Kempen, G.

Kooij, A.

Van Leeuwen, T.

MPG.PuRe

 Do skilled readers exploit inflectional spelling cues that do not mirror pronunciation cues? An eye-movement study of morpho-syntactic parsing in Dutch∗  Gerard Kempen, Andress Kooij & Theo van Leeuwen Department of Psychology Leiden University  Introduction The orthographies of Dutch and French, unlike those of English and German, frequently keep inflectional suffixes apart that have identical pronunciations. Examples are aimer, aimez, aimé, aimée, aimés, aimées in French, and besteden, bestede, besteedde, besteedden in Dutch. This feature is a well-known cause of serious spelling errors and mistakes in beginning and experienced writers because it renders word form selection contingent, not only upon sound and meaning, but also on syntax. It seems likely that this dependency on syntactic structure is not restricted to writing but has repercussions on reading as well. This invites the inference that morpho-syntactic analyzers in skilled readers have learned to pick up inflectional cues that only exist in the visual (orthographic) domain. The present study explores the validity of this hypothesis in the context of verb form spelling in Dutch.  (1) Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had vergokt nu zijn laatste centen.      That baron who last year still a      fortune   had gambles now his last pennies     “That baron who owned a fortune until last year is now gambling away his        last pennies.” (2) Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had verliest nu zijn laatste centen.                                                                                  ... loses ... (3) Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had verspeelt nu zijn laatste centen.                                                                                 ... gambles ... (4) Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had verkwist nu zijn laatste centen.                                                                                ... squanders ... (5) Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had verwedt nu zijn laatste centen.                                                                                 ... wagers ...                                                 ∗A slightly different version of this Long Abstract was published in Abstracts of the Orthography Workshop “What spelling changes”. The workshop took place at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen on November 6-7, 1997.  2  Consider examples (1) through (5). Sentence (1) elicits a strong garden-path reaction due to the ambiguity of both verbs: had is categorially ambiguous between main verb and auxiliary; vergokt is inflectionally ambiguous between past participle and finite verb. (The -t suffix added to the stem vergok marks either the third-person singular present-tense form or the past participle.)  Most readers prefer to take had as auxiliary and vergokt as past participle, for several reasons: had has a much higher frequency as an auxiliary than as a main verb; vergokt as past participle fits in perfectly with this interpretation, which furthermore satisfies the powerful parsing principle known as Right Association (also called Late Closure or Recency; cf. Kempen, 1996). Sentence (2), however, has no—or a very weak—garden-path character, presumably because verliest is interpretable as a finite verb only. It differs from the past participle verloren in both spelling and pronunciation. Sentence (3) illustrates an intermediate case: verspeelt (whose meaning is similar to that of vergokt) is phonologically identical to, but orthographically distinct from the past particple verspeeld. (The -d suffix is pronounced /t/, due to final devoicing.)   Sentences (4) and (5), with main verbs verkwist and verwedt are similar to (1) and (3), respectively, but have a different morphological status. verkwist results from verkwist-t as a consequence of degemination of word-final consonants. This makes it unclear whether the final -t belongs to the stem or constitutes a suffix (inlike the -t in vergokt, which must be the suffix). In verwedt, the final -t plays an unambiguous suffixal role—like in verspeelt. The homophonous past participle verwed results from verwed-d by degemination, rendering the status of the final -d unclear. As a consequence, the relationship between verwedt and verwed differs from that between verspeelt and verspeeld: the members of the latter pair both have an explicit suffix; in the former pair, only one member is suffixed explicitly.  Using sentence materials as exemplified by (1)-(5), we have explored the question posed in the title of this paper. If readers and spellers have learned to exploit the orthographic difference between homophonic verb endings, sentences like (3) and (5) (with verspeelt/verspeeld or verwedt/verwed) are predicted to cause milder garden-path effects than sentences like (1) and (4) (with vergokt or verkwist) -- if the readers are garden-pathed at all. No garden-pathing is predicted for sentences of type (2).  Method For each of the sentences types exemplified by (1)-(5), we prepared three additional variants. For instance, the set that includes sentence (1) is the following:     3    I1 F C-   Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had vergokt nu zijn laatste centen.    I1 F C+  Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had, vergokt nu zijn laatste centen.    I1 P C-   Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had vergokt spendeert nu zijn laatste centen.    I1 P C+  Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen had vergokt, spendeert nu zijn laatste centen.  The symbols preceding the examples are explained in Table I. The C+ variants were introduced in order to obtain an estimate of the garden-path effect. We reasoned that a comma clearly marks the transition from the relative clause to the main clause, thereby removing the ambiguity (if any) created by a verb form. The P-variants enabled us to verify that the past participle interpretation is indeed preferred. (The P-versions contain a third verb that is unambiguously finite; in example (1), this is the verb spenderen, to spend.)   Table I. Experimental conditions of the experiment and their abbreviations. The symbols I1 and H1 denote verbs which undergo degemination in either the finite verb (F) or the past participle (P) forms, or both.  =======================================================================     Comma         Verb Type      Finite Verb (F)     Past Participle (P)  -----------------------------------------------------------------------                Identical   I1     had verkwist          had verkwist                            I2     had vergokt           had vergokt  Absent (C-)   Homophonous H1     had verwedt           had verwed                            H2     had verspeelt         had verspeeld                Different   D      had verliest          had verloren  ----------------------------------------------------------------------                Identical   I1     had, verkwist         had verkwist,                            I2     had, vergokt          had vergokt,  Present (C+)  Homophonous H1     had, verwedt          had verwed,                            H2     had, verspeelt        had verspeeld,                Different   D      had, verliest         had verloren,  -----------------------------------------------------------------------   We prepared 8 sentence quartets for each of the types I1, I2, H1 and H2, and 16 quartets for type D. Each of the participants (20 students of Leiden University who had been screened for their mastery of the verb spelling in Dutch) read one member of each these 48 quartets. The sentences were presented in quasi-random order, intermingled with 32 filler sentences of varying syntactic structure. At varying intervals, the participant had to answer a yes/no question about one of the recently presented sentences.   4 Results The eye-movements during reading these sentences were registered by a Generation 5.5 Dual-Purkinje-Image eye-tracker. The data relevant for present purposes are the reading times (RT) for the 'ambiguous' (AMB) and 'disambiguating' (DIS) regions in the experimental sentences. These regions were defined as follows:                                                 AMB          DIS                                             ------------   ------- Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen / had, vergokt / nu zijn / laatste centen.                                                  AMB           DIS                                             ------------   ------------ Die baron die vorig jaar nog een vermogen / had vergokt, / spendeert nu / zijn laatste centen.  Table II. Estimates of the garden-path effect in the F- and P-variants of the five sentence types.  The numbers are difference scores (milliseconds) computed by subtracting C+ RTs from C- RTs. ===============================================================  Region       Sentence type      Total Gaze        First Gaze                 F       P          F     P           F     P ---------------------------------------------------------------           I1 VERGOKT/VERGOKT      123    36          33    11           I2 VERKWIST/VERKWIST    168    16          41    23    AMB    H1 VERWEDT/VERWED       115    47          29     4           H2 VERSPEELT/VERSPEELD  224    35          61     1           D  VERLIEST/VERLOREN     67    12          24    13 ---------------------------------------------------------------           I1 VERGOKT/VERGOKT      128    59          42    17           I2 VERKWIST/VERKWIST    108    20          64    14    DIS    H1 VERWEDT/VERWED        86    92         -32    62           H2 VERSPEELT/VERSPEELD   86    50           5    21           D  VERLIEST/VERLOREN     21    18          -7    16 ---------------------------------------------------------------   For each of the five sentence types, and for the F- as well as the P-versions, we obtained an estimate of the garden-path effect by subtracting the RTs in the 'easy' C+ condition from the 'difficult' C- condition. Table II presents the resulting difference scores for both regions, divided into 'First Gaze' scores and 'Total Gaze' scores. The First Gaze RT for a region starts at the first fixation within that region and stops when a position outside that region is fixated. That is, regressions into that region are not taken into account. The Total Gaze RT does include regressions and measures the total time spent in the region. (For details, see Konieczny et al., 1995.)   Leaving details of the statistical analyses aside (but see Kooij, 1997) we point out three remarkable outcomes. To begin with, the readers are hardly garden-pathed by the P-variants of the I1- and I2-sentences,  5 whereas the F-versions of these sentence types cause a great deal of trouble. This pattern is already already discernible in the First Gaze scores. On the other hand, D-type sentences hardly cause a garden-path effect. Both observations confirm our a priori expectations. Secondly, H2-type sentences in general behave very much like their I1- and I2-type counterparts. This phenomenon entails a negative answer to the title question: the orthographic but homophonic distinction between verb forms like verspeelt and verspeeld does not at all facilitate morpho-syntactic analysis. In the ambiguous region, the F-versions of this sentence type are even responsible for the largest garden-path effect of all (224 ms). Thirdly, type-H1 sentences cause a relatively mild garden-path effect. In the DISambiguating region there is no garden-oath effect at all! It follows that H1 verb forms like verwedt and verwed are indeed intermediate between fully identical F- and P-forms (vergokt/vergokt) and those which differ both in sound and image (verliest/verloren).  Discussion The most salient finding of this study is the split between two types of homophonic but non-homographic inflectional cues. A verb form like verwedt is easily recognized as a finite verb, implying a positive answer to the title question. On the other hand, readers are troubled by forms such as verspeelt, which entails a negative answer. This split appears reliable: we have observed it in two pilot studies with a self-paced reading task (Evenblij, 1995; Kooij, 1996). However, it was not observed by Van Heuven (1978, 1991; see also Tismeer, 1994), who arrived at an overall negative answer to the title question: visible but inaudible spelling cues do not guide the parsing process, neither in type-Hl nor in type-H2 verb forms. On the other hand, Brysbaert (1996) found that readers quickly recognize verb forms like wiedden (of wieden, to weed) and roestten (of roesten, to rust) as past-tense forms, despite the homophony with the present-tense forms (and with the infinitives).  A possible explanation for the discrepancy between Van Heuven’s data on one hand and Brysbaert's and ours on the other may have to do with task differences. In Van Heuven's experiments, the subjects had to read the sentences aloud. Moreover, the sentences were presented in capital letters without any punctuation. This may have rendered audible cues much more salient than in normal silent reading, causing the parsing process to rely on them rather than on the—somewhat degraded—visible cues. (Brysbaert used a self-paced silent reading task.)   We conclude by suggesting an explanation for the Hl versus H2 split. It capitalizes on the fact that spelling patterns such as -iedd-, -stt-, and word-final -dt only occur in polymorphemic words. For instance,   -stt- indicates past-tense formation (roestten) or composition (feesttent, party tent). Such spelling patterns perhaps trigger morpho-syntactic analyzers more directly than spelling patterns that occur in mono- as well as in polymorphemic words. (The latter is true of the word-final patterns in type-H2 forms.) We intend to follow up this suggestion in future eye-tracking studies.      6 References Brysbaert, M. (1996). Sentence reading: Do we make use of non-audible cues? Manuscript, Catholic University of Louvain. Evenblij, J. (1995). The utilization of d/t verb suffixes during reading and parsing Dutch sentences. M.A. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Leiden University. Heuven, V. van (l978). Spelling en lezen: hoe tragisch zijn de werkwoordsvormen? Assen: Van Gorcum. Heuven, V. van (1991). Invloeden.van spelling op het lezen. In: Bennis, H. , Neijt, A. & Santen, A. van (Red.), De groene spelling. Amsterdam: Bakker. Kempen, G. (1995). Computational models of syntactic processing in human language comprehension. In: Dijkstra, T. & De snedt, K. (Eds.), Computational psycholinguistics: symbolic and subsymbolic models of language processing. London: Taylor & Francis. Konieczny, L., Hemforth, B., Scheepers, C. & Strube, G. (1995). PP-attachment in German: Results from eye movement studies. In: Findlay, J.M., Walker, R., & Kentridge, R. (Eds.), Eye movement research: Mechanisms, processes and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Kooij, A. (1996). Het gebruik van de werkwoordelijke d/t uitgangen tijdens lezen. Internal Report, Department of Psychology, Leiden University. Kooij, A. (1997). Helpt de werkwoordspelling de lezer bij het herkennen van zinsstructuur? Een oogbewegingsstudie. M.A. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Leiden University. Tismeer, L. (1984). Effecten van verklankbaarheid van geschreven verschillen tussen werkwoordsuitgangen bij hardop- en stillezen. M.A. Thesis, Linguistics Department, Leiden Universitv. 

Do skilled readers exploit inflectional spelling cues that do not mirror pronunciation? An eye movement study of morpho-syntactic parsing in Dutch

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