PALE"STINE JOURNA'L OF BOTANY Vol. Ill. No. 4 Jerusalem Series July 1946 SYNOPSIS OF THE PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL UNITS OF PALESTINE By A. EIG (With Plates Vr-IX, 13 tral1.sects and I map) T his paper is a summary of phytosdciological studies on the Palestine vegetation by the author. The phytosociologicalinvestigation of Palestine by the, late Dr. A. Eig was ,begun in 1932 and, continued until shortly before his death in 1938. During this time a great numbe; of phylosocioZogical records have been collected by the author and his collabo'rators in Palestine, as well, as in other countries of the Middle' East. This work has not been sunnnedup for the press and, except for the psammophytic plant communities' of the Coastcil< Plain and' the Quercetum, ,ithaburensis, on' which'studieswe:re completed,aml'published: <'" < (Eig, 1939. i933);the,zbhole bulk of the collected material' hds'~teinainedr',,: , ' in', the form: of, field notebooks., ' H ollJever, .: ,the, delimitation 'dft1ie' · ',', < plai1.t .. soC'iologicial ,units, their classi{icatioli arid naming,'}{z'iar ,as "d:~sert;"" and steppe vegetation are concerned, were summarized by the author before his death, in>a synoptic list, with short, t:lccompanying remrzrks . . As to the lZon,-desert u;zits, they, have been regqu!e(l, by t(l,l!' aut'(l(jr as tentatiueand, preliminar'y. The editor? are fullY. ,awwe that the autlzor would, have m~de considerable alterat.ions in: tIll? delimitation. and cnamr·' , ,!, i - -' ., - - - '.. .. . -.' , i~g of some of. the M editqrranean plant; pomm1,lnitiesi before. pziblishing them, as he did on other oqcasiol1s., , Thf! edif!orf. :hpull(ver, cC!rz,sidf!f'e4. it best not to deviate from the9rigi'nal ti?xf' ' 'I, ,i,,:T As, thevag~tation' ,unit!i'i have' ~oti ! b~en ;, ,ecqrc!-rrd ,. into G!'a,lyt~p(l.l I, ,I tables, by stion bipinnatae: . (56) H elianthemetum elliptici . (57) Association of Ononis stenophylla-Convolvulus secundus (58) Association of Eragrostis bipinnata-Centaurea procurrens (59) Ormenidetum mixtae (iv) Retamion Roetcmni are'ltarium: (60) Association of Artemisia monosperma-R'etamla Roetla.m (6r) Association of Retanw Roctam-An,abasis articulata, (62) Retametum Roetami (v) Association of uncertain phytosociological relationships: (63) H aloxylonetum salicornici G. Hydrophytic associations (i) Pop~tlion euphraticae: (64) Populetum euphra.ticae (65) Tamaricetum jordanis (66) Association of Prosopis farcata-Glycyrrhiza glabra (ii)' Association of: (67) PlatanehMn orientalis (68) Association of Cyperus P,apyrus-Polygonum ,acuminatum (69) Association of Phragmites communis-TYPha angustata (70) Association of I nula viscosa-J un'cus aC~6tus '. (71 ) Viticetum Agni-Casti (72 ) Equisetetu11~ ramosissimi (73) Association of htncus maritimus-Schoenus nigricans ' (74) Association of Cry psis minua:rtioides-H eUotro·pium supinum H. Halophytic. associations (i) Suaedion palaestinae: (75) Suaedetum p,a1aestin:ae (76) Association of Suaeda palaestina-Suaeda fruticosa (77) Association of iVitraria retusa-Suaeda p.alaesPina (78) Association of Atriplex HalJimus-SUlaeda/rutiwsa (79) Association of Atriplex Hali1nus-Salsola villosa (ii) S alsolion tetrandrae: (80) Salsoletum tetrandr;ae '" (8r) ~s~ociatio~ of Salsola tetrandra-Halogeton alopecuroides (111) ASSOCtatlOns of other alliances: . (82) Nitrarietum retusae (83) AltripZicetu,m Halimi (84) Arthrocnemetum' glauci' (85) Phragmitetum.· comm'ttnts (salimtm) . The Phytos.ociologicalUnits of Palesl11fe 1. Segetala-ssocdations (86) Association of Carthamus ten·uis-Ononis leiosperma (87) Proso pidetum farcatae (88) Malvetum aegYPNae (89) Achilleetu"m, S,antolinae • A. Mediterranean associations (i) Forest and Maqui associations: (I) Association of Pinus halepe'nn rwpestre Andropogon hirtus Andropog~on distach'jl'U,s Oryzo psis coerulesce1lS Dactylis glomerata Hordeum bttlb'osurm Cephalaria joppica Aegilops speltoides AinS'Worthia Can;tali Aiuga chia Artedia ,squamata + Avena ste,-iUs + Brachypodium distachytHn + B1'omu,s . Alo pe,cur1!·s + C a·ucalis teneUa + Crucian.ella latifolia + Galium hieiYosolymitanum + Gerfopogon glabrtHn 1.2 Lagoecia cwmitwides 1,2 Lavatera pu11,ctata + Pallenis spi1msa + P halm-is parado.'Ca 1.1 P£mpinella peregrina + Picris S prengeriana + Rhagadiolu,s stellat2~s + Stachys neurocalycina + Synelcosciad1'u11t Carmeli 193 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Records of this· association have also been collected from the following localities: Mt. Carmel: descent of Wadi Bestan; Samaria: env. of Tayasir; Sharon: env. of Athlit env.of Hedera. , Details on the' composition of the psammophytic variant of this association are given in EIG (1939, p. 300). Cii) Garigl.le associations: (s) Association of Cistus villosus- Cist'/,f"S salvifolius (EIG 1938) SAMPLI~ RECORD: Judean Mountains: At km. 17 on the Jeru-salem-'I'el-Aviv road; expo N; sI. 10°; small and medium-sized stones and patches of fine terra-rossa; ar. 100m2 ; CQV. 80%. Cist~ts . villosus 2.3 CroC1~s hyemalis 2.1 Cist1ts .salvifolius 2.3 Thrincia tuberosa 2.1 Poteriztnt sp~nosum 3'.3 Orchis anatolicus 2.1 Pistacia Len.tiscus stunted + Orchis papilionaee~ts 1.1 Pr1tntts Amygdalus)J + Gladiolus segetu111. LI Q'uerctts calliprinos JJ + Ramcnculus a,siatictts 1.1 Pistacia palaestina ,> + Cyclamen persicum 1.1 Rhamnus palaestina + Bellis silvestris 1.2 Phlomis viseosa + Bellevalia fle:>:f~osa 1.1 Calycotome villosa + Anemone coronaria 1.1 Teucrittm divaricatum 1,2 Arisarum vttlgare + Fumana thymifolia 1.2 Salvia judaica 1.1 PhagnaNm rupestre 1.2 Eryngium CrejtiC1tm + Siachy'~ ere tica + Cicer pinnatifidum 1.1 Rub.£a Olivieri ':!'.2 Asterolinum Li1!U111o-stellatum + AsParagttsaphjtllus 1.2 Crupina Crupinastrum + Tam~t,s communis 1.1 Plantago Psyllium + Sfftilax asp era + Other records of this association have beert collected in the following localities: Mt. Carme1: env. of Wadi 'Shallala; descent to A. ~IG' . , Wadi Falah, opposite Athlit; Samaria: env. of Umm' Safa; Judean Mountains: env. of Deir esh Sheikh; at km. 20 on the J erusalem-TeI Aviv road; Shephela: env. of Ran1.ath-Gan. (6) Calycotometu111,. villos.ae (ErG 1935) SAMPLE RECORD: Samaria: Wadi Far'a near Talluza, hill of N ari rocks with very soft, deep terra-rossa, stone1ess within and gravelly on the surface; ar. 100m2 ; COy. 80%. Calycotome villosa Rhamnus palaestina Carlina c01'ymbosa Tettcrittm Poliwn·~ Vartemhia. iphionoides Andropogon hirtus Echinops Btanchepmu Anchxua strigosa Retama Duriaei Convolvltlus DoryC/~i1tl1£ Linaria aegypt·iaca Asphodehts mi:croca1'pxts H eliotno pittm 1'0 tundifolimn Ballota und1tlata C ynodon dactylon Bromus fasciculatu-s Centaurep. hyaIolepis Delphinimn peregrimtm Eva:c pa/aettina Plantago Lagopzts Salvia H ormimtm Alliwn stamineft1,. Anagallis coer11lea Altthemi,s pseudocotula A tractylis cancel/ata Avena sterilis 3·3 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + +.I + + + Brontfts scoparitts + C atananche lutea + Ca·ucalis tendla + Cronvolvuhts ,siculus + C o11volmtlus perttapetatoides + Dauctu subs.essili,s + Erucaria Boveana + Galium judaicUl11> + Geropogon glabrum + Hedypt/.ois cre-tica + Kloeleria phleoides + Linum nodiflorum. + 11-1 ericarpea vaillantio,ides + Mimtartia decipiens + N ardurIt,r orieJ~talis + N otobasis syria ca + 0110brychis cap'ltt-galli + Picris S prengericma + Plantago cretica -I-Pterocephalus involucl'a!-US + Rapistrum r~~.qosum + Rhagadiolus stellahts + Urosperm1lm plcl'1()1'des + Vaillantia hispida + ZizYPhus Lotus (outs,ide the area) + Two other records have been taken, from Samaria, 18 km. E of Tayasir, and from Wadi e1 Jahir. (Hi) Batha (dwarf-shrub) associations: (7) Poterietum spin.osi mediterran'eum (ErG 1938) PI. V C SAMPLE RECORD : Judean Mountains: env. of Beit Jimal; expo E; sI. ISo; somewhat stony terra rossa with Cenomani~m rocks projecting from soil surface; area 100 m2; cov. 75%. Poteriwn spinosum 4.3 Origanum syria cum P.istacia Lqntiscus +.2 R~tbia Olivie1'i Rhamnus palae,stina +.2 Asparag1M aphyllus Teucrimn Polimn 1.;2 Andropogo1~ hirtus' Salvia triloba I.2 CrOC1ts lzyem.alis 1.2 1.2 1.2 I.2 1.1 The Phyto8ociological Units of Palestine Orchis papilionace1ts 1.1 o phrys fttsca + Ortlithogalultz IBigii + Thl'·incia tuberlosa 1.1 Cyclamen persicmn 1.1 Asphodelus microcm'pus + Anemone corona,ria 1.1 Ramtnculus a,siaticus I. I Lot1ts juda.icus I.2 M in:uarti(t teHuifolia. 2. I Biscutella didyma 2.1 Bro111,us madritensis 2.1 Anagallis coerulea + AnthemissD. + Calhipeltis cltcullaria 1.1 C ol'olt.illa scorp'ioides I. I Chaetosdadiwll- trichospermmn 1.1 E,:odiull'. grm11um Colium judaictMn Ceranit.mt 1nolle Hippocrepis 1tnisiliq1wsa Hyme11Jocarpus circil1natus H elianthemwm ,salicifolittm I-f elia,nthemum aegyptiacum Lai'h.yrus Cice~'a Medicago tttberculata 011lobrychis squarrosa Plantago cretica Polygala mo1tspeliaca Tetragonolobtts palaesNmts Thlaspi perfoliatu'm ValeriaHella vesicaria Vi cia pel'egrilla V icia pala·estina 195 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.I 1.1 + 1.1 + Lr LI + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Records o.f this association are also available fr.om the' follow-ing localities: Lower Galilee: env. of Sheikh Bureik, env. of Iksal; Samaria: env. of Jenin and 'Sabastiya; Judean Mountains: between Motsa and Kiryath Anavim at km. 17 ·on the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv I'oad; env. of Bab el Wad; env. of Bethlehen~; at km. 10 and 41 .on the Jerusalem-Beit Jibrin I"oad; at km. 64 on the Jerusalem-Beer-sheba road; env. of Atarot and Ramallah; env. of Migdal Eder; Kefal' Etsion; Acre' Plain:env. 0'£ W. Kurdani;' Shar.on:· eny: .of Pardess Hanna and Kark1.tr;between Sheikh Muwannis'and:Herz-liya; 'Shephela env;' of Rishon le Zion. " "' ' (8) P.ol'erietum spi1wsi orientate (EIG 1938) SAMPL~ . R~CORD ; J uaean IVlountains: between' Hebron and Kafr . Tarqumiya; hillside, covered _ with debris; .s1. 600; white..:greyish loo.se soil; coy. 40%. -Pot'J1'I:tt11't spinOS1,t1n Ballota undulata Salvia graveole1Js ThY1ntts capitatu,s Anchusa 'stngo,ra: . Naea m1~crona.ta i " Teucriu1n Polittm' Verbascum eremobium' , 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 .. 1.1 . 1.2 I,Z + H eliotro Mum ,?:otundifolium Echiu1n ang .. tstifo1ium.; ,: Salvia triloba , , Origanum syriaCttm Aiulropogon hirt1ts' Poa Hackeli " ' Cyclamen. pqrsictim' Asphodeltts mict1ocarfr,US 1.2 + + + + , '1.'2 Other records .of this association havebeencollected'from: Judean Mountains: Mt. Scapus; Judean Desert: at km. ,8~_ 1: I, 12, 13 on the Jerusalem-Jericho road; at l~m. 7,0 on the Jcttlsalc.m-B~er~ sheba road; -between Hebron and Bal11 N allT1 ; " en".. of Ba11l N am1 , between Bani N aim' ana-Bir Rutmiya, slope of Wadi ' el Abiad ~ between Taiyiba and Ain eI Auja, env. of Jebd'Najama; WadI 196 A. ErG' Malih (N. of W. Far'a); behveen Wadi Far'a and Nablus; env. of Ain el Balata. (9) ThY111-etum, capitati (EIG I938) . . SAMPLE RECORD: J udean Desert: between J erusalerl1 and Khir-beth Arkub; Senonian soft rock. Thymus' capitatlts Fummw thymifolia PoteriUlnt Spil1iosnm Noea mucronata A rtemf,sia H erba-alba Alkanna str1gosa Astragalus saJtctus Ononis N atri:c C ar/irta corym(;;.osa Aegilops Kotschyi Anagallis coerulea Anthem-is pse-ttdocotula Biscutella didyma Bromus fasciculattl,s Carrichitera mutua Ce,ntaUrea hyalole,pis Cyno,run~s callitricJm;s Elynuts Delileam~ Erodiu111, deserti Entca1'ia Boveana ,Eva,"r:palaestina Gagea retic'ulata HC'tiYPIl'ois crctica 2.2 El etialrthermm~ salieifohuln 1.2 1-[ elianthemum vesieariu-1It 1.2 1-[ cl'niaria cine~'ea' 1.2 .Hirschfeldia inml1a +.2 [(oeleria phleoides +.2 Lagoseris obovata + Linullt st1-ictU1n + Lithospermum tcnu.iflo1'mlt + M atthiola f.ongipetala· + Minu.a,rtia pieta + MttsC(tri ·racemosmn + N ardu;J"Xts orientalis + Onlobrychis ,squarrosa + Papa:ver Argemol1e + Para1.ycltia tlwabitica + Pholittrus inc1trV'lts + Psilurus aristat~ts + Pteroccphalus invohtcratus + Reseda alba :I- Rhagadiohcs ste/latus + Silene .conoidea + Vaillan,tia hispida + (10) Association of Thym1.ts capitatus-Andropogon hirt~ts + I.2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + with '1'h1S association has been investigated and published' together other associations of the light soils belt (EIG I939: 295-298). (IX) Salvietum graveole-ntis (EIG I938) parI'; Characteristic habitat : white chalky and soft soil at the. lower of slopes. SAMPLE RECORD : Southern part of the J udean Desert at km. 70 on the Jerusalem -Beersheba road; steep slope of hill ; white greyish, gravely, deep soil; expo 'SE; area Ioom2; cov. 65'%.' Salvia gra:veloleJts Ballata tmdulata Echinops Blanchemms Alkanna strigosa Atractylis .,serrattdoides A'sphodl'1~ mie1'ocat:Pus Astragalus F ein.brun.iae Achillea Santalina 1.3 +.2 +.I '+.2 I.2 I.2 1.2 + As.tragahes sanctus . Salvia lan·igera Linaria aegyptiaca .Malabaila S.ekalcul Pit1wanthus .tortleosfts .. !-1 eliotropium rohmdijalium Thymelaea ltirSttta A Ilium . sta.111illem'lt . +.2 + +.2 + +.2 . +.2 '+.2 +.1 The Phyfos,ocialogicat Units of Palestine P oa Ei,qii 1.2 Care:>: pachystylis 2.3 Scorzonera pa,pposa + Tulipa mlontana + Carrichtera annua 1.1 ~Erodium hirtum 1. I fEva:t" contracta 1.1 Gypsophila Rokejeka +.2 Adonis de11,tata + Anagallis coerulea + Calendula arvensis + Chaetosciadium tr·iclvospermu·m + Carthatmts tl?t£uis + Crepis arabica + E'rucaria Boveana + Ely11Vz{,S' Delileanus + Erodium gruinum Erlodiwm tnalacoides Filago prost1'ata HeliotroPittm Bovei Linaria albifro~ Onobrychis squarrasa Plantago Coronopus Plantago albicans , P halat'is 1ninor Pterocephalns involturatu.s S chismus arabiclM Reseda luteola S pergwlaria diandra Stipa torti/is Trisetwlt~ 1nacYochaeitIJIn ' Torulart'a torulo,sa 197 + + + + + + 1.1 + + + + + + I.I + + Also met with m the northern part of the Jtidean Desert. (12) Association of Poteri'um spinosum-Thymelaea hirsuta SAMPLE RECORD:' Shephela, env. of Mughar; exp. W.; 51. 151); compact black gravelly soil with scattered Kurkar· stones; depth Df compact 25-40 cm.; ar .. 100 m2; COY. 75-80%. Poterimn' spinosum Thyl1telaea hirsuta A11dropagon hirtus 'Thymus capitatus AsplwdeluS micr'ocarpus .Echium 'angustifoh'um 011'onis. ste11-ophylla Teucrium Polium ,Diantlu.ts, 1nuUipunctattts Ajuga Iva Poa I-Iackeli S C01'Zottera pap j:losa Ranunculus asiaticzts Plantago cretica Lygia passerina Aegi~ops variabilis 3.2 +.2 I.2 +.2 I.2 1.1' . +.2 +.2 + ;+ 2.2 + + 3.2 I.T + Anagallis coentlep Brontl/,s scoparius C a:rthantns temtis Limtm styicHt1n C 1'ucianella herbacea Delphinium peregrin.1m~ Galium setace1mt.·· Onob1'ychis caput-galli Paronychia .. m:gentea. Pterocephah~s invohJ.cra,tus . P silurtts aristatus Plantago albic{f;lfS Salvia Horminwm Trifahum tomentosum Trifolium campestre (13) Echinopetum Blancheani (ErG 1938) + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + This association is nearest to the association of N aea 11't~£Cro~ nata-O,1tOnis Naty.ix differing from the latter by the higher sociability of BchinopSo, the absence of N oea, as well as by its geogr. distribu~ion. While the Echinopetum mainly occurs N 'Of the Jerusa,lem-JerIcho road the N oea-Ononis association is mainly limited to the S Df the road: The characteristic· habitat of this association' is transported soft soil in wadi beds.' SAMPLE RECORD: Jlldean Desert: Wadi Far'a, upper part of canyon; alt. -I70m.; expo N; sI. 50°; steep hills covered with debris; grey, more -or less soft steppe soil; cov. 100%. Eehinops Blancheamts 4.5 Ephedra Alte +.2 Cartina corymbosa 1.2 A1f.clt.1~sa st1"igosa + Salvia graveolens 1.3 Poa Eigi{ 1. I Ballota ttlldttlata 1.2 B1"OmU,S fascieulattu 2. I Other records -of this association have been taken from Sama-l"ia: between Nablus and Tubas and the env. of Nablus; Judean Desert: at km. 18, 20, 23 on the J ertlsalem-Jericho road. ( 14) Ononidetum Natricis Characteristic habitat: vVhite, chalky, soft soil,. derived from Campanian rocks. This soil is often ploughed and the association usually -occurs on abandoned fields. In this regard the On'onidetum is a more or less secondary association. Poterietum spinosi probably does not develop in this habitat. It seems, however,possible that this habitat has once been covered by Maquis which have been destr-oyed. The species characteristic of this association arc: Onopordon palaestinum, Silene longipetala, Verb a scum erenvobitem, Alk,an11Ja stri-gosa, Scrophularria ;<;anthoglossa, Ono'nis leiosperma, ErJl!,s'im~~m cras-sipes, Arrhenathe'rum .. palaestin'um. . The latter three species are 'Con-fined to deep or moist soil. The annuals characteristic of this associa-tion are: Psilurusaristatus, Evax palaestina, Min'ttartia picta, Da~tc1tS subs.e'Ssilis, Carlhantcu,s t~nui;s~, , ., " The Ono1t'idctu11~ displays ce1"~ain floristic and.ecologic fGatures common with th,e Noeq.1wucron'ata ;- Ononis.Mat1:i,:t:"asso(!iatio~1. .. Thisassociationis>subdivided into a fewstibassocations,.· not yet adequately distinguished. ' The following record.is from a more or less typical form. SAMPLE RECORD :. Judean Mountains: Jerusalerrt,Mt.· Scopus ; expo E; SL20o; soft and deep (Campanian) soil, slightly gravelly; ar. 100m2; cov. 66%.' . Ononis N atrix Poterium spinoSunt' ScrophuZczyia .'!:alitltoglossd· ".,. N oea mucyonCtttr,·' .,.' Onopordot~ palaestinum. H eUo tro pium 1'0 to/md-if olif~m Carlina corymbosa ; .. , i Alkanll!Z strigosa. . V erbascum ·eremobi'/ll1.~ i E chiumangustifolinm Polygon1Mn equisetiforme. .. Anchusa. strigosa " ' HypeyicumcYispum. Silme longipe;tala 3,3 , +.2 1.1 1.2 + +.2 +.2 ;+.2 . +.2· '·+.2 ·+,2, + +,2 + Arrhenathertt11/,paidestinwm·· Mttsem'i racetiibsJ.';":" Psilurns aristatu's"" 1 , .' 1-.' .' .. , ); Ev(Zx palaestina."'·· ,1'.', . ,., 1l'Iimtczrtia Pieta \ \. .. ., .. A nthemis psemlo cO,t1tla Anagallis . coeru/ea· ' Cayth(Z'mnst~uis " . Centaurea. iberica' .. ·CetttauYea. hyatolepis: +,2 + 2,I 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + +' + C e.ratoc.ephalttS . falt;cztft..s Da1ecussu.bse,ssilis:'. , " " .. ,+, E . B !'--\ . ,ruc.arm . ovea.na :",; i. H edypnois ;.q-~tica, >,i ;': :, +; The PhytoSrociololJica.t Units of Palestine Kocleria phleoides M atthiola iongipetala Lagoecia Cttl1J.iHoides Onobl':ychis squal'r'o,sa Papaver Rltloeas Parol1'J"chiit 'm'gimtea + + + 1.1 + + Pimpinella cretica, Reseda alba "", , Rhagadiol1M ,stella,tus Roem,eria hybrida S clero poa j'igida, ' 199 , -" + + + + + Records of this association are also availabie 'from, the Judean Desert: 4 km. E of Mt. Seopus, Jerusalem; 3 km. Eof, ,Taiyiba; Wadi cl Habis. B. I rano-T ~tra'nimt associations (i) Arlel1t'ision Herbae-albae (EIG T938) PI. V D This alliancecol11prises the .following associations: ,Arte1nisietuA11- H er/lae-albae Deserti-Judaici; subdivided' into the followingsubassociations: (a) Ononidetosu.mNah·ic-is~ (b) Astra.galetosum spinosci, ' (c) Poelosttm Eigii. Association .of Artemisia H erba alba-AsjihodehtS11ticrocar pu.i{;. (I 5a) Arte111.isietum Berbae-albae On'onidetosum' ' Among the three subassociations of the Artemisietun~ the sub-association Ononidetos'u'm is nearest to Mediterranean associations. Ononis NatrixJ Ballota undu?ata J Echinops Blanch;a.nus, .Ely-111.;US DelileanusJ Andhcmis psettdocotula, etc., most prominent in, this sllbassociaticm, may serve as distinguishing floristical ,characteristic between thissubassociation and the sllbassociationAstr-a.galetosHm. These species also emphasize the geographical affinities .of this sub-association with the Mediterranean territory. Bellevalia desertorHm, much more abundant here thanin the subassociation AstragaietosU11t, reflects the pa,rticlllar edaphical conditions of this, subassociation. Noe-a. 1n~tcronata' occurs in' all the three sllbassociations and so does Erucari'a Boveana~' i , 'SA;MPLE RECORD: J udean D~seit:. An Bud,about 7 km~ E, of J erusaleni; alto about +700 111.; expo S.; sI. 25° ; cov~ 75%· ' Artemisia H erba-alba 2.3 ' Carlina,' corymbosa Ononis Natrix I.2 Helidtrlopiu11~ rotu.l1difoliu.m . N oea 1nucrot~a.ta, 2.3 Salvia gra'lleolens,. Ballota rUndtdata 1.2 'Teztcrium Polium' .l?chinops Blattcheanus Gyps'ophila Rokejel~a Allzanna ,rtrigosa Astragalus spillosUS 2.2 Th'J'lItUS capitatus 1.2 Urginea ma1'itima' + Varthetnia iphiol1oides + 'Aegylops Kotschyi + + + . + +' 1.2 + + ,. . 1. The associations; Artemisia H e1'ba alba - Rhell:iil-palae'Stinil-11land Artemisia Herba alba;.Astragah~s' a.dp1'essi'/.tsC1.~lus recorded in Bdom may also , , . ~ " be included ill this alliance. " ". Ajuga chia Alliu.m stamin£'jU1n Ana.qallis co(!n~lea An.themis pseudocotula Belleval1'a de:sertorum Bttpleurum heterophyllmn Cm'tluz,mtts nitidus Dactylis gf.omerata J;IY1nuS Delileanus f!,rucaria Boveana Gagea rigida A. EI~ + + + + + + + + + + + HedYPllois cretica .Heliantltemum salicifolimn I-IypericU'm crispu'1n Malabaila Sekakul 1'1 edicago tubo/cu:lata· Onopordon palaestimmt Paronychia argentea Picris Sprengeriana Poa Eigii Silene linefJIrts Vicia G1Igustif'olia + + + + -I--I-+ + + + + . ( ISb ) Artemisietum H erbae-albae Astragaletosum Characteristic species: Astragalus Spi1~OSUS is present in nearly all records.· . Among the annuals there is a decrease in the number of Mediterranean species, and by this the subassociation in question differs from the subassociation OnonidetoStf,,1n. SAMPLE RECORD: Judean Desert: at km. 13 on the Jerusalem-Jericho road; alto 255 111,; Exp. S.; soft rock, white shallow soil; ar. 50 m2; cov. 60-70%, Artemisia Herba-alba 2.2 Asphiodehts micro carpus + Astragaltts spinosus 3·2 Bellevalia de,rertormn + 'E,chinops Blancheamts + Centaurea hyalolepis + Gypsophila Rokejeka + Crep~s asp era + ·Oltonis Natrix + Erodittrn gntimt1n? + Cartina corymbosa + Fagonia grandiflora + Phlomis brachyodon + Flymenocarptts circinnatfM + Achillea Santolina + Silybu11t . 'M ariamtm + Alkarma strigosa -I-(I5C) Artemisietum. H erbae-aJ,bae Poetos'Um Differs from the above mainly by the fact that Poa Eigii is al-ways and Care:.; pachystylis often present. Geographically this sub-association occupies a more southern and probably also a more eastern district than the above subassociations. The presence of Reicl-wrdia tingitana, 1'rigonella steltala and others indicates that this subassocia-tion is more steppic in character than the other two subassociations. SAMPLE REcoim: Judean Desert: Wadi Dannun, E of Beth-lehem; expo NE; sI. 25°; soft rather deep soil covered with fine gravel; ar. 50 m 2 ; cOV. 75'%. . Arthemisia Herba-alba 2.2 Ce1ttaurea Ii.yalolepis + Poa Eigii 4·3 Erucaria Boveana 1.1 N oua l1~ucronata I.2 AlliUm 1nodestn11t + Potel'inm spinoSU11~ + Allium. stamineum +. Echin.oft,r B lanclte{Zltus + Alkanna strigosa + GYPsophila R!okejeka + Astragalus iribuloides + Salvia lanigera + Buple:wlIl1t hetero phyllum + The Pltyto,5loci%gical'Units of Palesti1te Buplcul'um semicomposit1H1t Cl"CPi,s arabica Delphillium flavum lkodi,ltlH acgyPtiawm I1rodittm. 'malaccoidcs Bttplwrbia chanIaepcphts Gagca 1'igida . Linaria albifrons 111 cdicallo laciniata + Onobrydus squarrosa + Papaver Rhoeas + . Picris damascena + Plantaga C O1'-""182, 1945), mostly on slightly sloping ground. On the Jerusalem.;. Jericho road it is abundant between the kms. 10 and 16. Floristically it is characterized by high coverage of Poa Eigii, Care::c pachystylis (requiring compact. soil retaining moisture after the rains) and Faktorovskya· Aschersoni,ana. H elianthc1num salici-folium, E'lIa.::c contracta, Entcar-ia Boveana also take part in· the vernal aspect. of the association. Among the perennials Dianthus multipunc-tatus and Asphodelus l11ricrocarptts may be regarded as most typical for this, association within the district in question. Thesubassociation EryngietosU111r has a restricted though well .defined distributional area. It links the Phlomidetum geographically, ecologically and .floristically with the Phlomis-Bleplupyis association. Th,e subassociation Thym,elaeetosttm is only fragmentary according to our records linking the Retamo-Phlo111.ion and the Salvielum grave-.olen'tis (which apparently belongs to the OnonionNatricis),· on one hand, with the Phlomidetu{n and the Phlomis~BlePharis association on the other. .,. . , . 'SAMPLE RECORD : Judean Desert: atkm. Ison the Jeq.l:;;alem-Jericho mad; alto +340 m.; Santonian low hill, gravelly soil. between rocks; expo E ;cov. 60%. Phlomi.s brachyodor~ . Varthemia iphionoides Anchttsa strigosa . . Asphlodelus microcarpu,s Ecltinops Blan.cheam.ts Noea 1mccronata T eftcrimn P Oliftm Onon.is N atrix Cartina corymbosa .. Echium angustii'oli1tni Salsola vermiculata 551'. villosa Lactuca orientalis Eryngi1t11L creticum : Linart"a aegYPtiaca . Artemisia H erba-alba Dianthus multipunctatus Foa Eigii Care.'!:" pachy,rtylis Iris Sisyrinchiff,m E ry trosticttts palaestinus . Colchicum S1'. Eva.rconiracta. .' Anagaflis coerulea A'tractylis 'cancellaia .. AncJl#saaegyptiaca . 3.3. Calendula aegyptiaca I.2Calendula pfllaestina 1.2 Centaurea hyalolepis 1.2 Cichorimn pumilum +.1 Crepis asp era " I ,2 Erucaria B oveana , . . 1,2 Faktorovskya Ascherson.ia1ta + . Filago prostrata -r Hirschfeldia incan.a + HippocrepisunisUiquosa + H elianthel1tUm salicifolium + K.!oeleria phleoides . + . Linum striCtum + Not'obasis syria ca + Notoceras bicorne + 011~nis reelinata 3·3 Plantago Coronoj>us +.2 .Planlago Psyllium. 1.1 Phalaris minor + Paronychia sinaica + Pte"roce.phai2ts 'iwv.olucratus 1.1 Reseda aecursiva (,' .. + StaticeTlumini '+ Stipa fortilis ·1.1'· Trigonella mOHspeUaca + + + + + + + + + + + +. + + .+ + + + -t + + + + + + > •• > • Records of this association (inc1.itssubassociations) have also be.en taken from the Judean Desert: at kms. 10, I I, 13/ 14,' 16, 16.5 'on • 'The Phyto.lioc101ogical Units of Palestine 207 the J erusalem-Jericho road; between Wadi Hindi and J ebel M untar ; foot of Jebcl Najama; slopes facing vVadi Auja; env. of Khirbet Arkub (E of Jerusalem) ; at km. 68 on the Jerusalem-Beersheba road (S of Dahariye) ; env. of BirRutmiye (E 0'£ Hebron) ; env. of Tekoa. (23) Association of Phlomis. brad-.yodon-Blepharis edulis '1'h1s association requires a less compact soil than that of PhJo-midet'Utn. brachyodontis. Owing to these edaphical conditions Poa Eig,ii, 'Care.'!': pachystylis and Faktorovskya Aschersonimw are almost absent here. Another floristical characteristic is the presence of Zizyph1,LS Lohts, Retama DuriaeiJ Atractylis serra,tuloides, An'dropogon hirtus and Aristida adscensi(mis. Dianthus nndtipunctahts does 110t occur; Statice Thouini IS more comm.on here than in the Phlomidetum; Blepharis ed1-llis is abundant. This association is confined to the climax area of Zizyphetum Loti and Retmnetum, D$~riaei. , The subassociation Convolvuletosum is characterized by the occurence of Co,nvolmthts Dorycni'/,Lm and Poa Eigii (the latter only sparingly represented) and by the absence of Zizyph$ts Lotus. SAMPLE RECORD of subassociation typ~ic1,£m: Upper Jordan Val-ley: border of Wadi Malih; expo SE; sI.' 200; alluvial hill, compact very stolfY soil; COY. 75%· P hlmnvs bracliyodon 'Blepharis edulis Zizyphus Lotus Asphodelus m-icrocarpus Te'uC1'iHm Folium Carlina corymbosa H e/ianthe1num rot~mdifolium Iris Sisyrinchium Allium stamineum Aristida adscen,sionis Stipa t01'ti!is Statice Thouini A tractylis cancellata Rebou:clia pinnata Anagallis caentlaea Ast1'agalus callichrous 2.3 Filago prostrata 2.2 AegUops van'abilis 1.3 BttpZeunMn lwterophylhllm 1.1 Calendula aegYPt1aca LI Carthamus nitidfts I. I C arrichtera anmw, + Crepis aspera LI 'Eva.'L· cOHtracta + Eva... palaestina 1.2 Daztc~~s subsessilis 2. I Gagea reticulata 1. I Plantago Coronopus 1,1 Plantago Psyllium 1.1 Cichoriu1n pmnilum + Pterocephalus 7.1woluC1'atus + S cabiosa palaestt11a + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Records of this association (incl. its snbassociations) have also been taken from the following localities of the Jordan Valley:. env. of Wadi Malih; env. 'Of Wadi Far'a; env. of Khirbeth umm e1 Hasn; Ghor el Auja.· (24) Association of Retama Duriaei-Blepharis edulis As compared with the association of P.hlomis,:Blep~ar.is this association is characterized as follows: Blephans eduhs, Anst~da ad-se ensio 'ms, Andropogon hirtus and Convolvulus DorJlcni~~1n are more 208 A. ErG common here, Zizyphus Lotus lacks altogether; instead Periploca aphylla, Balanites aegyptiaca and Aristida p'wntila are present. SAMPLE RECORD of subassociation typicum: Samaria: 7 km. E of Tayasir; expo E; sI. 20°; soil slightly gravelly within and very gravelly on surface. Retama Dm-iaei Ble,plzaris edulis Asphodehts microcarpus Alkamla strig'osa Te1~crium Po[.iu1n AndropogoH hirtus Phlomis brachyodon C aTli11a D01'ymbosa Convolvulus Dorycnimn 2·3 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 . +.2 + +.2 H eliotropiu111, 1'otundifoli,u1'1t Aristida adscetlsionis Salvia H orminmn S,tipa torti/is Carrichtc1'a annua Calendula aegyptiaca Erucaria B ovcana H edYimois erctica Lygia passerina + + 2.1 1.1 + +. + + + Records of this associations (incl. its subassociations) have also been taken from the foot of Samarian Mountains facing the Jordan Valley; at the descent to 'Sahel Majnin, env. of Ghor el Auja; env. of Wadi Far'a; betw. W. Far'a and Nablus; near Ain Fasayil; 7 km. '8. of Ghor Far'a. (25) Association of Retama Duriaei-Rkus oxyacanthoiq,es SAMPLE RECORD: J1.1dean Desert: env. of Wadi Fuar; expo E; sI. 30°; Cenomanian-T1.lronian flat rocks, plants mainly 111 crevices; al'. 100m2; cov. 15-20%. Retama Duriaei·. Rhus o.1:yacantlwides Varthcmia iphiolloide,r Podoltosma syria ca C entaltrea cryngioides Gym1!oearpu.f frutic'osm Salvia graveolens 011on1s N atri.~ Ballota tmdulata Teucriutlt Polium Echinops BlancheanUs Odgamlm syriacum CarUna corymbosa Gypsophila Rokeleka Linaria aegyptiaca Micr01neria .1Zervosa A11dropogon hirttts Ajuga chin Ornithogalum brachystachys Paronychia moabiHca 1.3 r.3' 2.2 2.2 LZ +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +,2 +.2 +.2 +.2 Lt + + Phagnalon rupestre Anthcmis pseudoC'O:tula C alll.panuJa hierosolY11titana Carthamus 11·itid2~S· C on.volvulus sicuh~s ElY1nuS Delileanu.· Kloeleria phle,oides Lagoeda cumi1~oidej Lamarckia aurea M cdicago coronata ilIinuartia decipiens On·onis sictda Plantago Psyllium Picris intermcdia Reicha:rdia tingitana Silene damaseena Stipa tortilis Tehnissa microcarpa Vaillantia hi,spida . and many others, + I. [ 1.1 1.I 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 I.I 1.1 1.1 1.1 1,1 The PhytO.Mciologicai Units of Palesti1~e C. The Saharo-Sindi.an associations (i) S alsolion villosael. . .This a1li~nce. is closely related to the Chen-oleion arabicae. It IS mcluded m .thls l?aper within the 'Saharo-Sindian vegetation, although some of Its U1'uts occur within the boundaries of the Irano-Turall.ian territory. Its geographical distribution within Palestine compl~lses are~s of. the. Jt~dean Dese.rt, the Lower Jordan Valley (dom1l1.antchlefiy 111 the mIddle and III the mid-northern part of the Valley) and the Negev. 'The fonowing associations are distin-guished: (I) Salsoletum villosae, subdivided into the following subas-sociations : Ca) Poetosum Eigii, ,Cb) Ammochloetosum palaestin.ae, ( c) S cilletosum Hanburyi " (2) Association of Salsola villosa-Gymnocarpu,s fruticosf("S, sub-divided i11to the following subassociations: Ca) deserti-ju.daici, (b) negevialr~umJ ( c). joraan'lJ"nse; (3) Association of Salsola villosa:,-Stipa. tortilis; (4) Association of Anabasis articHZ,ata-Notoceras bicorne. (26) Salsoletttm villosae Pl. IV C The subassociation PoetosuJn. is limited in the Junean Desert to conditions interm.ediate between those of the Irano-.Turanian and Saharo-Sindian territories. It occurs on N and NW slopes ap-parently of both Danian and Maestrichtian hills. P oa Eigii shows high coverage (4-51), Cccrex pachystylis does not occur and ReboHdia pinnata is very abundant. Among the perennials there. are also plants requiring mOl'e or less deep soil, such as N oea mucronata, Rea.um~wia palaestina" Atriplex leucoclada. The subassociation Am11'Lochloetosu:m is fioristically well de-fin.ed ;Poa Eigii, Carex pachystylis, Centa1.wea. sinaica, Ammiochlor~a jJa.laestina, Atractylis serratulo~de.s: and probably also Salsola inerm'lS are differential species. The subassociation Scilletosu,m approaches the SalsolarStipa association, and it is uncertain whether it is to be kept as a separate unit. SA1v[Pl;}t R}tCORD of subassociation Poetosum: Judean Desert: at km. 2I' on the Jerusalem-Jericho road; ·exp. NNE; s1. 15,-200; brown, deep and stoneless soil, compact and grainy and slightly covered with gravel; ar. 100 m2• 1 Salsola vet"11~iculata ssp. villosa .is 311so named here S, v,illoso. 210 A. Ere Salsola venwiculata sSp. villosa . 2.3 Poa Eigii 5.5 Noea m~tcroJlata 2.3 RI?p01tdia pinl1ata 2.1 Rammci~ht.s asiaticus 1.1 Plantago Coronopl£s 1.1 Erltcaria Bovealla 1. I SC{}j'sOlzera papposa' . + A1!agalli~ cOl?ntlea + Allent.one corDlIaria + Astragalus cruciatus + Bellevalia fle:ntosa + Clwetosciadium tl'ichospenmmt + Convolvulus siculus + Calendula aegyptiaca ,+ Statice Th01~ini + Erophila minima E~tphorbia chamaepeplu,r. Euph1'asia fatifolia Fmnaria 1nicra't~tha Gagea reJticulata Hypecou'm' procumbeils I-f e,rniaria cinerea LithosPermul1;' . tenuifoliul1L . 01·~ob·rJ,chissquarrosa o nonis sicula PimpilLella c1'etica Senecio vernalis Silene cO/forata Tri:gonella arabica Vicia amphicar pa + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Records of this association (incI. its' subassociations) have also been taken from the following localities:. J udean Desert: J eru-saletn-Jericho road, 3 km. N of the entrance to Ain Fuar; at kms. 21 and 2I,5 on the above road; Jebel Ekteif; a1 Buqueia; env. of Khirbeth Mird; Negev: env. of Ras Zuweira. al'ldTeFArad. (27) AssociatIon of Salsola villosa-Gymn'~carpMs fruticosus , .' , This association is mainly Saharo-Sindian, both geographically and floristical1y. It is well developed 011 rocks (intact, fissured or disintegrated) of Danian, Maestrichtian(?) and Santonian forma-tions. Floristically this association displays a' wide range of associ-ates. Poa E·ig-i.i is rather rare, Ca.re;,.; pachystylis is altogether lack-ing; i11. the vernal aspect Aaronsohnia Faktorovskyi, Rebmtdia pinna,ta, Statice . Tho,~tini . dominate. . Among. the dwarf~shrubs, Zygophyllu111, d'umosum and Halogeton i:tlopec·uroides al·esignificant. Reaumuria palaestitza, Artemisia Herba-alba and N oea m'ucronata also ()ccur. The great number of perennials is, no doubt, due to the rocky~haracter of the habitat, which under arid conditions gives shelter to peren-nials 0'£ less arid regions. . The subassociation deserti-judaici. is of· Irano-Turanian-Sa-haro-Sindian character. It occurs' in themiddie and: southern part Df the Judean Desert. ,:[,he number of perennials is not great; Poa is . poorly represented but. constar;tt. . . . . . I The subassociation negevianum is Saharo-Sindian. It is charac-terize: leucocladum Adonis dentata Anthemis nwris-mortui Bellevalia des.ertor1.llm 1.'2 +.2. 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 "I-+ + + +.2 + + + + Elymus Delileanus Hippocr.epis unisiliquosa Matthiola lotlgipt;tala D-rIJobrychi,s: squarrosa Pteroceplmlus invohtcratns Pterantl1lUs dichotomu-s Plantago Coronopus Reseda decursiva Rebbttdia pimwta S alsol'a' inermis S chismt~s arabiC'/.ts S ilen.e li1tearu Statice Thoui1U Stipa tortilis 2lT + + + + + + + + + + -I-+ + + Records of this association (inc!. its subassociations) have also been taken .from the following localities: Judean Desel-t :at kms. 19.5 20, 20·5, 25.5 on the Jerusalem-Jericho road; env. of Wadi Shukf; env. of Wadi Nusraniyeh; Negev: env. of Naqb Zuweira and 3 km. E. of Zuweira (W.Umrej); Lower Jordan Valley: env. of Ghor el Far'a; env. of Daharet elBalka (near W. Far'a); Sahel Madhbeh (near W. AUja). (28) Association 'Of Salsola vUlosa-Stipa tortilis This association is confined to the Jordan Valley as well as to the southern and eastern hillsides of the lower part of the J udean Desert. Within the Lower Jordan Valley it is mainly confined to Lisan Marl. It seems to be a climatic association in some parts of the Jordan Valley where it is confined to soils deprived of moisture. F1oristlc?-lly it is characterized by an almost absolute lack of peren-nials (inc::luding geophytes)' and by the abundance of ephemerals. By the absence of Poa Eigii, Care:c pachystylis, Helianthemwn salici-folium etc; it is readily, distinguished fmm the Salsoletu111, villome. SAMPLE RECORD: Lower J ol'danValley: 16 km. S of Wadi Fhr'a (on the Beisan-Jericho' road); top of a "bmkenland" hill; al'. IOO m 2 • Salsola vermiculata, ssp. villosa 2.2 Stipa ilortilis 1.1 Statice T houi1'l1, I . I Reautnuyid palaestina ' 1.2 Atractylis 'ca1tcellataLI Aegilops Kotschyi + , Allium stamineunt + Allium, Paltict~latu111. + Al1agallis coeyulea + C ar1"ichtera mutua + Cartham,us glauC'/.ts + C icho'riwrn ' , pumiltt11t Erucaria Boveana Gag<'f rigida. Gymnarrhena 'tllicrmltha NI edicago iaci1tiata },1atthiola longipetala Nigella deserti(?) Onobrychis squalTo,sa Pteranthus dichotomus Plantago ovata +, + + + + + -I-,+ + + A. ErG Records of this association are also" available from other local-ities of the Lower Jordan Valley: 10 km. S of Wadi Far'a; at Daharath et Balka; near Jericho; Judean Desert: at the kms. 21.5 and 24 on the Jerusalem-Jericho road and at km. 32 ·on the Jenl-salem-Kallia road. (29) Association of Anabasis articulMa-N otoceras bicorne PI. VI D SAMPLE RECORD: Lower Jordan Valley: at km .. 33 on the Jerusalem-KalIia road, about I km. E of the road; .compact,grey. steppe soil mixed with fine gravel, surface strewn wIth st011es and gravel; plain; ar. 100 m2• A11abasis articulata N otoCllt'as bicortte Filaglo prostrata Stipa tortiUs Plantago ovata Aizoon hispanicmn Asteriscus pygmaeus Gymnarrhena micrantha jVf atthiola a,spera 'Rcseda decursiva Mimcartia pieta Si/em! selacea Cii) GY1nnoca~petu.m fruticosi 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.I 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Aarol1sohnia Fak torovskyi A,sphodehts tenuifoli~ts A.stragalus catlichrous Carl'ichtera an1lU<1 Brythrostictus palaejStin1ts iErucaria Boveal1a Ononis sicttla Papaver Rhoeas Pieri:; intermedia S pergztla1'ia diandra Triuonellastellata. This alliance comprises the following associations: (30) GY1rlJnocarpetul1L fruticosi (ErG 1938) + + + + + + + + + + + .' This. association is generally homogenous in its composition and ecology. Although very near Zygophylletum, it is ecologically, geographically and f10risticalIy well distinguished from the latter. It is rather a Saharo-Sindian association harbouring' many Mediter-ranean and Irano-Turanian species (Varthemia iphionoides, Echinops Blattcheanus, Gypsophila Rokejeka, Heliotrop'i1,t1n rotundifoliu1n, Te1,(,crhm'L Poli~tl1'b). Edaphically and f10ristically it shows close affin-ities to the Chenoleion association series. It is best developed on a harder ground, as compared with that of Zygophylletum' ·d1,tmosi. El'odium hirtum and Gymmarrhe1ta 111Jicrantha present in the Zygo-phyllet'lttn, do not occur in this association. On the other hand, Erodimn hirt'u,m - not found in Zygtophylletum - is characteristic of the Gymnocarpetum. The following are frequent species of this association: Echinops Btancheanus, Gypsophila Rokejeka, No ea 1114tC-ronata, Sa.lsola vermiculata ssp. 'lJillosa, Fagonia grandiflora, . Haplo-phyllum tuberculosum, I-I ernia;ria henustem.on, Erodiu.m. gla'ltc1,tm, Reaumuria paJaestina, Heliotropium rotundifolium. Salvia aegyptia-ca, Erucarlia Boveana, Senecio col"onopifolius Notoc'eras bicorne, Aaronsohn:ia F,aktorovskyi, C enta?trea pallescens,' Plantago Corol1.o pus) The PhytosaciologicalOnits of Palestine .213 Reichm'dia tingitana, Pteran'thus dichotOl1tUS, Aegilops Kotschyi, Ru-1ne% roseus, SAMPLE RECORD: J tldean Desert: km. 22 on the J erusalem-Jericho road; expo E; sI. 15°; readily disintegrating Cenomanian rock' soil scarce between stones; ar. 50 11.12 ; cov. 50 %. ' Gymmocarpus fn~ticosus 3.3 Emex spinosus + Atriplex leucocladum 2.2 Eltphorbia chatnaepeplfts + Salsola vermiculata ssp. villosa . 2.2 Filago prostrata + Echinops Blancheanus 1.I . Galimn se.,taceum + Reaumuria pakLestina 1.2 Gagea rigida. + H eliotropiumt 11otundifolimn 1.2 Herniaria hen~istemo1t + Gypsophila Rokejeka +.2 Iris Sisyrinchhtm + Poa Eigii 1.'2 Matthiola longipetala + Notoceras bicorne 1.1 O,~anis rect1nata + Asphodelus tenuifolitCs LT Pimpinella erilocarpa + Delphinium flavum 1.1 Pteranthu,s dichoto11ms + Aaronso/uiia Fakto'rovskyi 1.I Plantago Coronopus + .rZ,'ucaria Boveana 1.1 Reboudia pintlala + Alyssum. margi1Uthtm. + Reichard·ia tingitalla + Allittm stamineU'm + Salvia aegypt-iaca + Calendula aegypt-iaca + Scabiosa Aucheri (?) + C e;ntaurea hyalolePis + Senecio corono pifolius + Dmtcus subse,ssilis + Stipa tm'titis + Other records of this association have been taken from the following localities: Judean Desert: near km. 19, 20.5 on the Jeru-salem-Jericho mad; Wadi Sdeir (near Engeddi); Wadi Ghar. (3 I) Association of Gymnocarpus frutico'Sus-ZiUa spinosa SAMPLE RECORD: Negev: between Aqaba and Kusseirna (33 km. from the former); alt. +780 m.; valley between granite hills; gra.vely and sandy soil; al'. 4ooml!. . Gym.nocarNts ·fruticosus 2.3 Zygophyllum d1~moS1im Zilla spinos(L I.2 Salvin des-erN Acada tortiUs +.3 Daemia cordata o chradenus baccatus Retama . Roetam Ephedra Altl?j Artemisia He1'ba-alba Lycium e1wopaeum(?) 4nmlla.ea Garc·ini Polygala spinesce1M Astragalus spi'l1J();SUs Farsetia aegyptiaca Fagonia sp. +.;3-+.2 +.2 1.2 +·3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1,2 +.2 H elialvthe111-um ellipticw1n T eluriwn P!olvlim· DiplOlta:ris H (Lrra Paracat'J1um 1·ttgulosum A,:i,rtida oMusa Aristida plumosa Gastrocatyle hispida Schismus barbatus Stipa t01'tilis +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + + +.2 +.2 + + + Other records of this association have been taken from the same region at km. 27 arid 37 on the Aqaba-Kusseima road.' .214 A. ErG (iii) ZJ,gophyllion dumosi (32) Zygophyltetum dUl1l-Osi (E1G 1938) PI. VI E This is a typical Saharo-Sindian association,. which may be considered the main association within the Saharo-Sindian territory of Palestine. It occurs on rocks, boulders, gravelly ground or com-pact soil, etc. However within its natural range it is also pr·esent on soft soil. Genetically and floristically it is nearest Gymnocar-petum. It is also probable that Zygophylletu111, is to be classed to-gether with Chenoleion under the same order. A series of species of the Cke-noteion are a1so met with. in the Zygophylietu'1'le. . T.hese are: Erodium hirtum, H elianthemUl11- kahiric1.tm, Chenoleaar.abica, Gymnocarp1.ts fruticosus, Fagonia graJ'l-diflora, H er'l1.iaria henuistemon, Reichardia tingitan.a, H aplophJ11l1.tl11- tttberculatu"m, Bellevalia. deser-to rum . . The most frequent species o'f the Zygophyllet'wn1. are: Gymno-carpus fruticosus, Reaun1,1.tria palaestina.. Stipa barbata, l1alogeton alopecuroides, Anabasis a.rticulata, ArtemiS',ia 1-1 erba-al.ba, StMice pruinosa, H elianthemu'l17,. kajhiricUl1'l-, Erodittni hirtul11-, .. Gagea 11igida, Noea m·/.tcronata, Atractylis serratuloides, Lappula spinocarp-os, eke-nolea arabic-a, Asteriscus pygtnaeus, ctc. SAMPLE: RE:CORD: Judean Desert: E of BaniNaim, near Wadi Ghar; expo S; cov. 20%. Zygophyll1tJl1- d1l1llo.stlm 2.3 Sal~ola vermic~tlata ssp. villosa +.2 Poa Eigii +.3 Plantago 'ovala + Aaronsohnia Faktorovskyj + Acantholepis O1'ientalis + Allium Artemisieto1'tI·fJt + Alliltm modcst1f1n + Atractylis cancel/ata + A·n.ti'rrhinum Oronti~tm + Erodiwm hirtu1n + 11-£ atthiold aspera var. 'leiocarpa + PteranthHs rl,ichotomu,s + Stipa tortiUs + Records of this association and its allied forms have also been taken fro!TI the following localities: Far Negev: eny. of Asluj, env. of Kussclma; mountains near IZurnub; between Naqb Zuweiraand Wadi Umrej; Judean Desert: between Wadi Ghar and WadiSdeir' . , between Khan Hatrur and km. 30 of the Jerusalem-Jericho road. . (iv) Chenoleion arabicae (EIG 1938 ) This alliance comprises the following associations: Association of Erodiu'm glaucophyllum-Herniari'a hemfistel1wn subdivided into the f.ollowing subassociations: . " ( a) typicum, (b) subirano-tttl Reseda muricata Astl'agalus tribuloides Aaronsohl'tia Faktorovsk'yi Eruca.ria Boveana La,silopogon mttscoides Latmea Fox-ii (?) N'otoceras bicornej Tr-igonella -stellata Asphodelus temti/olius Aster-isctts pygmaetts Arnebia decumbens 2.I 2.2 . -+.2 +.1 +.1 I.1 1.1 LI l.I 1.1 I.1 1.1 + + + Atractylis -cancellata IEttphorbia chamaepeplus Filago spatlmlata I-l ern-iar-ia ctnerea Leptaleum /ififorme Linaria H aelava jl.[ atthiola aspera Matthiola longipetala Pteranthus dicho't011t11S M edicago lacinia.ta Pterocephalu.s invol1tcmt11-S Reseda decf.trsiva S chis1ntCS arabicus . SeneC"io corot1!opifolitls. S'tipa 'toriilis + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This association (incl. its subassociations) has. also' been re-corded from .other localities in the J udean Desert: at kms. 18. 26. 29, 31-32 on the Jerusalem-Jericho road ;2-3 km. W of Nebi Nlusa; env. 0'£ Khan Hatrur. 216 A. Ere (34) Cihenoleetum a.rabicae Pi. VII A This association cli ffers floristically from the former by the presence of Diplotams H arra, Erodi~tm hirt~~m, H eliwnthemu11'~ ka-hi1'ic'ttm, Fagonia grandiflora, Centaurea lanulata, Halogeton alope· ntroidesJ etc. All these species do not occur in the Erodium-H e1'-niar'~a association. On the other hand Alkanna strigosa, I-:leliotropium rotU1~ifoZitf"m, Atriples poJ[aestinum and probably also a series of geophytes are present in the Erodiurw El erniaria association and do not occur in the Che1'IOleetu,m. 'l'he subassociation H elianthemetoS'ttm is confined to the dis-trict E and SE of Hebron. Its diffierential species are Heltia,nthe-mm}1, k~hiric1.tm, Centaurea lanu,zata and perhaps Atriples leucocla-dum, The subassociation B ellevalietosum, is confined to a more nor-thern district of the Judean Desert and its differential species are Bellevalia desertorum, Gypsophila Rokejek,a, Erodh£1n hirtt(),m and Fa.gonia grandiflora. . (a) SAMPLE RECORD of subassociation Bellevalietosum: J udean Desert: at km. 21 on the Jerusalem-Jericho road (opposite Wadi Rumani); alt. 160 m.; expo SSW; sI. 25-30°; white, soft soil with a hardened crust, slightly gravelly on surface; COY. 70-75'%. Chenolea arabica 2,3 Plantago CoronopHs 2.I Beltevalia deserto1'u1n . 2,I Reboftdia pinnata 2.1 Flerniaria hendstemon 2.I A'sphodel1u tenttifolitts +.1 Fichinops Blancheanus 1.2 Linaria Haelava LI Reseda mttricata 1.I Ettphorbia chamae pe pl1ts r.I Atriple~-t: le1tcocladmn +.2 . Senecio cor01~o PifoNus LT H aplo phyll1H1t tttbercttlatu11'/. 1.2 Schismus arab,ieus I,I El1odimn. glaueop/zyllum I.I Asphodelus ten2tij1oli~~s + Poa Eigii +.2 Centaurea hyalolepis + Gypsophila Rokejeka +.2 Erucaria Boveatta + Salvia lanigera +,2 Filago prostrata + Reammtria palaestina +.2 No to uras bieorne + A aronsohnia Faktorovskyi 3.2 Reichardia t·ingitana + Astragalus tr·ibulo·ides 2.1 s'tipa tort-ilis + (b)' SAMPLE RECORD of subassociatiol1 H elianthemetos~£m : Judean Desert: Wadi Ghar, env. of Haj'Ain Hamam; alt. 200 m.; mountains slope, soft Campanian disintegrated rocks; expo SE; sI. 10°; ar. 50 m2• Che1zo1ea arabica H elianthemmn kahiriemlt Diplota:.i,r Harra H entiaria hemislemot$ Erodium hirtufft 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.1 ,+ Aaronsohnia . F aktorovskyi P!alzfagto ovata Pteiranthus dichotomj.ts Stipa tortiUs + + + + . . Other records 'Of this association (incl. its subassociations) have been taken from the following localities: Judean Desert: at kms. The Phytvsociolvgical Units vf Palesti1te 217 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25~26 on the Jerusalem-Jericho mad; env. of Beni Naim (E of Hebron) ; Jebel Hasasa (above Wadi Nusraniyeh) ; env. of Khirbeth al Mird and Wadi Abu 'Sahile (near Khan el Mird); Negev: Wadi Umrej (near Naqb Zuweira). (35) Association of Chenolea ar.abica-Salsola villosa SAMPLE RECORD: J udean Desert: Wadi Shukf (near En-geddi); alt. -350 HI.; expo E; sI. 5-10°; hard Campanian rocks; gravelly soil; ar. 100m2; COV. 30%. C hellO' lea arabica 2.2 S alsola vermiculata ssp. villosa +.2 ReaWmU1-1a palaestina +.2 Atriple.1: palat?stil1a +.2 Anabasis artic-ulata +.2 POll, Bigii 1.2 Gagea rigi4a + Alli11,m stamilll?'um + Asteriscus jlygmaeHs + A tradj,zis cancel/ala + An tlwmi.v maris-mortui + Acanthvlepi.s vrientalis + Avena Wiestii + Bellevalia desertvrum + C eratoce.phalus falcat1ts Carrichtera mwua Delphil1.itfm flavmn Fitago spathulata Iris Sisyrinchimn N arduru-s vrientalis N otvceras bicvrl1e Plantago Psyllium Plantag:o CQ110n'vptts Ptervcephalus illvol1~cratils Pteranthus dic/wt011l1lS Reb01l,dia pimlata Schismu.s arabictfs . Stipa tvrtilis + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Other records have been taken in the J udean Desert: at kms. 25 and 26 on the Jerusalem- Jericho. road; J ebel Hasasa; env, of Wadi Nusraniyeh; Negev: env. of Naqb Zuweira (descent to W. Umrej); Moab: II4 km. S o,f Amman. It is still uncertain whether this association belongs to the Chen.oleionarabicae. (v) Anabasidion; articttlati This alliance apparently occupies soils of greater maturity than those occupied by Salsolion. villosae. (36) Association of Anabasis art-ic-ulata-Zilla spinosa (Pl.VIIB) subdivided into the following units: (a) typicum, (b) Noeetosum mftCronata.e, (c) Asphodeletosu,m microcarpae.· SAMPL~ RECORDS of subassociation N oeetos1tnt: Edom: 41 k111.· frOlTI. Maan to Aqaba, plain of Wadi Hisma; Nubian, sandstone, come pact sandy soil; cOV. 40%.-Anabasis articulaia 1.2 Atractylis flava -r . Zilla spinosa 1.2 H elianthemum ellipiicum +.2 Noea 11f,UCrOtlata 2·3 Cm-ex pacJ~ystylis 2.I Gymnocal'pus fruticos1iS +.2 Aristida pl1t11tOSa -r RetamaRoetam +·3 Alkmma til1ctor-ia. +.~, Phaeopapp1t;S scoparius C eiltaurea ·sp. Colchicum Ritchii A. EIG + + + Bromus sp.' Lotus viltosus Astragalus sp. + + + In the following localities other records of this association (incl. its subassociations) have been taken: Edom.: 4 1 , 43, 56, 61, 7°,77 kms. S of Maan (near the road to Aqaba) ; Negev: env. of KUi"nub, . Plain of . Tureibe. (vi) Suaedion asphalticae (EIG 1938 ) (37) Stf,acdet1,tm asphaltime (EIG 1938) PI. VII C This association is subdivided into the following units: (a) subassociation s~£b-irat],O-turaninf/l11-: ( I) fades typic'ttm, (2) fades Poosu.m Eigii (b) subassociation s,aharo-sindictun: (I) facies Rebot(,diosttm pinnatae, (2) . facies Aaronsohnio..stmt, F.aJ~torovs llyi. This association is generally hornogenous both ecologically (slope, soil) and floristically. No perennials occur as constant as-sociates of Stweda. Annuals occur 1n various combinations. Poa Eigii decreases in coverage towards Sand E. Its occurrence is con-ditioned by exposure and 110t by the general climate of the district. The subassociation sub-irano-tur.a1ticum ,.occurs mainly on northern liiUsides atkms. 23~26 of the J ertisalem-Jericho road. It .is a more mesic unit than the subassociation saharo-:s;indicum and seems to be less conditioned by climate. It may be characterized by Coty-ledon inte1'1nedium which at the. same time constitutes within this district a. characteristic species of the association as a whole. A distinguishing characteristic between this and the Saharo' Sindian subassociation is the occurrence of a number of dwarf~shrubs, e.g., Reatt.muria palaestina, Salsola vermiculata ssp. villosa,' Zygophyl-lutrz. dumosum, ,etc. The vernal associates are: Poa Sigii or a com-bination of some Saharo-Sindian species, (such as Pteran.thus di-chotomus" Gymnarrhena micrantha, Plantago ovata), and some Ira-no-Turanian and Mediterranen species. In the Poosum-facies many Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian species are met with; Cotyledon is a differential species; Reboudia pinnata is not abundant. The subassociation saharo-si1idicum is limited to a strip situ-ated between kms. 30-33 of the above road. The borderline between this and the former subassociation may be drawn at about kms. 27-28 of the above road. This subassociation is found 011 very soft soil where Maestrichtianflint does not occur. Its characteristic species are Leptaleum filiforme and probably also K oelpinia linearis. It differs from the former subassociation by the scarcity of perennials, The Phyto~ociological Units of Palestine 219 by con:lplete or almost complete lack of Poa Eigii, by the ·low cover-age of Aaronsohnia. ... .'. Within the Reboudios~tm facies, where Reboudia: is a dominant in the vernal aspect, Leptaleu.m filiforme, which is a. characteristic species of the whole subassociation, is at the same time a differential species for the other fades of this subassociation .. Within the facies of Aaronsohniosum. Faktorovsl~yi Aaro1'l.-sohnia is abundant and sometimes occurs together with Plantago ovata, while Reboudia is poorly represented. This facies seems to be confined to more compact soils. The RECORD given here belongs to subassociation sub-irano-t~wanic~tm POOSU1.11-: Judean Desert: on the left side of the Jerusalem-Jericho road, opposite km. 23; alt. 170 m.; Maestrichtian hill; expo W; sI. 45°; deep, friable, more Or less stony soil with fine gravel on surface i ar, 100 m2 i cOV. 90 -95%. Sttaeda asphaltica Poa Eigii Plantago Ooronopus C lumolea arabica !-1 erniaria hemistemon A11agallis coerulea Allimn hierochuntinmn Allium Erdelii Allium mot!-estmn AHthemis maris-mo1'tui Aegilops Kotschyi Astragal1~s callichrous Bromus fasciculat1ts Calend1ela aegyptiaca Centaurep, hyalolepis Ceratooephal1ts falcatu,s Chaetosciadiu11t trichospe1'mum C hrysanthemttl1t coronarium Echi'UlIt judaeum, Ettpho1'bia chamaepepl1~s' Euphorbia latifolia Erttcaria Boveana Eme:r spinosus Filago p1'ostrata H e,lianthe1wwm ledifolium Koeleria phleoides 3·3 5,4 2.1 + + 1.1 + + + + + + ,1.1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + Koelpinia line(:lri,s Linar'ia Hadava Litho~per11zztm temti!lor·um Lagose,"is 'obovata M atthiola longipetala Onobrychis squarrosa . Papaver Rlvoeas Plantago 11ota,ta Picris damascaena Rammculus asiaticus Rmne% roseus Reaun);uria palaestina 'Reboudia pinnala . S chismus arabiC!ts Senecio coronop·ifolilts· Silene apetala Silene colorata Si,symbriuln erysimoides S perg1tia flaccida S pergularia diandra Statice Tltowini, Telrnissa microcarpa Trig'onella a1'Gbica Tt'·igonella Sch/umbergeri UtnbiliclLS intermedi1M + + + + + + + + + + + +,2 1,1 1.1 + + + + + LT + + 1.1 1.1 + Here is a SAMPLE RECORD of subassociation saha:ro-si1'tdic~t11L Rebo1/,dios1.tm: J udean Desert: at km. 30 of the ) erusalern-J eric~o road; 11aestrichtian hill covered with grey, alluvlal stone1ess SOlI expo E; sI. 20°; ar. 100 m2; COy. 100%. 220 A. EIG S1weda asphaitica 4·3 Anwbia decumbens + Reboltdia pinnata 5·3 Calendl,la persica + Ettfr/wrbia cha11laepepl1ts 2.1 Cuscuta palaestina + Lepta!e-zt11t filiforme ~ .. I Filaga prostrata + Selleci-o corona pifolius I.I Hernim-ia cinerea + Plantago ovata 1.1 Schismu.s arabic-us + Kaelpinia linearis + S perg'ltlaria diandra + Astragal1M tribubaides + Trigol1ella arabica + This plant association in its various forms has been recorded and observed by the author in many localitie~ ,of the J udean. Desert, e.g. mouth of Wadi Kelt; env. of Jebel Ektelf; env. of Nebl Musa; Khirbeth el Mird and alonD" the lower part .of the Jerusalem-Dead Sea road (at kms. 22-32) band between vVadi Dawaira and Wadi 'Shuqf (between Tekoa and Engedi). (vii) Associations not yet definitely classed: (38) Atriplicetum palaestinae This association occurs under conditions of the Irano-Turanian-Saharo-Sindian border, and is mainly limited within the area of Sal-soletum villosae and also of the N oeetum mucronatae'. It does not display characteristic species of its own, but shows' special com-binationsof the species. Frequent plants are: Reaumuria palaestina, Salsola vermic'f.tlata ssp. villosa" Chenole,a arabica, etc. The vernal aspect is mainly made up of a P oa Eigii and Reboudia pinnata. Plan-tago C oronopus is also common. SAMPl;E RECORD: Judean Desert: hills near Khan Ratrur, at km. 18-19 on the Jerusalem-Jericho road; expo SW; s1. 5-10°; rather soft, grey, steppe soil mixed with, coarse gravel and stones 'On the surface, but scarcely stony within; ar. 100 m 2• Atriple~ palae,stina 3,.2 Remmutria palaestina 1.1 P oa Bigii 3'.3 Anabasis articulata +.2 N oea 11tUer011ata' +.2 S also la vermiculata S'sp. villosa +.2 Plantago Coro1~opus 1.1 Filago spathulata 1.1 Eva.~ eontracta 1.1 Elymus Delileanus 1.1 Bruearia lIoveana LI S p.ergularia diandra I. I E11lex spinOS1ts Aegil'ops Kotschyi C an'ichtera annua Ce;ntaurea hyalolepis Mi1vuart1a pieta N oioce1'as bicorne Reseda decursiva S ehismus arabic1ts Silene apetala Silene conica StaNce Thouini Stipa tortilis etc . 1.1 + + + + + + + + + + + . Also recorded from km. 20 and 23 on the above road (slopes of Wadi Fuar and border of Wadi Kelt). The Phyto.s/ocioiog1cal Unf.ts of Palestine (39) Reaumurietttm palaestinae (ErG r938) This association is subdivided into:.· (a) subassociation typicumJ (b) subassociation Aaronsohnietosutn. 221 This association dominates in the J udean Desert on northern hillsides near Wadi KeIt and Wadi Fuar (in their middle and lower parts). The delimitation of this association both from the ecological and floristic point of view is very difficult. Frequent associates are N oea mu,cronata, Atriple:,; palaestil1,um, S,alsola venn/ic'Ldata, ssp. villolfa, S'Ltaeda asphaltica~ Echin,ops Blancheantts. The Irano-Turanian char-acter ; I-Jalitnus 3.2 Hymenocarpus circirmatzts I.r Salsola vermiC'ldata ssp. villosa 1.2 Calendula aegyptiaca + Clwysanthetnum cor'onarium 3.2 C.onvolmtlus ,ricuhts + PimPinella cretica 1.1 Echium iudaemn + ~Hordeu'm murinu./n 2.1 Faktorovskya Aschersowiana + P halaris minor 1. I H OrdeU11t ithabtwense + Lamarcl~ia aU1-ea 1.1 Matthiola aspera + Reboztdia pinnata 1.1 Koeleria phleoides + An.themis pseudocotula (7) 1.1 Statice Tho1.i1ti + Records have also been taken fmm Khirbeth el Mird and sur-roundings; plain, opposite and near km_ 26 and 36 011 the Jerusalem-Kallia road. (84) Arthrocnemett~m glattci The following is a typical R~CORD of this association f~om the Sharon, env. of Athlit: saline soil within salt lagune area; munda-ted plain, grey, stone1ess, cracked soil; surface covered with a thin crust ·of lichens; ar. 100 m2; cov. 60-70 %. Arthrocnemttm glaucum 3'.4 CentatWi1t1H sp. + Plantago cras.sifolia 2.1 H01'deum maritimum + Splwenopzts dwaricatus 2.1 LoliurlL 1-igidU11t + Photiurus fili/ormis . 2.1 Lepturus. incurvat1ts + S pergularia rubra I. I 11/ edicag·o ciliaris + ]uncus buffonius 2.1 Mep,icago hispida + Chlamydophora tridentata 1.2 Polypogon maritmtum + Anthemis pseudocotttla ssp. rotata + (8S) Phragmitetu.m com11t~tnis (salinum). SAMPLE RECORD: Athlit: saline soils; COy. 100%. Phragmites c01wtmmi.r H ordettm mar{titnum 5·5 1.1 Polygomtm 'ntonspdiaCltm I. Segetal assodiations 1.1 (86) Association of Carthq..mus t,enuis-Ononis leiosperma SAMPL~ RECORD1 : Judean Mountains: Mt. Soapus; alto 820 m.; expo W; white calcareous soft soil, wheat field; ar. 100 m2; cov. (of weeds) 3Q%. Carthal1Ws tenuis (leaf rosettes). Ononis le·io,s-pe1·ma Asto1fta seseliftolium. Hirscj;teldia incana Aristolochia Maurorum Anthen~is pseudocotula Bellevalia fle.1:1tosa CeJrasti1m~ viscosttm Co/wolvulus arvell-si,r Eryngiu1n creticum GaUtttn tricorne Gladi'ohts Mroviolace1ts LoU1~m tem1&lentum .. ,. Linum 1tmcrol1otUtn '. Linu1'!' pttbescens 1.1 1.2 2.1 1.1 1.1 + + + +. +. + + + + » .• + Le pidiu;m Draba ,M edicagohispida j\tfalcohnia cremtla(a .. Matthiola longipetala Ornithogalum sp. Phalaris brachy.stachys P halaris nodosa Papaver A1'gemone Papa,ver Rhoe(Ls R-idolFa sege.wm S'pecularia pentagonia. S~napis arvensis Silme Pongipetala Vaccaria segetaH,r Vogelia apiC1.tlata 1.I + + + + +. + + + + + + + 1.1 + .;. Other records have been taken at kms. 8 and lOon the Jeru-salem-Te1-Avivroad; env. of Shu'fat; betw. Kefar Ivri and Ataroth; Wadi Haramiya (between Ramalla and N ablul3') ; Valley of Lubban. (87) Prosopidetum fiarcatae .. ' ,'This associatibn comprises several units not yet adequately direerentiated, e:g. association: of· Prosopis ifarcata-Scolymus macu-latus; association of Prosopj-s faa-cata-Alhagi MaurOrU1nj ,associa-tion of Prosopis jarcata-Cyna,rOJ syriaca~. . '. '. , ' .. 'SA~PL~ RECORD: Plain of Shephela: env. of Beer Tttyia; .fa 1-low field,. black greyish soil; ar. loomll;. COY. 90 %. PrQsopis fdrcata 2.2 Cynodo1t dactj.lon I.2 Cynara syrtaca 1.2 . TrifoliuJIn lappaceu-m 1.2 Pulicarla arabica 1.1. LYgia passerina 1.1 S col ymns tnac,ulatus. 1.1, : EuPhorbia falcata 1.1 Dat~C1.ts a~weus LI Aegi/ops speltoides . + Filago spatlndata 1.1 .. ~. A.ste1-icus aqu,atic~~s + Call-volvulus pen.tape taloides LI . Ammi Visnaga + 1 This plant list has been chosen .from the editor's lisbs as it. represents the most ty.pical composition of this association. . The Phytosociologicai Units of Palestine ..237 Koeie1'ia phleoides + Anchusa italica Astragalus hmHosus C a'rUna lwwta Cich'orimn pumilum Centcmrea Verutum Convolvulus hi1'sntlts CrePi.s aspera G1H1delia. Totwnefort-ii Onosma auriculatum. + + + Laclmophyllml1- hiefl'osol}'mi'famm~ + Lagoseris sancta + + Lavate1'a trimestris + .!'vIoIucella laevis +.2 111 edicago hispida + Salvia pinnala . + Trifoliul1t tomentosum + T eucr'i~tm spil~aswn H aplophyllum Buxbaumii + Uro,spermum pier'aides + + + + .+ + + . Records have also been taken from the following localities: Sharon Plain: between Sheikh Muwannis and Herzlia;Wadi Hawa-ith; env. of Nathania; Shephela. Plain: env. of Beer Tuvia and Gan. Yavne; env. ·of el-Qubab (E 'Of Ramleh); Lower Ga1i1ee: bet-Nahalal and Sheikh Bureiq; Kishon Plain :env. of Yagur. (88) Malvetum aegyptiae SAMPLE RECORD: Negev: env. of Beersheba, near Wadi :Ma'd-sus; alto 305 m.; plain.; al'. 100 m2; COy. 50%. Nfalva a.eoyptia S chismus arabiC1ts Adonis delttatc'I. Achillea Santolina 4.2 Filaga pros'trata 1. I , T orularia torulasa + Astragah,s" paiaesJi1l1ts , + (89) Achille,e-tu11'1i Santolil1;ae + +.' + 'SAMPLE RECORD: Negev: Plain of Beersheba, at km. 71 on the Jeru3aler:n-Beersheba road; grey steppe soil, barley field; COy. (of weeds) 10-15%. Achillea Santolilla 1.2 As/ragal'us Feinbruniae I.2 Alkanna strigosa + H eliotl'opium rotundifolium + Astragah£s beersheebensis + G-ypsophHa RJokej£zka + Convolvulus Dorycl1ium + Pithzwanthzts tOl·tfWsns + GU1'lddia Tmwnefortii + A1'lagallis coerulea 2.1 Plantago albical,}s 1.2 Ant/t.r;11tis pseu-docotula ssp. rotata + Avena sterilis + Buplet,/lrHlli nodiflorum. + CaucaUs (ellella + Chaetosdiadit!lJ1l. trichospertmt11~ + C el1iaurea h).aioietPis + CYJwdon dactylan Enuaria B oveal1a Euphorbia falcata FHag'o spatl1t~lata var. prastrata . H erniaria hir,suta Hippo ere pis unisiliquosa H)'menocarpus circimwtus I satis aleppica O'nobrychis crista-.qalli Papaver 5p .. ' Phalaris parado.'ra . Pterocf!lphalws fltVolucl'atus Senecio corono pifolitt's Scorpittrus sttbvillosus' TOl'd),litttIL aegyptiacum Tdfolimli tomentO.sum '.' , , + + + + + + .+ + + + . +' + + + + + Records have also' been taken from the environs"of Qurnub on loess SDi!. A, :!tIC VEGETATIONAL TRANSECTS , . , General li'.X' planations Figures under curved broken line indicate approximate altitude above or below S. L, in m. Figures above the same line incLi-cate distances in klTlS,; the starting point bdng O. Letters above upper horizontal line indicate segments into which the transects have been 'subdivided. The limits of the segments, especially when indicated by a broken line ape approximate only. Dominating plant communities are generally represented by 'larger type; local and rarer plant commwlities by o;maner type. The abbreviations ,used are explained for each tmnsoct. Not always have officiai roads been followed ,in transects; therefore the distances betwe~ localities as marked in the tral1S!ects may m · f -. - probably Zygo-phylletmn dmnosi. TRANSE;CT 3. H~BRON - BENI NAIM - E;NG.J;;DDI a -PoterietttlltSpinosi (01'ientale); b - Poterietum spinosi (orientate); Ph/omideturn brachyodOl1ltis,' c -' Artemisietum. l-Ie1'bae albae; d - Gymnocar-petum fruticosi, associatimls of Anabasidion articulatae, Che'l1oleeiul1J. arabieae, Suaedetwm asphalticae " e - Zygoph-}.lletum dumosi (locaJly also Suaedetum asphalticae and Gymnoearpetum. /rlttieos-i). TRANSF,C'l' 4, BF,TI,ERF,M - WADI NUSRANIYE;H a - Poterietu11t .spi11'osi; b -' Phlomidetttm brachyodont-is, locally Poterie-tum and N'oeet~~m;. 'C. - Salvietum grave,ole-nt-is; Artemisietu1n Herbae albae, locally Reta11la DU1'iaei; e - N oelul11. mwcronatae. (?) and A rtemisietum rI erbae albae; f - Noeettt1n 11);!tcronatae, locally Salvietum graveolentis; g _ Salsoletwrn viliosael" h - Suaedet1t'ln asphaUicae, Chenoleet-um. arabicae, Sal.solet~(,>m villosae. TRANSEC'r 5. JERUSALEM - JORDAN RIVER a - Ononidetmn N atricis dorni·nating; .l.ocally: N oeetum. 11tUC1'onatae, Artemisietmn H erbae alba'1: Eehino petitm Blancheani, Poterietum spit/osi (or·ien-tale)"Thymetmn capitati (orientale) ; b - Arte(lnisietum l-Jerbae albae dominating locally: Ecliinopetum Blancheani, N oiietum nmeronatae, Ononidetu111- Nat1'icis, t 2 The Phytosociological Units of Palestine .~Nj BlA:...AGP:...f~_A _ _ - ~ - -_ .. - 500' ~SllEeA - ----- -~50 ---Q- - --50 Cl b c 7" .:>.1 V ~l ANABA AfiNN C CEN £ Ill,.. GL MILiI . - _ 0-- ---- 400 I S E: I N --- . ---b ---~ao-----------' , , . , " '.- .. --. .. ..:1017_ .}'lJ ASE! ---fi Itv _ u rJ 20 e :i~" Z.VGOPHYLL DUMOS. ACAcia TOR Til..ib.-ANABAS. AAriC::UL. ANABAS. AATicuL. i Jot lY-liJ;o:,t 0 IV" ..0.. N CENOMAI.i. -_. ~tlwEI"'A, POl..H 0,0 -. -, , -, - -. . -, , , cl . c • , f . AATcMislo/V Hc/H~AE - ALBAE SALSOL-ETCJh'\ VILLOS, AR.TEMl5iOtl HFRB:-;l.lJj SALSVILLlCHENOt. ARAa. " ZYGOPl-tyl.L.. bUM . ..., 1.<> "" r.> I . J T , ) '" I'~F' -~DO.!:>" "'1J~~1 I ) "" ;=' UiUSOF .MAEJ .. C#'i. ot( A. LOEn PLAIN MA" STA/CHT1.A.N -c..Q", "'" ~ANI..e..~ DA.N/A.,N CENONJA ~,(.A~!oOi"D' . . • 0 ~ of 6 Dp L'_-" __ .J.'_-" HAt. 'Ji::l'J')~ .o'T IJ"L.1.JJ~.N. JAA"NO .. TL.fAAltfAN I t ,~n 0 1:',\"0""-) D·lI,1. 'J.J. HI.ltOH AI\:Ii..JAL;t .oVJ'·NJljl"" :1;:--- o .. ______ o ___ ~ __ ~ ~;~~~~;Mh-'t' ... -,--0 SANAAO- SU-IOJAN S4a ... ... n;'T .... 'D.' I -' H.:;.vI"£ID'r~ I ... CJ '''''''''U''-',':t 600' ..... -. Sin. T'ul'(YltH I I .. --.'0 _____ (I I .. I c ••• "---a--- __ 0 .. _ .. - --- --e--- -----~ SPiNOsi (ORIEN.)1 POr.SPlN.(OR.) I AATEMI.iETUM , POTERicTUM I PHi-OM. BRACH.l HeRBAE.ALBAE 1 I : ~ I '" 'jP'~~ CEI'IOMAHiA 1:£lr:l? CANtPANIJ..N f .k: l3J 0..,/ t.::l .=, .. -,0: r:::)' IS raN/A.N MAE"STR leHTIAN • •• "'j~~' _--'-__ '--_-', ",:/,,>-.'-0 0 "" AfAfS .-CAM. t (CENOMANIAN ~ -.!SO '\ l.13HEM " b TEkVA C cl .OANHUN e ,Oi'II\ ALL" f S N.HAs,.;;sA. W.HUSA tU PfllOM BRA{ SALVo AP'TEM.H.A Noif!>: MUCR.i NDilE.Mu!. SA!.S. VILL. SUAE!>. A5PHAI-POTER.. SPIN. 4 ,HE NOt. ARAB. POT.SPIf,{Ol'. GAAM I\~Y. DU", AATfM. H. A. :!o:jII,L.Y. eRA\(. NoEET. "WC SALSOl. VILlOS. t:/iNOMAN/AN _ 0 ~" ." ~' _~ __ '-, _~' HM. r. '.J 1..::l'.n_ 0' MEDiTt!RAANEAN l:Jl!> un "). J£S\VSALEM .flt, , , , ... T-1n·l'u ... ... (:<11-1- tlD I 0 4-00-" -_ 5 " ONONio. NATR. NO~£T,MVCR ~ATIiM. H;A E(lHJI.8!.AJlCH. POT, SPiN. (OA.) THYMET.CAPiTAT. ~ D r.:J,,i" cp.. lPANI N J'-liJ~ -------b AATEM.H,A EopN.aLAN~~ NO ofr. MVCA,. Of/OHIO. NATF{, ,.ULrJM. $Ft4ltl;"# f!rJT.SP1N.(ap.} .",op.-,~oc MA ST.CAMP. £NOr..ll ..,. "" I , > c .s£NONtAN .s 1-r.J C) _ I~~-'O 5AI-IAAO _51l'J 0 1..A..f"-.I ~ '~J:J"-Jn KHAN_HA. RuA -----r-;~o ... --..... 0 ... " -"'-"0_ 3~ "j'? JJA~~ , . c cl e f :~2.5r --It-- - ----- -,--- ---~5 ." N .... o PHI.O,~ fv~Jgl~.t. y/L SUAeD. ASPH. At/Aa SALS.TErI SVAEDioN BRA( MVC EN. AA. ZYV. ~VM. NOT. . PALA£5 TIHAE.. AuM.P4 EP,OD,-HUtN. GYMN. f"IW. ATI'\.PAL. 1. If:} J 0 ANTON ~or £Sf l'J T DANIAN ;H!l~:t~! I fJ r$D ~AE51 OAN1A ESl b,1!7:.J At.LU /JCb~'" .."n '- SSAN MAA L. A. EIe PhlOJnidetuln brachyodontis, Poter.zctnln spi11'osi (orientale); c - Phlomidetum brachyod:ontis; d - Noee:tun~ m-ucro,2ofae; e - Salsoletum villosae on Nand W ,slopes, Chenoleetmn arabicae on Sand ;EI ,slopes; ;locally: Remt11Hwietztm palaest-inae, G::,'-mnocarpet-uln /r-utico,si, A tr-iplicetu1J1 palaest~nae,' £ - Suacdctu-m asphalticae dominating; on rocky places: Zyoo phylleiuln dumosi; locally: assoc .. of Erodium glmtcophylhun - Elel'lliaria hemistcmon; g -- assoc, of Anabasis artic-ulata - N otoceras bicorne; h - Salsoletum letrandme; i-associations of S1laedion palaest-inact.: _ TRANSECT 6. QUSRA - JORDAN RIV!tR a - Poterictm-n spinosi (mcditerraneum) ; b - Poterietum spinoli (Ol-len-tale) ; 'locally Calcy.cotomctum 'villosae; c - EchinopetulI1- Blancheani; d -associations of Retamo-Phlomion brachyodont·is: locally Calycatometum villo,sae; e - Salsoleulm villosac; f - uncertain; g - Salsoietum villasae; h - Salsa-ietm//' vilfosae and Atriplicetmn Halimi,' i - Atripi-icel1t11t I-I,alimi; j assoc. of Suaeda palaestina - S'ltaeda fr~Hicosa, assoc. of Salsola vill!osa - Stipa tortilis,. k - PoPuletum eu,phraticae; and Tama1'icet1£m jordanis. TRANSEC't 7. AIN YABRUD - JORDAN RIVItR a - Poterietum spinosi (m.editerraneum) ;b - Poterietum sp'ino,si (orien-tale); c - assooiations of Retama-Phl"omion brachyodontis; cl - mainly Salsoletum villosae and assoc. of Salsola villosa - Stipa tortilis; locally S~taedet-um asphalticae and stands of Salsola lancifolia.>' e - Atriplicet-u1n Hali-mi. TRANSEC'I' 8, TUBAS - JORDAN RIVItR a - assoc. of C errat011ia Siliqua - Pistada Lentisc~ts; b - associations of Retamo-Phlom·ion brachyodontis; c - assoc, of Salsola villosa - SNpa tortilis on Lisan ,Mar!. TRANSECT 9. JORDAN RIVER - AMMAN a - Populettmi e~tPhraticae, Tama.ricetu11·t iordanis and stands of Zizy-phtts spina-Chridi; b - Salsolet·um telrandrae; i:: - assoc. of Salsola villosa -Stipa tortilis, Atriplicehtm- HaUmi with scattered trees of Balanites aegyptiaca; cl - assoc. of Zizyplms spina-Christi - Balanites aegyptiaca; e - assoc. of Retama DW'iaci - Rh~£s oxyacanthoides (dominating on mountains); ,stands of Zizyplucs sj)i11a-Christi (on upper terrace of Wadi Nimrin.), A ru.ndettcmJ Do}Zac:is (on lower terrace of the above wadi); locally on Wisan Nfarl: assoc. of Anabasis articulata - N'otocera,s biconu: (?); f - assoc. of QucrlC'us cat-liprinos - Pistacia palaestina .partly devastated and replaced by Poterietu11J. spinosi (mediterraneum); farther east, patches of Phl0111idetu11t arien-tale. :TRANS~C'l' 10. AMMAN - EL QA'I'RANI ; a - PoterietU1n spinosi (orie11-tale). locally patches of Et~phorbia 11taCro-:clada / b - associations of A rte112isiol1 H erbaCj albae " ~ - as soc. of Anabasis Hattsskllechtii - Poa sinaica; cl - C1Jssoc.of Halaxyi'o}1. art'iculalum - SalslOla _ villosa; e - assoc. of A'nabasis Flmissknechtii-Poa sinaica; assoc. of Flalo .. rylon articu.latum - Salsola villasa and A1'lentisietum I-I erbae-alba.£'l.; f - assoc. of Ft a-toxylon articltlat1tm - Salsola villosa.,· in depressions :rlso Chenoleetu1n 'arabicae and Halogetonetum alopecuroidis; g -- assoc. of Anabas·is HausslmejChtii Poa sillaica; h -_ assoc. of Halo.' .. ylolt articttlatum - Salsola villosa. -6 The Phyto~'OCiological Units of Palestine '\~"~f~ " A'N.uAH'''' HO . '" h c PO TEP. • ~piN. POT. SPiN, ECIll"'. (MED/TEP.. @J\lEN BU\l-l. ,Jt'JJ J:'J co OMA"'{MI I~~ isEN C E N -MECH"'EAAAN~AN o~---- fl no " " ... ~ .. • ~ • • ~ - , n, , , , ~ , , ~--- !lit r!)-n~""" ~ - -., j(HIA,SE r FAS'A~IL -So -- .. - J • f ,-" RETA"IETO-PHLOMioN ,;fo'" At ('·"U4V('0I"; I' i" ? S '.lIt Ar. "A o1M~ i J eN [000 ~,. "" NI " .... "" 1"" '--rJ'O _.}""l,nc SAHAR.O _ S/NllfAN -I' - /'''''' - -01" - - _,J __ AfAt ..,soo-ATI\. SUAE D. FAUT. POP. HAlIU SALS.' vit.L. EUPHR. T4MA Il. vD" D. j!W!::J .• "'n .:U';I-I 1.1$$ .... N _ MA.f\L AL.!.V)l ·Jl::l'J'"J ... C" n~';J .H '"'~o ____ .. T 'J.:lJta_IJ"Nj SAHA~o_SI N DJ.A N IAAHo_ruR~N ,rN.NA.Uit~H .0 , '-- ... 1'1»"·" - ... , -.h~ \ , , .241 7 ;, ~ n~'T/a. bH . ~ -& EL.MADuBe 8 10 13 .. .. . _ _ -0, .16;;' a ~ b c -----"'d" - -ii" ---- -eO ... . d •. , •·•· ••.• 0 POTEtHE7'UM SPINOSI PDTERIETUM SPINOSI liE rAM.~pnLOM~ SALSOLA VlLLOSA£ ATFHPt.!CEruM HALlMI (MEDIrF RAANEUM) (OAJENrALE) • "'1.301.. ,-''''H • b ><:> 1 ) J,.:" ~ '" :)~"?l!)~J::I IIUJ~'""l "lln C • ""' NI A '" I MAE5TRICHTIA,.N L S5AN MAR L ",r: i J r, I l I J 0 LI$SANM C £ " M A. I A N SENOI',[/AN j • D ",jj aj" M~. ~.1'Ir.) w.;i,!, l "f.JU~.nlJ~J) lUrJ .toiE'N,fit, 'It CL °ME~~I$" L QALlI.T ~ANE%l: ___ - (I... .. MAAJ\I ·J:"U~ b~ --- -0- - - - - -' ~ -'"0- -~ _ ........ • ,on~:;]~.fHJ~tl __ ~-o-_ - - --1-0--1---- - - - - -, .. ---0 Ft Y"\'~AHI _,,,, ~ - '00'" ~t:Ar . .fL·HAiA ___ .. - - - - - - - I 10$0 I , I t~SQ t- ~--I ·0_______ , I I 1 1 .' I, I 1 I I I I I I , I ' I 01 b t J I. f Sib I I .... 1 J AI'I.tI.B,1 -PM! A NAB A S '"5 '" 0..0. I ANAaJ I-POAI I 1 SAL-So TETR. 1 AnAS.-PoA!H.A.LOo-.,.t,"O'AN.-Ptl4.R.II.AI S ..... t.5.T.E'n\.1 ANAb.-POA I I .6t.#\T.M;~/t)N HE ........... c - ALaAC' I(WEN. "IAM,I :MU,. Ur. J i. J 0 ;S EN 0 NJA", • 0 '" • la cfl , "M. _ ""b _ - -_ .. _---"'-', -_.... '~60 , ,"- 'I. .......... t I I I I AR T. H.A. t I ... ~~ .If:'", I .sAli5. 'rf1'Jt I AAT.)I:.tI I : ~ ~'t.H.". I ! I "'IIITli!M. ,.,:A. SE.NONI(~ J c J"'I> / ~I ... r .MA~H ....... "'" I ......... '0\;" \ I ....... WA.,OI EL MA/JIFEN l!JOTr.> !,...., '71 I WAOJ ,rHSJ.1 O,n'N 'Tt I I I I I I I I I I " b ANAa.-1 pOAI I AP..T£MisICN HERSAE-ALIlAEI 1 1 SE N1" T J "0 N ( Po. N ,0 ... &. ,z. nI"! rl(M. ... '- -~- ---\ I I I -.. _-------cl ANA8ASJS -ZILLA C ARTlCULAiA I SPINOS/>, 1 ANABASIS ARTIC.-Z/I..LA I .;n':l..,} b,n }::l.N N(J/J./AN SAN05T'ONE NALOICT.l.ON• ~t.r("(lI'I"I(~ If;NEOVS (".......... D.I1'N.! N.:Un I ..... W.ITHEJy\ I 0 ..... l ......... I I... ."')..!l :>u e I,. - _ A9~"" I 1 _ .... SPIN0.5AIHALOX. SALIC.IHALOXYLON. ' A(I\lS I SAL/CDR. I I .., J ., .. AOCH.$ '-l ::z-~ "t :;-<.::: .,. Cl ~ " §.: ~ ;i" - s ~. .... '" C ..." '" e.. <\; ;:;. t:. ~ A. ErG MAP OF DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES Explanations The number marked on the map represent localities where phytosociolog-ical records have been taken -by the author. Very often one number represents records of several adjacent associations which technically could 110t be separately represented. The associati:ons of the light soil belt and Quercetum ithaburensis published by the author (E i g, 1939) are not represented in this· map. 1. Association of Pinus halepensis - Hypericum serpylHfolium; assoc-iation of Cistus villosus - Cistus salvifolius. 2. Association of Pinus halepensis - Hypericum serpyllifolium; associat;.,Ou. of Ceratonia Siliqua - Pistacia Lentis-cus; association. of . Quercus calliprinos - Pistacia palaestina; Varthemietum iphionoidis. 3. Association- of Pinus halepensis - Hypericwn serpyllifolium. 4. Association of Pinus halepensis - Hypericum serpyllifolium; association of Quereus ealliprinos - Pistacia palaestina. 5 - 1. Association of Quercus calliprinos - Pistacia palaestina. 8. Association of Quercus - calliprinos -Pistacia palaestina; association of Cistus villosus - Cistus salvifolius-; Crepidetum hierosolymitani. 9. Asso'Ciation of Quercus callipr!:,nos - Pistacia palaestina. 10. Association of Quercus calliprinos - Pistacia palaestina; Poterietum spinosi (mediterraneum). 11 - 12. Association of Ceratonia Sli:liqua - Pistacia Lentis-cus. 13. Association of Ceratdnia Siliqua - Pistacia Lentiscus; Arthrocnemetum glauci; Phragmitetum communis (salinum). 14. Association of Cistus villosus -Gistus salvifolius; association of Pinus halepensis - Hypericum serpyllifolium. 15. Association of Cistus villosus - Cistu~ salvifolius; Varthemietum iphionoidis; association of Pinus halepensis - Hypericum serpyllifolium. 16. AssQciat';rvn of Cistus villosus - Cistus salvifolius. 11. Calycotometum villosae. 18. Poterie-tum spinosi (mediterraneum). 19. Poterietum spinosi (mediterraneum); Prosopi-detum farcatae. 20. Poterietum spinos_:, (mediterraneum). 21-22. Poterietum spi-nosi (mediterraneum); Varthem:etum. iphionoidis. 23 - 21. Poterietum spi-nosi (mediterraneum). 28. Poterietulu spinosi. (mediterraneum); association of Carthamus tenuis - Ononis leiospe~ma. 29-32. Poterietwn spinosi (mediterrane-u=). 33. Poterietum spin os', (mediterraneum); Prosopidetum farc?-tae. 34. Pote-rietum spinosi (mediterraneum).35. Poterietum spinosi (orientale). 36. Pote-detum spinosi (orientale); association of Noea mucronata - Ononis Natrix; Ononidetum Natricis; association of Carthamus tenuis - Ononis leiosperma. 31. Poterietum spinosi (orientale); Arten:llsietum Herbae-albae deserti judaici; Phlo~ midetum brachyodontis typicum.38-39. Poterietum spinosi (orientale). 40. Pote-detum spinosi (orientale); Ch<:~oleetum arabicae; Artemisietwn Herbae-albae deserti judai!ci. 41. Poterietm'll spinosi (orientale) ; Halogetonetum alopecuroidis; Phlomidetum brachyodontis typicum; association of Phlomis brachyodon - Ble-pharis edubs. 42. Poterietum spinosi· (orientale); Phlomidetum brachyodontis typicum; Ononidetum Natricis; association of Noea mucronata - Ononis Natrix; VartheTIlietum iphionoidis.43. Poterietum spinosi (or'tentale); association of Phlo-m1S brachyodon - Blepharis edulis. 44. Poterietum spinosi (orientale); Echinope-turn Blancheani. 45. 'Thymetum cap"tati; Ononidetum Natricis; Phlomidetum brachyodontis typicum. 46. Salvietum graveolentis; Phlomidetum brachyodon-tis typicum; Achilleetum santolinae. 41. Association of Poterium spinosum-Thymelaea hirsuta. 48. Echi,nopetum Blancheani; Artemisietum Herbae-albae The Phytosociologlcal Units of Palestitte 245 d:serti judaici; as:ociation of Retama Roetam - RilUs oxyacanthoides; Salsoletum Vlllosae. 4~. Echmop~tu:n Blancheani. 50. Echinopetum Blancheani; Atriplice-tUln palaestmae; assoClat.l.on of Erodium glaucophyllum - Herniaria hemistemon' Gymno'carpetulU fruticosi; Noeetum mucronatae; association of Salsola villosa: Stipa tortilis; SalsoletulU villosae; association of Salsola villosa - Gymnocarpus Iruti.cosus. 51. Ononidetum Natricis. 52. Artemisietum Herbae-albae deserti judaici; association of Noea mucronata - Ononis Natrix. 53. Artemisietum Herbao-albae deserti judaici; association of Erodium glaucophyllum - Herniaria hemistemon; associati\on of Chenolea arabica - Salsolavillosa; Atriplicetum Halimi. 54 - 55. Artemisietum Herbae-albae deserti judaici. 56. Association of Artemisia Herba-alba - Asphodelus microcarpus; association of Anabasis articulata ~ Zilla spinosa; Zygophylletum dumosi; association of Retama Roetam-Anabasis articulata. 57 - 58. Association of Artemisia Herba-alba - Asphodelus microcarpus. 59. Association of Artemisia Herba-alba - Asphodelus microcarpus; Origanetum Dayi; association of Salsola villosa - Gymnocarpus fruticosus. 60 - 61. Association of Artemisia Herba-alba - Asphodelus microcarpus. 62. Association of Artemisia Herba-alba - Asphodelus microcarpus; Achilleetum santolinac; association of Retama Roetam - Anabasis articulata; Retametum Roetami. 63. Association of Haloxylon articulatum " Salsola villosa; associa-tion of Anabasis Hausslmechtii - Poa sinaica. 64 - 67. Association of HaloxyIo'n articulatum - SalsoIn villosa. 68 -69. Association of Anabasis Haussknechtii-Poa sinaica. 70. Association of Anabasis Haussknechtii - Poa sinaica; Haloge-tonetum alolpecuroidis. 11. Association of Anabasis Hausslrnechtii - Poa sinaica. 72. Noeetum mucronatae; associJation of Erodium glaucophyllum - Herniaria hemistemon. 73. Noeetum mucronatae. 74. Association of' Noeamucronata-Ononis Natrix; Phlomidetum brachyo'd.ontis typicum; Salsoletum villosae; Chenoleetum arabicae. 75. Association of Noea mucronata - Ononis Natrn; Suaedetum asphalticae; Atriplicetum Halimi. 16. Phlomidetum brachyodontis typicUlTl. 77. Association of PhIomis brachyodon - Blepharis edulis. 78. Associa-tio'n of Retama Duriaei - Blepharis eduEs; association of Salsola viillosa -Gymnocarpus fruticosus. 79 - 80. Association of Retama Duriaei - BIepharis edulis. 81. Association of Retama Duriaei - Blepharis eduUs; association of SalsoIa villosa - Gymnocarpus fruticosus. 82. Association of Salsola villosa-Stipa tortilis; association of Zizyphus Spina Christi - Balanites aegyptiaca. 83. Association of Salsola villosa - Stipa tortilis. 84. Association of Salsola villosa _ Stipa tortilis; associl!ltion of Anabasis articulata - Notoceras bicorne; SalsoEon tetrandrae. 85 - 86. Association of Salsola villosa - Stipa tortilid. 87. Association of Salsola villosa - Stipa tortilis; association of Salsola villosa-Gymnocarpus fruticosus; Chenoleetum arabicae; Suaedetum asphalticae; Reaumurietum palaestinae; Halogetonetum alopecuroidis. 88. Salsoletum villosae' Suaedetum asphalticae. 89 - 90. Salsoletum villosae. 91.Salsoletum villosae: association of Salsola villosa - Gymnocarpus fruticosus. 92. Association of Sals~lH villo'sa _ Gymnocarpus fruticosus; association of Chenolea arabica -Salsola villosa. 93. Association of Salsola villosa - Gymnocarpus fruticosus; ChenoIeetum arabicae; association of Chenolea arabica - Salsola villosa. 94. Association of Anabasis Haussknechtii - Plantago Coronopus. 95. Association of Anabasis Haussknechtii - Plantago Coronopus; Malvetum aegyptiae.. 95a. Association of Anabasis Hausslmechtii - Plantago Coronopus. 96· Zygophylletum A. ErG dumosi. 9'7. Zygophylletun'l dUll'losi; Gymnocarpetu:m. frutkosi; Chenoleetum arabicae. 98. Zygophylletum dumosi; association of ArteU1isia U10nOSpel'llla -Retama Roetam. 99 - 100. ZygophylletuU1 dUIllOSi. 101. GYU1nocarpetull'l fru-ticosi; association of Chenolea arabica - Salsola villosa; association of Zizyphus Spina-Christi - Moringa aptera. 102 - 104. Association of Gymnocarpus fru-ticosus - Zilla spinosa. 105. Association of ErodiuU1 glaucophylluU1 - Hernia-ria hen'lilStemon; Suaedetull1 asphalticae; Salsoletull1 villosae. 106. Association of Erodium glaucophyllull'l - Herniaria heU1istemon; Suaedetull1 asphalticae; Salsoletum villosae; Atriplicetum HaliU1i. 10'7. Chenoleetull1 arabicae. 108. ChenoleetUlll arabicae; association of Chenolea arabica - Salsola villosa; Suaedetum asphalticae. 109. AssociatilOn of Chenolea arabica - Salsola arabica. 110 - 112. Association of Anabasis articulata - Zilla spinosa. 113. Association of Anabasis articulata- Zilla spinosa; HaloxylonetuU1 salicornici. 114. Haloge-tonetuU1 alopecuroidis. 115. Acacietulll tort'!lidis palaestinulll. 116. Acacietull1 tortilidis palaestinum; Haloxylonetulll salicornici. 116a. Acacietum. tortilidis palaestinum; Nitrarietulll retusae. 11'7. Association of Zizyphus Spi!l'la-Christi-Moringa aptera. 118. Varthell1ietum iphionoidis; association of Carthmllus tenuis - Ononis leiosperma; Viticetulll Agni Castii. 119. Telmissetu:rn lllicrocar-p~e; association of Cheilanthes fragrans - Cetera ch officinaru:rn; Crepidetulll hierosolymitani; association of Carthan'lus tenuis - Ononis leiosper:rna. 120. Association of Arte:rnisia Inonosperllla - Reta:rna Roetalll. 121. Retallletulll RoetaTIli. 122 - 124. Haloxylonetulll salicornici. 125. Populetulll euphraticac; association of Prosopis fareata - Glycyrrhiza glabra. 126. Talllaricetulll jordanis. 12'7. Association of Cyperus Papyrus - Polygonum aculllinatulll. 128. Association of Inulaviscosa :: Juncus acutus; Prosopidetu:rn farcatae. 129. Equisetetulll ramosissi;rni. 130. Association of Juncus :rnaritiTIlus - Schoenus nigricans. 131. Association of Crypsis minuartioides - Heliotropiun'l supinulll. 132. Platanetu:rn orilentalis. 133. Salsolion tetrandrae; Suaedetulll palaestinae. 134. Atrlplicetu:rn Halimi; Salsolion tetrandrae; Suaedetulll palaestinae. 135. Association of Suaeda palaestina - Suaeda fruticosa. 136. Associatioll of Salsola tetrandra - Halogeton alopecuroides. 13'7 - 138. Association of CarthaU1us tenuis - Ononis· leiosperma. REFERENCES iT' 'OI1~l'P ,Y·:]l);'"'Y'1r.>'n rm~,;>pn? lil:J~ ,!':!"n "nt,w'T.,N 7lV n'7:l"~i1 '7y' .('tu!J·.,t!) .~ ,'J/' ~ EIG, A. (1927). On the vegetation. of Palestine. lust. Agr. Nat. Hist. Tel-Aviv. B~tll. 7 :1--88. EIG, A. (1933). A historical-phytosocioIogical essay on Palestinian forests of Quercus Aegilops L. ssp. ithaburensis (Desc.) 111 past and present. Bot. Ztrbl. Beih. 51, II: 225-272 EIG, .457-452 : '"~ ".::> ,";"';C;'" IO'i'~i',,~,;:.t::l O'n~~ rn-i:Jn1 c'nr.l~ .(1935) .N ,:l,,' N A. (1935). Plants and assoc·iations of plants as soil indicators. [-Iassadeh 15 :452-. 457 (Hebrew). A. (I938). an the phytogeographical sttbdivasion of Palestine. Pal. J o un/'. Bot. J Se,r. I :4-12. . . A. (p~)~c The vegetation of the light sons belt of the Coastal Plain of P~stine. Pa" Jou1'n. Bot. J Ser. 1:255-308 .. ~< '-' ....... '..... 'It • ..J.' ,t'# .... , t ,i tf" , • :t" ~ i~-i ~ /.o'

Synopsis of the phytosociological units of Palestine

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