respectively.Bilocular pores (Fig. 2g) in single row on cephalotho-rax and abdomen mesad of flat 8-shaped pores, each2.6 (2.0-3.0) diam. Clypeolabral shield 112.4 (95.0-125.0) long, 81.8 (75.0-100.0) wide. Labium deltoid,48.0 (34.0-50.0) long, 53.7 (36.0-66.0) wide; with 10slender setae, each 6.7 (4.0-9.0) long. Flat 8-shapedpores (Fig.1h) in submarginal row, each 3.5 (3.0-4.0)long.  Legs rudimentary, nonfunctional, prothoracic35.3 (25.0-40.0) long, mesothoracic 55.1 (40.0-90.0)long, and metathoracic 62.2 (45.0-94.0) long. Spira-cles (Fig. 2i) on submargin, each 32.7 (30.0-35.0) long,peritreme 13.1 (11.0-15.0) in diam., aperture 4.8 (4.0-6.0) in diam.; with 6-7 quinquelocular pores (Fig. 2j)near each spiracle, each 2.8 (2.0-3.0) in diam. Poste-rior furrows not bifid. Setae variable, no setae betweenantennae, submarginal row of segmental setae be-tween marginal row of figure 8-shaped pores andsubmarginal row of flat 8-shaped pores, each tack-like(Fig. 2k), 4.0 (4.0) long; 1 pair of hair-like submedialsetae on 7th abdominal segment, each 55.0.0 (50.0-70.0), long; about 4 tack-like setae in transverseabdominal rows, each ca. 2.0 (2.0); and a pair at apexof anal cleft ca. 3.0 (3.0) long.Material Studied: on Pasania sp., 6(3); YunnanProvince, China, 11 Jun. 1957, N. Borchsenius, Coll.;on Quercus sp., 1(1); Nee Soon Swamp Forest, Sin-gapore, 8 Aug. 1972, D. H. Murphy Coll.Male Second Instar (Fig. 3a-l)Body of slide-mounted specimens with sides moreparallel than in females, ca. 690 long and 360 wide.Dorsal surface (left half). Males differ from femalesby having numerous figure 8-shaped pores (Fig. 3c) onthe body; these pores arranged in transverse rowswith areas void of pores in median and submarginalareas, alternate rows often oriented toward eachother, each 4.0 (4.0) long, 2.2 (2.0-2.5) wide; tubularducts (Fig. 3g) irregularly spaced over derm, each22.8 (18.0-26.0) long and 2.0 (2.0) wide; and 8-9 tack-like setae in longitudinal submedial row, each 3.0(3.0) long.Ventral surface (right half). Males differ fromfemales by having well-developed 5-segmented legs,prothoracic ca. 265 long (245-277) long. Setae morenumerous and variable than on female, stout medialpair of setae near vertex 10-16 long; 4 pairs of hair-likesetae between antennae, each 60-80 long, and 5 pairsof hair-like submedial setae on posterior abdomensegments 40-100 long.Material Studied: on Quercus sp., 2(2); Nee SoonSwamp Forest, Singapore, 8 Aug. 1972, D. H. MurphyColl.DiscussionMarginal area of first instars is distinguished byhaving a row of figure 8-shaped pores and tack-likesetae sightly dorsad, a row of flat 8-shaped pores andbilocular pores on the venter. The anterior spiracularfurrows have a pair of unequal size, fleshy setae atapex, while the unbranched posterior spiracular fur-rows terminate with a stout fleshy seta. The thoracicsegments are demarked by the legs, spiracles, andmarginal setae. The abdominal segments are delim-ited by transverse to crescent-shaped creases. Thisspecies is also differentiated from 24 of the 26 speciesdescribed by Williams and Kosztarab (1970) by thenumber of labial setae (10 rather than 6 or 8) as wellas the shape and size of the anal plates, the numberand position of the anal plate setae, and the reticulat-ed anal plates. Of those species described, L. tingtun-ensis has the closest affinity to L. quercus based on thereticulated anal plates, the type of spiracular setae,the number and position of the bilocular or dark-rimmed pores on the abdomen. The second instarsexhibit sexual dimorphism. Males differ from femalesby the presence of transverse rows of figure 8-shapedpores, tubular ducts, and large spine-like marginalsetae on dorsum. In addition, males have four pairs ofsetae between the antennae, five pairs of submedialsetae on abdomen, and well developed legs. No setaewere noted between the antennae of available female183 INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 17, No. 3-4, September-December, 2003specimens, and they had only one pair of long setae onposterior abdominal segment. The lack of tubularducts in the second instar female is consistent withimmatures in other scale insect families. For exam-ple, dorsal tubular ducts were reported to be absent inPseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell (Ray and Wil-liams 1980). Additional studies are needed to obtainimmature specimens of other species in the genus tocompare similarities and possible relationships amongthe species.References CitedBorchsenius, N. 1960. Fauna of USSR, Homoptera:Kermococcidae: Asterolecaniidae: Lecanodiaspid-idae: Acleridae. (In Russian). Zoologicheskij Insti-tut Akademii Nauk SSSR (Leningrad)  (n. s. 77)8: 282pp.Howell, J. O., and M. Kosztarab. 1972. Morphol-ogy and systematics of the adult females of thegenus  Lecanodiaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea:Lecanodiaspididae). Virginia Polytechnic Insti-tute and State University Research Division Bul-letin  70(4): 248pp.Howell, J. O., P. L. Lambdin, and M. Kosztarab.1973. Morphology and systematics of three spe-cies in the Eucalypti group of the genus Lecano-diaspis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity Research Division Bulletin 85(6): 31-51.Lambdin, P.L., J.O. Howell, and M. Kosztarab.1973. Morphology and systematics of five speciesin the Quercus group of the genus Lecanodiaspis(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae). Vir-ginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityResearch Division Bulletin 85(6):1-29.Lambdin, P. L., and E. Podsiadlo. 2001. Descrip-tions of the first instars of Lecanodiaspis brooke-sae and L. crassispina (Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspi-dae). Entomological News 112: 287-293.Morrison, H., and E. Morrison. 1927.The Maskellspecies of scale insects of the subfamily Asterole-caniinae. Proceedings of the United States Na-tional Museum 71, Art. 17 (No. 2689), 67pp.Ray, C. H., and M. L. Williams. 1980. Descriptionof the immature stages and adult male of Pseudo-philippia quaintancii (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coc-cidae). Annals of the Entomological Society ofAmerica 73(4): 437-447.Williams, M. L., and M. Kosztarab. 1970. Amorphological and systematic study on the firstinstar nymphs of the genus Lecanodiaspis (Ho-moptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae). VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and State University Re-search Division Bulletin 52. 96pp.

1927.The Maskell species of scale insects of the subfamily Asterolecaniinae.

A morphological and systematic study on the first instar nymphs of the genus Lecanodiaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea:

Description of the immature stages and adult male of Pseudophilippia quaintancii (Homoptera: Coccoidea:

Descriptions of the first instars of Lecanodiaspis brookesae and L. crassispina (Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspidae).

Fauna of USSR, Homoptera: Kermococcidae: Asterolecaniidae: Lecanodiaspididae: Acleridae. (In Russian). Zoologicheskij Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR

Morphology and systematics of five species in the Quercus group of the genus Lecanodiaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea:

Morphology and systematics of the adult females of the genus Lecanodiaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea:

Morphology and systematics of three species in the Eucalypti group of the genus Lecanodiaspis.

External morphology of the first and second instars of Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis (Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae)

External morphology of the first and second instars of Lecanodiaspis tingtunensis (Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae)

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