Amino acid pattern in total saliva was studied in 43 children with caries, aged 12-15 years, using the method of ion exchange cromatography. The results were compared to those obtained in a
control group of 39 children without caries. In saliva from the children with caries, a significantly lower level of arginine (2 2 . 0 2 fxmol/l), and a complete lack of histidine and its derivatives were observed when compared to the control group, where the concentrations of arginine and 1-methylhistidine were 28.36 and 26.34/mmol/1, respectively. The results obtained suggested that a decreased concentration of arginine, and a lack of histidine and its derviatives might imply an increased risk of caries.Istraživan je aminokiselinski profil ukupne sline u 43 djece s karijesom u dobi od 12—15 godina metodom kromatografije na ionskom izmjenjivaču. Dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni su s rezultatima kontrolne skupine od 39 djece bez karijesa. U slini djece s karijesom nađeno je značajno manje arginina (2 2 . 0 2 fimolll) i potpun nedostatak histidina i njegovih derivata u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu, gdje je koncentracija arginina bila 28.36 /imol/1, a 1-metilhistidinu koncentraciji od 26.34 mmol/l. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata moglo bi se zaključiti da smanjena koncentracija arginina i nedostatak histidina, kao i njegovih derivata, ukazuje na povećani rizik prema karijesu

Ljubica Vranić

Paula Granić

Zdravko Rajić

English

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Basic amino acid in the pathogenesis of cariesBazične amino kiseline sline u patogenezi karijesaSummaryAmino acid pattern in total saliva was studied in 43 children with caries, aged 12-15 years, using the method o f ion exchange cromatography. The results were compared to those obtained in a control group o f 39 children without caries. In saliva from the children with caries, a significantly lower level o f arginine (2 2 . 0 2  fxmol/l), and a complete lack o f histidine and its derivatives were observed when compared to the control group, where the concentra­tions of arginine and 1-methylhistidine were 28.36 and 26.34/mmol/1, respectively. The results obtained suggested that a decreased concen­tration o f arginine, and a lack o f histidine and its derviatives might imply an increased risk o f caries.Key words: amino acids, cariesLjubica Vranić Paula Granić* Zdravko Rajić**Siget Health Centar, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Rebro Clinical Hospital Center, Zagreb Unit of Children’s and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Zagreb.Acta Stomatologica Croatica 1991; 25:71-76ORIGINAL PAPERUDK 616.314-002-02 CODEN: ASCRBK JUISSN: 0001-7019 Received: 16. may 1990. Accepted: 3. june 1991.IntroductionSaliva as an immediate environment of the teeth is believed to play quite a significant role in the pathogenesis of caries. Caries is a function of two indivisible variables, enamel and nature of its environment. Dental enamel is an active surface, where physico-chemical processes of de­mineralization and remineralization proceed con- tinuosly depending on changes in salivary pH. On the one hand, the above mentioned processes can be designated as a cariogenic risk, and on the other, they appear to support the theory on tissue biologic adaptation in dependance of fre­quency and duration of exposure (1 ).Only a few studies on the spectrum of free amino acids in saliva have apeared in literature to date, with different results reported. Initial studies were carried out by Kirch et al. (2), followed by Kesel et al. (3), and Battistone and Burnet (4). Jenkins (5) has identified 18 aminoacids, 9 of them regularly present, and the others found occasionally. Liappis and Hildebrand (6 ) determined free amino acids in saliva in relation to caries, but did not find any significant quali­tative or quantitative differences in the concen­trations of individual free amino acids. A study of qualitative content of free amino acids in saliva of children with caries and in saliva of children with phenylketonuria, however, in whom a low incidence of caries was observed, has revealed significant differences in the pattern of free amino acids (7).Divergencies of the results obtained so far might be attributed to both the way of sampling and use of different methods of free amino acid determination in saliva. The present study was conducted under standardized and controlled conditions, employing a reliable method of iden­tification and quantification of free amino acids in saliva of children with and without caries.Acta Stomatol. Croat., Vol. 25, br. 2, 1991. 71.j. Vranić et. al. Aminoacides and CariesMaterial and methodsSubjectsFree amino acids were studied in saliva of 43 children with caries and 39 caries-free children iged 12—15 years. At this age, tooth exchange akes place, enamel maturation has not yet been completed and thus the teeth are susceptible to ;aries in a cariogenic environment.SamplingNative nonstimulated saliva of the subgingival egion was examined. Salivary samples were col- ected between 7.30 and 9.30 a.m., after meal ind oral hygiene. Study subjects were sitting vith the head thrown backward, their mouth lightly open. The saliva collected from the oral :avity bed was transferred into sterile test tubes >y an injection syringe and stored at —20°C until )iochemical analysis, to inactivate bacteria and ysosomal enzymes degrading the saliva organic onstituents. The time required for sampling was5—10 min, and the amount of saliva 5—-10 ml.\dethodQuantitative analysis of amino acids was car- ied out on a Beckmann 118 CL analyzer by on exchange chromatography (Figure 1) (8 ). Sa- ivary samples were first deproteinized with 50100Figure 1. Chromatogram o f Salivary Amino Acids Slika 1. Kromatogram aminokiselina slinemg of sulfosalicylic acid and centrifuged for 1 0  min at 3000 rpm. The supernatant was diluted with appropriate buffer and injected into the column. Three different buffers were employed: pH 2.83, pH 3.70 and pH 3.75, to separate acidic, neutral and basic amino acids. Then, identification and quantification of individual amino acids were performed.For each group of subjects, the basic statistics was done on a Hewlett Packard 85 computer. Student’s t-test was used to compare the mean values of particular parameters, and statistical significance calculated at the levels of p < 0.05 and p <  0 .0 0 1 .ResultsResults of the quantitative analysis of salivary amino acids in children with caries indicated the majority of amino acids belonged to the below listed ones, in order of decreasing concentra­tions: glutamine, proline, glycine and taurine (Table 1, Figure 2). Mean values between 20 and 32 /xmol/1 were recorded for alanine, serine, glutamic acid, arginine, tyrosine and phenylala­nine. The greatest range of amino acid concen­trations was observed for glutamine, proline and glycine, with highest values of 257 and 106.90 /xmol/1. Highest median values were found in the same amino acids, with the exception ofmm Acta Stomatol. Croat., Vol. 25, br. 2, 1991.Lj. Vranić et. al. Aminoacides and CariesTable 1. Amino Acid Concentrations in the Children with CariesTablica 1. Koncentracija amino kiselina u slini djece s karijesom (/rniol/1)n = 43 X ± 1 sRa n g e  From To XPhosposerine 14,12 5,03 8,00 20,00 15,10Taurine 50,22 21,97 29,00 85,00 50,00Aspartic acid 15,56 20,62 0,50 50,30 9,30Threonine 9,72 6,50 0,50 16,00 9,20Serine 31,66 30,66 10,50 83,60 16,00Glutamine 83,34 97,17 33,00 257,00 41,00Proline 64,96 79,16 21,60 205,70 27,50Glutamin acid 27,40 25,86 14,20 73,60 17,20Citrulline 14,08 17,17 4,30 44,70 7,10Glycine 61,06 27,28 35,70 106,90 51,70Alanine 32,86 13,95 23,20 56,40 25,20Valine 12,62 10,82 5,80 31,80 8,10Isoleucine 7,22 11,42 0,50 27,40 2,90Leucine 11,86 14,73 0,50 37,70 6,90Tyrosine 20,44 14,62 12,00 46,50 15,00Phenylalanine 20,30 21,80 8,10 59,20 11,60Ornithine 9,34 2,53 6,60 12,10 8,60Arginine 22,02 4,17 15,60 26,40 23,70Table 2. Amino Acid Concentrations in the Saliva o f Caries-free Children Tablica 2. Koncentracija aminokiselina u slini djece bez karijesa (/miol/1)n = 39 X ± 1 sRa n g e  From To XPhosposerine 21,24 14,49 9,40 45,70 19,80Taurine 54,96 29,53 36,50 105,00 42,70Aspartic acid 5,30 6,57 0,50 12,30 0,50Threonine 16,30 7,33 7,20 25,60 18,80Serine 25,68 9,04 18,20 41,00 24,50Glutamine 55,40 20,73 37,50 81,80 46,70Proline 68,98 35,14 36,80 112,50 51,50Glutamin acid 28,42 13,77 21,00 52,90 22,00Citrulline 8,74 5,11 4,10 16,70 6,30Glycine 89,80 44,97 45,90 151,30 65,50Alanine 37,64 19,77 26,90 72,90 29,80Valine 5,14 4,57 2,20 13,00 3,90Isoleucine 4,54 2,63 0,50 7,50 5,0Leucine 9,72 3,28 6,90 15,00 9,60Tyrosine 19,54 11,35 11,90 38,40 12,90Phenylalanine 11,58 0,82 10,80 12,60 11,30Ornithine 23,52 23,03 5,40 61,80 15,301-Methylhistidine 26,34 10,64 17,00 44,40 23,10Arginine 28,36 8,91 19,20 40,80 30,10taurine, its median being 50 /xmol/1, the same being also valid for the mean value of this amino acid.In the saliva of caries-free children, the majo­rity of amino acids in order of their concentra­tions belonged to glycine, proline, glutamine and taurine. Mean values between 21.00 and 47fjimol/ 1  were measured for phosphoserine, ornit­hine, serine, methylhistidine, arginine, glutamic acid and alanine. The greatest concentration range was recorded for glycine, proline, taurine and ornithine, with highest values of 151.20 and 105.10/xmol/l. These amino acids also had the highest median and mean values.Acta Stomatol. Croat., Vol. 25, br. 2, 1991. mm 73Lj. Vranić et. al. Aminoacides and Cariespm ol  /  l 120 -  110 100 90 &070 H 60 50 -  40 30 20 10 - Ü □AüUUüPser Tau Asp Thr Ser Gin Pro Glu Cit Gly Ala Val Ile  Leu Tyr Rhe Orn ArgFigure 2. Amino Acid Concentrations in the Saliva o f Children with Caries Slika 2. Koncentracija aminokiselina u slini djece s karijesom/Umol / I  130 - 120  -  110 -Figure 3. Amino Acid Concentrations in the Saliva o f Caries-free Children Slika 3. Koncentracija aminokiselina u slini djece bez karijesaActa Stomatol. Croat., Vol. 25, br. 2, 1991.Lj. Vranić et. al. Aminoacides and CariesDiscussionResults of this study showed acetic and neutral amino acids to predominate in saliva of the chil­dren with caries, whereas in saliva of the caries- free children the acetic amino acids glutamine and aspartic acids were present in considerably lower concentrations. In saliva of the children with caries, higher concentrations of asparagine, glutamine, valine and phenylalanine, and lower concentrations of threonine, ornithine and argi­nine were found. An absolute lack of histidine and its derivatives was observed, which is in part consistent with the findings of Wandelt, who found inceased amounts of aspartic and glu­tamic acids, suggesting that chelation, i.e. forma­tion of metal complexes with amino acids, may have led to initial lesion and secondary to de­struction of the organic matrix by the action of proteolytic bacteria (9).In this study, no statistically significant diffe­rences were observed in the amount of amino acids secreted in the saliva of children with ca­ries, as compared to the results obtained in the saliva of caries-free children (p >  0.05). This is consistent with the study of Liappis and Hilde- brandt, who have not found any significant qua­litative or quantitative differences in the concen­trations of individual amino acids in a sample of 33 children with and 32 children without caries (6 ). The present study, however, revealed diffe­rences in the amino acid pattern. Thus, in the saliva of children without caries the concentra­tion of arginine and its range were higher than in the group of children with caries, although the difference was not statistically significant. Another difference was brought about by the addition of the basic amino acid, 1 -methylhisti­dine, to the spectrum of free amino acids, obser­ved in the saliva of healthy children, which did not occur in the saliva of children with caries. Arginine and histidine are conditionally conside­red essential amino acids in childhood, because of increaed requirements or diminished synthesis needed for nitrogen balance maintenance. The­refore, their intake in nutrition is very important (10). Later in life, histidine also plays an impor­tant role in the composition of many proteins, due to its imidazole group contributing to the buffering capacity of plasma proteins and reac­tion at the catalytic sites of a number of enzy­mes.Basic amino acids arginine and lysine improve calcium absorption by the formation of soluble complexes with calcium that maintain calcium in an absorbent form (5). This feature of basic amino acids might be important during the pe­riod of posteruptive enamel maturation, which greatley depends on the immediate tooth envi­ronment, i.e. saliva. Immediately after eruption and during the first 14 days to 2 years following tooth eruption in particular, the final incorpora­tion of minerals into the enamel occurs, the so-called enamel maturation. Pre-eruptive mine­ralization an posteruptive maturation will deter­mine the quality of dental tissues for the whole period of tooth life, i.e. susceptibility or resi­stance to caries and action of environmental fac­tors.The results obtained in this study of the sali­vary amino acid pattern in children with caries pointed to a conclusion that a decreased concen­tration of arginine and the lack of histidine could be considered an increased risk of caries.BAZIČNE AMINO KISELINE U PATOGENEZI KARIJESA SažetakIstraživan je aminokiselinski profil ukupne sline u 43 djece s karijesom u dobi od 12—15 godina metodom kromatografije na ionskom izmjenjivaču. Dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni su s rezultatima kontrolne skupine od 39 djece bez karijesa. U slini djece s karijesom nađeno je značajno manje arginina (2 2 . 0 2  fimolll) i potpun nedo­statak histidina i njegovih derivata u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu, gdje je koncentracija arginina bila 28.36 /imol/1, a 1-metilhistidinAddress for correspondence: Adresa autora:Ljubica Vranić Siget health center Aleja pomoraca bb YU -  41000 ZagrebActa Stomatol. Croat., Vol. 25, br. 2, 1991. mm 75Lj. Vranić et. al. Aminoacides and Cariesu koncentraciji od 26.34 /mmol/l. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata moglo bi se zaključiti da smanjena koncentracija arginina i nedosta­tak histidina, kao i njegovih derivata, ukazuje na povećani rizik prema karijesu.Ključne riječi: amino kiseline, karijesReferences1. KOLODRIDES, T., CAMERON, M.: Enamel remi­neralization as a factor in the pathogenesis of dental caries. J. Oral Pathol. 255-269, 1980.2. KIRCH, E. R., KESEL, R. G., O’DONNELL, J. F., WACH, E. C.: Amino acids in human saliva. J. Dent. Res. 26:279-301, 1947.3. Kesel, R. G., O’DONNELL, J. F., KIRCH, E. R., WACH, E. C.: Amino acids and their deaminating systems present in human saliva. Am. J. Orthodont. 33:68-97, 1947.4. BATTISTORN, G. C., BURNETT, G. W.: The free amino acid composition of human saliva. Oral. Biol. 3:161-170, 1961.5. JENKINS, G. N.: Current concepts concerning the development of dental caries. Int. Dent. J. 22:350, 1972.6. LIAPPIS, N.,. HILDEBRAND, F.: Freie Amino- säuern Gesamtspeichl gesunder Kinder, Einfluss vor Karies. Zahn-Mund-Kieferheilkunde Bd. 70:829—835,1982.7. VRANIĆ, LJ., RAJIĆ, Z., ČVORIŠĆEC, D., GRA­NIĆ, P., MARDEŠIĆ, D., ZANINOVIĆ, M., DE- VERNAY, Z.: Changes in the composition of salivary amino acids, proteins and enzymes in children with phenylketonuria. Acta. Stom. Croat. 1987; 2:87-92.8. TIETZ, N. W.: Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia-Toronto-London, 1976.9. WANDELT S.: Dtsch. Zahnärztl. Z. 15:376, 1960.10. BENDER, D. A.: Amino Acid Metabolism. John Wi­ley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto- Singapore, 1985.? m m i Acta Stomatol. Croat., Vol. 25, br. 2, 1991.

Bazične amino kiseline sline u patogenezi karijesa

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