Seuren, P.

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Hesseling, Dirk Christiaan 649one of the first methods for teaching Spanish todeaf-mutes together with sketches of Portu-guese and Italian phonetics and grammar, H.set out some theses for a general theory ofgrammar based on his experience with deaf-mutes. Moreover, H. edited other linguisticworks that remain unpublished and are pre-served in different libraries, such as an Italiangrammar for Spanish speakers, some textsabout writing kept in the Spanish National Li-brary, and the drafts of a collection of micro-grammars in multiple languages kept togetherwith his working papers in the Archivum Ro-manum Societatis Iesu (Ms. Opp. Nn. 342) andin the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (CodexVaticani Latini 9801–3).H.+s works provide one of the first attemptsto classify the world+s languages using a uniquemethod based exclusively on linguistic mecha-nisms. He obtained very notable results in histaxonomies of South American languages andin his identification of other groups like Ma-layo-Polynesian. His intuitions about conceptssuch as the substratum or the relationship be-tween linguistics and history and his connec-tions with W. von fi Humboldt must also behighlighted, although H.+s linguistic ideas haveto be assessed in the context of the Enlighten-ment and his own Jesuit affiliation, whichmeans that his theories are determined by hisreligious beliefs.(1784): Catalogo delle Lingue, Cesena (facs. ed. by A.Tovar & J. Bustamente, Madrid, 1987). (1785): Origineformazione, meccanismo, ed armonia deglBidiomi, Cese-na. (1786): Aritmetica delle nazioni e divisione del tem-po fra lBorientali, Cesena. (1787a): Vocabolario Poliglo-to [sic], Cesena. (1787b): Saggio Pratico delle Lingue,Cesena (facs. ed., together with Vocabolario Poligloto,by M. Breva-Claramonte & R. Sarmiento, Madrid,1990). (1795): Escuela espaÇola de sordomudos, 2vols., Madrid. (1800–05): CatSlogo de las lenguas delas naciones conocidas, 6 vols., Madrid (facs. ed., ib.,1979). (1805?a): GramStica de la lengua italiana, Bib-lioteca Nacional EspaÇola [BNE], Ms. 7831. (1805?b):Historia del arte de escribir, BNE, Mss. 7807–8.(1805?c): PaleografRa Universal, BNE, Mss. 8496–8.Auroux, S. & Lazcano, E. (2000): “H. y P., L.”,in: CRGTL, no. 5105. Batllori, M. (1951): “El ar-chivo lingm_stico de H. en Roma y su reflejo en Wil-helm von Humboldt”, Archivum Romanum SocietatisIesu 20, 59–116 (repr. in: id., La cultura hispano-ital-iana de los jesuitas expulsos, Madrid, 1966, 201–74).Breva, M. (2004): “Contexto epistemol^gico y mo-delo doctrinal de las ideas lingm_sticas de L. H.(1735–1809)”, RSEL 34, 39–68. Calvo, J. (1991):Tres biografRas ling<Rsticas en torno a Cuenca. III:L. H. P.: un cientRfico a caballo entre dos mundos,Cuenca. Coseriu, E. (1978): “Lo que se dice de H.”,Estudios ofrecidos a Emilio Alarcos Llorach, Oviedo,III, 35–58. Delgado, F. (2003): L. H. Sus ideas lin-g<Rsticas, C^rdoba. Fuertes, M. (2002): “Estado de lacuesti^n en los estudios sobre L. H. P.”, in: SEHLActas III, 513–23. Ead. (2006): Las ideas ling<Rsticasde L. H. P., Ph. d. diss., Univ. of Valladolid. Hassler,G. (2001): “Teor_a lingm_stica y antropolog_a en lasobras de L. H. P.”, in: Tietz, M. & Briesemeister, D.,eds., Los jesuitas espaÇoles expulsos: Su imagen y sucontribuciNn al saber sobre el mundo hispSnico en laEuropa del siglo XVIII, Madrid & Frankfurt amMain, 379–99. Tovar, A. (1987): El ling<ista espaÇolL. H., Madrid. Mara Fuertes GutiArrezHesseling, Dirk Christiaan, b. July 15, 1859,Amsterdam, the Netherlands, d. Apr. 6, 1941,Wassenaar, the Netherlands; highly originalclassicist, sociolinguist and creolist.Born into a well-to-do bourgeois family, H.studied classical languages, in particular ancientGreek, at Leiden University, where he discov-ered that his real interests lay with language asspoken by living beings. To develop that inter-est, he went to Paris after finishing his studies atLeiden, to study modern Greek with Legrandand Psichari. There he became friends withHubert Pernot, with whom he collaborated formany years on the development of Greek. In1893 he was appointed privaatdocent (unsa-laried lecturer) in Byzantine and modern Greekat Leiden University, which appointed him to achair in that subject in 1907, after which he waselected into the Royal Dutch Academy of Sci-ences. He retired in 1929.H. was widely known for his linguistic prow-ess, which included a command of English,French, Latin, ancient and modern Greek, He-brew, Russian, German, Spanish, Portugueseand a number of Creole languages. His doctoralthesis, De Usu Coronarum Apud Graecos CapitaSelecta (Selected Chapters on the Use ofWreaths among the Greeks), of 1886, was stillof the conventional kind in classical studies ofthe period. Soon, however, he turned to thequestion of how modern Greek grew out ofclassical Greek, which forced him to considerthe Greek koine that developed in the easternMediterranean and the Middle East during theHellenistic period. This again sparked his inter-est in sociolinguistic phenomena, in particularphenomena of language contact and languagetransplant. Wishing to consider the develop-ment of the Greek koine in the context of ageneral theory of linguistic change as a resultof language contact and transplant, he turnedto the study of Afrikaans, the language of theDutch settlers in South Africa, about which hepublished a major work in 1899. From there heproceeded to a study of the Negerhollands ofthe Virgin Islands (1905), to Papiamentu, thecreole language of CuraÅao, to CanadianBrought to you by | Radboud University NijmegenAuthenticatedDownload Date | 5/19/17 9:44 AM650 Hesseling, Dirk ChristiaanFrench, to Ceylon-Dutch, and finally to creoli-zation processes in general.H. held that languages generally tend to de-velop under the influence of social factors andcorresponding functional demands, more thanbecause of language-internal or language-uni-versal forces. He thus opposed the trends appa-rent in the thinking of the Neogrammarians ofthe period and felt more at home with theircritics, such as H. fi Schuchardt, FranciscoAdolpho Coelho or Lucien Adam, who stressedthe role of substrate languages, even though hedid not always support their views either. Hedisagreed with Schuchardt in that he placedgreater emphasis on the Wbaby-talk+ factor inthe genesis of creoles, while Schuchardt empha-sized the Wforeigner-talk+ factor. Yet H. was pre-pared to accept that both factors may havecontributed jointly (1979: 64–68). He disagreedmore strongly with Adam, who held that creolelanguages are fundamentally just the originalAsian or African languages of the (slave orlaborer) creole speakers, but with the lexicalitems taken from the European languages ofthe masters. On the other hand, he did notreject relexification phenomena entirely. It waswith Coelho that he found himself most inagreement. As is apparent from the correspond-ence between H. and Schuchardt (Gilbert1994), H. was instrumental in getting Schu-chardt, then over 70, to publish the latter+snow famous Die Sprache der Saramakkanegerin Surinam with the Royal Dutch Academy inAmsterdam in 1914 (the book contains, besidesan introduction full of information, a uniquelyvaluable collection of 18th and 19th centurytexts, including an 18th century dictionary ofSaramaccan by the Moravian missionary Schu-mann).Together with Schuchardt, Coelho andAdam, Hesseling counts as one of the fathersof creolistics, now a flourishing and importantbranch of linguistic studies, but which waslooked down upon in his day as a slightly vul-gar pursuit of linguistic curiosa, unworthy ofWreal+ academics. His views are still relevant to-day, as many of the questions he broached havenot yet found their definitive answer.(1897): Charos, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des neugrie-chischen Volksglaubens, Leiden & Leipzig. (1899): HetAfrikaansch: Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis der Neder-landsche Taal in Zuid-Afrika. Uitgegeven vanwege deMaatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde te Lei-den, Leiden (2nd revd. ed., 1923). (1905): Het Neger-hollands der Deense Antillen: Bijdrage tot de Geschie-denis der Nederlandse Taal in Amerika, Leiden. (1934):“Gemengde taal, mengeltaal, kreools en kreolisering”,De Nieuwe Taalgids 28, 310–22. (1979): On the Originand Formation of Creoles: A Miscellany of Articles, ed.and transl. by T. L. Markey & P. T. Roberge, introd.by P. Muysken & G. Meijer, Ann Arbor, MI (Linguis-tica Extranea 4).Gilbert, G. G. (1994). “H., D. C. (1859–1941)”, in:Asher, R. E. & Simpson, J. M. Y., eds., The EncLL,1545–46. Schuchardt, H. (1914). Die Sprache derSaramakkaneger in Surinam, Amsterdam (Verhande-lingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen teAmsterdam, Afd. Letterkunde, n. s., pt. XIV, no. 6).Pieter A.M. SeurenHesselman, Bengt Ivar, b. Dec. 21, 1875, Stock-holm, d. Apr. 6, 1952, Uppsala, Sweden; Scan-dinavist, language historian and dialectologist,especially of Swedish.H. received his doctorate and became a do-cent of Nordic languages in Uppsala in 1902and became professor of the same subject inGothenburg in 1914 and in Uppsala in 1919(after A. fi Noreen).H.+s greatest scholarly achievement is his uti-lization of the popular dialects and the placenames in all the Nordic countries in discussingthe history of Swedish and the common Nordiclanguage. In this respect he is deeply original.His results silenced talk of a Swedish standardlanguage with sound laws of its own. His doc-toral thesis (1902) clarified a central point in thephonetic history of Swedish and enhanced theresults of his first printed publication (1901).H.+s opinion on the division of the Swedishdialects (1905) is also generally accepted today.H. focused on dialects in other publicationsas well, e. g. on Swedish short i and y (1909), afrequently quoted book and the first workwhere he applied a dialect-geographical methodwhen trying to solve a diachronic problem.After dealing with a special problem with thebook on umlaut and stress in the Nordic lan-guages (1945), he published his magnum opus,an outline of the history of Swedish. (1948/52).Here he draws on his incomparably extensiveknowledge of dialects, place names, and soundchanges in all of the Nordic languages. Espe-cially notable is his utilization of place names.The book remained a torso; only the chaptersLjudfçrsvagning (Wsound weakening+) and Ljud-fçr:ndring (Wsound change+) were completed be-fore his death. H. was a prominent place namescholar in a series of papers (e. g. 1930).Together with Olof stergren and Ruben G.Berg H. founded (1900) the journal Spr,k ochStil, which was followed by Nysvenska Studier(1921), ed. by H. and stergren. These twojournals have been of great importance in thestudy of language and style in Sweden.H. was an inspiring teacher, continuouslyspreading new thoughts and ideas. His meth-odologically instructive seminars in the 1930sBrought to you by | Radboud University NijmegenAuthenticatedDownload Date | 5/19/17 9:44 AM

Hesseling, Dirk Christiaan

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