To determine Varroa mite infestation levels in Jordan, a survey covering 180 colonies of two bee types (Apis m. syriaca and Apis m. syriaca hybrids) from six locations of 4 climatic zones was conducted during August, 8 month after the last treatment. Sampled colonies had 8-10 frames covered with bees and 3-4 brood frames. Levels of infestation were determined on both adult worker bees and in sealed worker brood cells. Two-way ANOVA showed no significant differences due to bee type with average adult bee infestation of 10.9 % and 13.1 % on hybrid and local bee types, respectively. Average infestation levels in sealed brood worker cells were 37.6 % and 32.5 % in hybrid and local bee types, respectively. Differences in infestation levels on adult bees were significant due to location and ranged between 6.9 - 18.6 % in Daba’a (Desert climate) and Jerash (Dry Mediterranean), respectively. In sealed worker brood cells infestation levels ranged between 15.7 - 84.7 % in Baqa (Dry Mediterranean) and Jerash, respectively. This indicates clearly that the usual scheduled Varroa control practice by a single chemical treatment in autumn could be insufficient. Therefore, to prevent damages or even losses of colonies, including diagnosis of infestation rates as part of integrated Varroa management is highly recommended

Alattal, Yehya

Rosenkranz, Peter

Zebitz, Claus Paul Walter

English

Alattal, Yehya Zaki Khalid al-

Hochschulschriftenserver - Universität Frankfurt am Main

MITT. DTSCH. GES. ALLG. ANGEW. ENT. 15 GIESSEN 2006    321Infestation levels of Varroa destructor in local honey bees of Jordan   Yehya Alattal1, Peter Rosenkranz2 & Claus P. W. Zebitz1  1 University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine.  2 University of Hohenheim, State Institute of Apiculture   Abstract: To determine Varroa mite infestation levels in Jordan, a survey covering 180 colonies of two bee types (Apis m. syriaca and Apis m. syriaca hybrids) from six locations of 4 climatic zones was conducted during August, 8 month after the last treatment. Sampled colonies had 8-10 frames covered with bees and 3-4 brood frames. Levels of infestation were determined on both adult worker bees and in sealed worker brood cells. Two-way ANOVA showed no significant differences due to bee type with average adult bee infestation of 10.9 % and 13.1 % on hybrid and local bee types, respectively. Average infestation levels in sealed brood worker cells were 37.6 % and 32.5 % in hybrid and local bee types, respectively. Differences in infestation levels on adult bees were significant due to location and ranged between 6.9 - 18.6 % in Daba’a (Desert climate) and Jerash (Dry Mediterranean), respectively. In sealed worker brood cells infestation levels ranged between 15.7 - 84.7 % in Baqa (Dry Mediterranean) and Jerash, respectively. This indicates clearly that the usual scheduled Varroa control practice by a single chemical treatment in autumn could be insufficient. Therefore, to prevent damages or even losses of colonies, including diagnosis of infestation rates as part of integrated Varroa management is highly recommended.   Key works: Varroa destructor, mite fertility, Apis mellifera syriaca, post-capping period, Jordan  Yehya Alattal, Claus P. W. Zebitz, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine, Depart-ment of Applied Entomology, D-70593 Stuttgart. Email: Alattal1@uni-hohenheim.de; zebitz@uni-hohenheim.de Peter Rosenkranz, University of Hohenheim, State Institute of Apiculture, D-70593 Stuttgart. email: bienero@uni-hohenheim.de   The  Varroa mite, Varroa destructor (ANDERSON  &  TRUEMAN 2000) is a cosmopolitan destructive ectoparasite of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.). The natural host of the mite is the Eastern honey bee Apis cerana F. in Southeast Asia. On the new host A. mellifera,  V. destructor has become a threat to beekeeping worldwide (BOOT et al. 1996; RATH 1999). In temperate climate, colonies without annual treatment against Varroa mite will shortly collapse whereas in most tropical regions the infestation levels remain below the damage threshold. It is not clear whether tropical climate or the specific bee types of the tropics contribute more to the observed stable host-parasite-relationships (ROSENKRANZ 1999). In Jordan the mite was discovered first in 1985, one year later Varroa mite caused heavy damage led to the loss of about 50 % of the commercial colonies and most traditional colonies (MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 1986). Since then, beekeepers have used many acaricides to address the problem, such as bromopropylate, coumaphos, fluvalinate, amitraz, formic acid and oxalic acid (AL-ABADI & NAZER 2003). On the long run, continuous use of acaricides will increase resistance (LODESANI et al. 1995; HILLESHEIM et al. 1996; ELZEN et al. 1999). Beekeepers of Jordan recently treat their colonies yearly in autumn to prevent damage. Yet, after about 20 years of its first incidence in Jordan, V. destructor is still the most destructive pest of honey bee colonies. Jordan provides the facility to compare Varroa infestation levels at different climates and in colonies of different bee type at the same time. Therefore, this study has two aims, 1) comparison of the infestation rates in different climatic zones, which may influence the mite population growth differently and subsequently the degree of damage 2) assessment of infestation rates shortly before the annual treatment to demonstrate whether the performed routine treatment is sufficient to prevent economic damages of the colonies. 3) To MITT. DTSCH. GES. ALLG. ANGEW. ENT. 15 GIESSEN 2006    322 compare between two different Honey bee types in the degree of infestation which may indicate the bee type genetic influence on the colony infestation.    Materials and Methods In August 2003, samples were taken from 180 bee colonies spread over six locations of four climatic zones in Jordan (Tab. 1). In each location two bee types were collected, colonies of the local bee type Apis mellifera syriaca (local bee type) and colonies of its hybrids with the most imported Italian honey bee (hybrid bee type). The hybrid colonies were selected from a group of colonies, which were headed with imported Apis mellifera ligustica from Kona Queen (USA) one year before the treatment. These colonies were then left for natural hybridization with the local race. Fifteen colonies of each bee type in each location were collected. Sampled colonies had 8-10 frames covered with bees and 3-4 frames of sealed brood. Colonies were not treated during the season and the last treatment was about 8 month before sampling.   Tab. 1:   Name, latitude, climatic zone of sampled sites and number of colonies per location.  Location name  Latitude  Climatic zone  No. of colonies Jordan Valley  31.95N-35.58E  Tropical  30 Yadodah 31.85N-35.93E  Mediterranean  30 Suweileh 32.30N-35.84E  Mediterranean  30 Daba‘a 31.55N-36.05E  Desert  30 Jerash 32.20N-35.90E  Dry  Mediterranean 30 Baqa 32.06N-35.85E  Dry  Mediterranean  30  Relative infestation of adult bee was estimated by brushing about 200 adult worker bees from brood combs into small plastic jars (500 cc). Jars were filled with water and detergent and vibrated for a while then adult bees were separated from Varroa mite using double layer filter honey sieve under water stream. Relative infestation was calculated as (number of Varroa/ number of bees). Worker brood relative infestation was estimated by cutting a piece of about 200 cells from sealed brood combs, then brood samples were cut from the middle and washed with water over double layer filter sieve to separate Varroa individuals which were then counted to determine relative infestation. Infestation ratio (infestation in brood cells/infestation on adult bees) was also calculated (WOYKE 1987; ROSENKRANZ 1999).  Statistical analysis of different parameters was performed using statistical analysis system (SAS) on transformed data with arc sin function. Significance of main factors and interaction was determined based on ANOVA using LSM. The values presented are actual non-transformed data, given as mean ± standard deviation (ARECHAVALETA-VELASCO & GUZMAN-NOVA, 2001).  Results  None of the sampled colonies were free from Varroa mite with high differences in infestation levels among colonies and between locations. Over-all average infestation levels were 12 % and 35 % on adult bee worker and in sealed brood cells, respectively. Brood sealed cells had 4 times more Varroa than on adult bees (Tab. 2)  Tab. 2:  Relative adult bee infestation, worker brood cells infestation, infestation ratio and over all average infestation of Varroa mite in both bee types (local and hybrid). (SD = std. dev.)   Bee type No of colonies Adult average infestation ± SD [%] Worker brood average infestation ± SD [%] Infestation ratio ± SD Local bee type  90  13.13 ± 10.02  32.46 ± 17.79  3.49 ± 3.05 Hybrid bee type  90  10.88 ± 12.42  37.63 ± 29.34  4.76 ± 3.52 Over all average      180  12.01 ± 11.22  35.05± 23.56  4.12 ± 3.29  MITT. DTSCH. GES. ALLG. ANGEW. ENT. 15 GIESSEN 2006    323Both bee types were not significantly different in the average relative Varroa infestation on both adult bees and in sealed worker brood cells. The ratio of the infestation of brood cells and adult bees was also not significantly different due to bee type. Average adult infestation rates were 10.9 % and 13.1 % on hybrid and local bee types, respectively, while infestation rates of sealed worker brood cells were 37.6 % and 32.5 % in hybrid and local bee type, respectively. Hybrid colonies had about 1.2 more Varroa in brood cells than local types (Tab. 2). Results show that location has significant influence on infestation rates of both adult bee and sealed worker brood cells with (F = 2.41; DF = 5; P>F = 0.038) and (F = 11.69; DF = 5; P>F = 0.0001) respectively, but no significant influence on infestation rates. The highest infestation rates were in Jerash with 18.6 % and 84.7 % on both adult bees and in sealed brood cells (Tab. 3).  Differences in the infestation rates of adult bees between both bee types at different locations (location x bee type interaction) were not significant, while these differed highly significantly between relative infestation levels of sealed worker brood cells (F = 4.96; DF = 5; P>F = 0.0003). This means that the differences between brood infestation levels  and therefore differences in the ration of brood/bee infestation depend on the location (Tab. 4).  Tab. 3:   Average relative Varroa mite infestation on adult bee, sealed brood and the infestation ratio in the different experimental sites.    Location Mean infestation on adult bee [%]* ± SD Mean infestation in sealed brood cells [%]* ± SD Infestation ratio* ± SD JordanValley. 11.16  ±   6.29 a  30.14 ± 10.40 b    4.03 ± 3.71 a Yadodah 16.30  ± 22.57 a  30.28 ± 21.35 bc  3.33 ± 2.90 a Swieleh 11.77  ± 18.17 a  24.07 ± 16.68 bc  4.69 ± 5.24 a Daba’a    6.93 ±   4.11 a  25.45 ± 16.72 bc  4.43 ± 2.72 a Jerash 18.64  ±   9.90 a  84.67 ± 63.65 a    5.27 ± 2.96 a Baqa    7.24 ±   6.24 a  15.66 ± 12.57 c    2.99 ± 2.19 a *Means sharing same letters in the same column are not significantly different, Tukey’s test, DF= 168 P<0.05.  Tab. 4:  The relative infestation level of Varroa in sealed brood cells for both bee types at each location (Location x bee type).  Location Bee  type Average infestation of adult bees [%]* ± SD Average infestation of sealed brood cells [%]*± SD Hybrid    6.39 ±   3.37 b    21.98 ± 11.67 c Jordan Valley.  Local 15.93  ±   9.21 ab  38.30 ±   9.12 b Hybrid 18.46  ± 23.62 a    41.60 ± 29.85 b Yadodah  Local 14.14  ± 21.52 ab  18.95 ± 12.86 c Hybrid 11.82  ± 24.72 ab  15.05 ±   9.88 c Sweileh.  Local 11.72  ± 11.62 ab  33.09 ± 23.48 c Hybrid    7.20 ±   5.27 b    24.55 ± 18.88 c Dabaa  Local    6.66 ±   2.97 b    26.36 ± 14.58 c Hybrid 14.12  ±   9.24 ab  105.33 ± 90.83 a   Jerash  Local 23.07  ± 10.57 a    64.01 ± 36.47 a Hybrid    7.19 ±   8.27 b    17.29 ± 14.97 c Baqa  Local    7.28 ±   4.21 b    13.02 ± 10.16 c *Means sharing same letters in the same column are not significantly different. Mean separation based on ANOVA and LSM, DF = 168; P<0.05.  MITT. DTSCH. GES. ALLG. ANGEW. ENT. 15 GIESSEN 2006    324 Discussion The average relative infestation levels show that Varroa mites may reach high infestation levels within short times, after about 8 months of the last treatment with formic acid at the end of the season. However these levels were still below 15 %, which is considered to be an economic threshold on adult worker bees in temperate zones, while the relative infestation levels in sealed worker brood cells exceeds the economic threshold (30 %) even shortly after the end of the season in August (TOSCANO  1996).  In both bee types, adjacent colonies in the same apiary may have very different infestation levels. This could be due to differences in individual colony development which influence the reproductive rates of the Varroa populations. Furthermore, specific robbing activities of individual colonies lead to an unequal distribution of mites between colonies kept in groups (GREATTI et al. 1992). Although damage and colony losses were not noticeable at the time of the study,  a two years study on population dynamics in Jordan confirmed that most of the untreated bee colonies die during winter (Alattal, unpublished data). Therefore, neither the Jordan climate nor the local bee type provide the basis for a stable host-parasite-relationship at Jordan. No significant influence of bee type on relative infestation levels indicates that Varroa mite may reach damage levels independently of the local bee genotypes. The defensive Syrian honey bee and its hybrid with the Italian honey bee obviously lack any specific Varroa resistant trait (ROSENKRANZ & ENGELS 1994; FRIES et al. 1994).  Results indicate that locations could not be classified according to their climatic zones or climatic parameters in expecting high or low infestation levels. Although the highest infestation level on both adult and brood cells were in a dry Mediterranean zone, significant differences in the infestation levels between two locations within one climatic zone exist. On the other hand, the infestation levels in Jordan valley with a tropical climate were not as low as expected from investigations in tropical Africa and South America (ROSENKRANZ 1999). This indicates that relation between location and relative infestation is rather a product of interaction between several factors including ecological factors, bee type and genotype of Varroa mite, which is currently under investigation. Additionally, the beekeeper practices and the effectiveness of the Varroa treatment in the year before could influence the infestation levels at certain apiaries However, there exist general recommendations for the beekeeping technique and Varroa treatment at Jordan and, therefore, it is not likely that there are huge individual differences among the apiaries tested in this study. The ratio between sealed brood and adult infestation in different locations was not significantly different. This value is important because it reflects the relative amount of reproducing mites in the bee colony. The highest ratio was in Jerash, which indicates that relative increase in Varroa mite population is higher than in other locations at the time of the study which means most of the Varroa population will be in the phoretic state. In such cases colony losses due to high adult worker bee infestation levels later after the brood area is reduced is higher than in other places. From our results it is obvious that bee colonies in different locations are different in their relative infestation at a specific time of the year due to interaction between ecological factors, bee type and Varroa mite. We also demonstrated clearly that the usual scheduled Varroa control practices by a single chemical treatment in autumn could be insufficient. Therefore, to prevent damages or even losses of colonies, inclusion of diagnosis of infestation rates as part of integrated Varroa management is highly recommended   Acknowledgment  Praise and thanks to DAAD, Bonn for Ph.D. fellowship support and Eiselen Foundation, Ulm for financing this study (project no. 18/2004).  References AL-ABADI, A. & NAZER, I.K. (2003): Control of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) on honey bees by aromatic oils and plant materials. – Agriculture and marine science 8 (1): 15-20. BOOT, W.J., CALIS, J.N.M., BEETSMA, J., HAI, D.M., LAN, N.K., TOAN, T.V., TRUNG, L.Q. & MINH, N.H. (1996): The phenomenon of the non-reproduction in worker cells as a Varroa-tolerance factors involves natural selection of the mites. – Apidologie 27 (4): 283. MITT. DTSCH. GES. ALLG. ANGEW. ENT. 15 GIESSEN 2006    325ELZEN, P.J., EISCHEN, F.A., BAXTER, J.R., ELZEN, G.W. & WILSON, W.T. (1999): Detection of resistance in US Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata:Varroidae) to the acaricide fluvalinate. – Apidologie 30 (1): 13-17. FRIES, I., CAMAZINE, S. & SNEYD, J. (1994): Population dynamics of Varoa jacobsoni: a model and review. – Bee World 75 (1): 5-28. HILLESHEIM, E., RITTER, W. & BASSAND, D. (1996): First data on resistance mechanisms of Varroa jacobsoni  (Oud.) against tau-fluvalinate. – Exp. Appl. Acarol. 20: 283-296. LODESANI, M., COLOMBO, M. & SPREAFICO, M. (1995): Ineffectiveness of Apistan® treatment against the mite Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) in several districts of Lombardy (Italy). – Apidologie 26 (1): 67-72. ARECHAVALETA-VELASCO, M.E. & GUZMAN-NOVA, E. (2001): Relative effect of four characteristics that restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. – Apidologie 32 (2): 157-174. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF JORDAN (1986): Department of Agricultural statistics. Beekeeping statistical book.  RATH, W. (1999): Co-adaptation of Apis cerana Fabr. and Varroa jacobsoni Oud. – Apidologie 30 (2): 97-110.  ROSENKRANZ, P. (1999): Honey bee Apis mellifera L. tolerance to Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in south America. – Apidologie 30 (2): 159-172. ROSENKRANZ,  P  &  ENGELS, W. (1994): Infertility of Varroa jacobsoni females after invasion into Apis mellifera worker brood as a tolerance factor against Varroatosis. – Apidologie 25 (4): 402-411. SAS INSTITUTE INC. (1989): SAS/SAT Users’s Guide, Version 6,4th ed., Vol. 1 & Vol. 2. – SAS Institute Inc.,Cary, NC: 1028 pp. TOSCANO, H. (1996): Estado actual de algunas enfermedades apicolas en Uruguay, Periodo 1985-1995. – Report of the Direccion de Laboratorios Veterinarios ‘Dr Mc Rubino’ (Di.La.Ve): 6-8.  WOYKE, J. (1987): Comparative Population Dynamics of Tropilaelaps clareae and Varroa jacobsoni mites on honeybees. – J. of Apicultural Research 26 (3): 196-202.  MITT. DTSCH. GES. ALLG. ANGEW. ENT. 15 GIESSEN 2006    326  

Co-adaptation of Apis cerana Fabr. and Varroa jacobsoni Oud.

Comparative Population Dynamics of Tropilaelaps clareae and Varroa jacobsoni mites on honeybees.

Control of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) on honey bees by aromatic oils and plant materials.

Department of Agricultural statistics. Beekeeping statistical book.

Estado actual de algunas enfermedades apicolas en Uruguay, Periodo 1985-1995. – Report of the Direccion de Laboratorios Veterinarios ‘Dr Mc Rubino’ (Di.La.Ve):

First data on resistance mechanisms of Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) against tau-fluvalinate.

Honey bee Apis mellifera L. tolerance to Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in south America.

Ineffectiveness of Apistan® treatment against the mite Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) in several districts of Lombardy (Italy).

Infertility of Varroa jacobsoni females after invasion into Apis mellifera worker brood as a tolerance factor against Varroatosis.

Population dynamics of Varoa jacobsoni: a model and review.

Relative effect of four characteristics that restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies.

SAS/SAT Users’s Guide,

The phenomenon of the non-reproduction in worker cells as a Varroa-tolerance factors involves natural selection of the mites.

Infestation levels of Varroa destructor in local honey bees of Jordan

Infestation levels of Varroa destructor in local honey bees of Jordan

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Hochschulschriftenserver - Universität Frankfurt am Main