This paper focuses on the assessment of possibilities to subsidize the purchase and installation of solar collectors in Poland by government or local government grants and special funds designed for this purpose. It analysis of costs and profits resulting from the application of solar installations in the process of heat generation for household requirements, by calculating the payback time, with taking into account prices of other energy carriers and the above mentioned subsidies. Collectors at present are manufactured solely from metals (copper, aluminium, Al-Mg alloys). The use of these materials is tied to considerable energy demand and the production technology is complex. This affects the economy of running a solar device.Članak je usmjeren na procjenu mogućnosti novčane potpore nabavke instalacija solarnih kolektora u Poljskoj od vlade ili lokalnih pokrovitelja te posebni fondovi utemeljeni u tu svrhu. Analizirani su troškovi i dobit kao rezultat primjene solarnih instalacija u procesima zagrijavanja po zahtjevima, proračuna povratka investicije, uzimajući u obzir cijene računa ostalih, tj. više drugih usporednih energija. Sadašnji kolektori ustrojeni su od metala (bakra, aluminija, Al-Mg legure). Rabljenje ovih materijala je u svezi energetskim zahtjevima i proizvodnom tehnologijom. Utjecaji ekonomije ovisni su o solarnim uređajima

E. Weiss

J. Naščáková

L. Mixtaj

M. Zawada

R. Weiss

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361METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 3, 361-364L. MIXTAJ, J. NAŠČÁKOVÁ, E. WEISS, R. WEISS, M. ZAWADAEVALUATION OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT FOR PROPOSED USE OF SOLAR SYSTEMS IN POLANDReceived – Prispjelo: 2011-09-21Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2011-12-20Review Paper – Pregledni radISSN 0543-5846METABK 51(3) 361-364 (2012)UDC – UDK 669.188:669.041:628:515:622.81=111This paper focuses on the assessment of possibilities to subsidize the purchase and installation of solar collectors in Poland by government or local government grants and special funds designed for this purpose. It analysis of costs and profi ts resulting from the application of solar installations in the process of heat generation for household re-quirements, by calculating the payback time, with taking into account prices of other energy carriers and the above mentioned subsidies. Collectors at present are manufactured solely from metals (copper, aluminium, Al-Mg alloys). The use of these materials is tied to considerable energy demand and the production technology is complex. This aff ects the economy of running a solar device.Key words: renewable energy, solar energy, Poland, payback period, cost savings.Procjena povratka investicija za predloženo rabljenje solarnih sustava u Poljskoj. Članak je usmjeren na procjenu mogućnosti novčane potpore nabavke instalacija solarnih kolektora u Poljskoj od vlade ili lokalnih pokro-vitelja te posebni fondovi utemeljeni u tu svrhu. Analizirani su troškovi i dobit kao rezultat primjene solarnih insta-lacija u procesima zagrijavanja po zahtjevima, proračuna povratka investicije, uzimajući u obzir cijene računa ostalih, tj. više drugih usporednih energija. Sadašnji kolektori ustrojeni su od metala (bakra, aluminija, Al-Mg legure). Rab-ljenje ovih materijala je u svezi energetskim zahtjevima i proizvodnom tehnologijom. Utjecaji ekonomije ovisni su o solarnim uređajima.Ključne riječi: obnovljiva energija, solarna energija, Poljska, termin povratka ulaganja, uštede troškova. INTRODUCTION Energy plays an important role in our lives. Accord-ing to several experts, without changing the way we use fuel-energy resources it is not possible to ensure sus-tainable development of society [1].Solar energy-situation abroadThe largest share of solar energy per inhabitant is currently in Cyprus, where up to 90 % of residential buildings have solar collectors installed. In 2010 the government of Czech Republic passed the law on supporting renewable energy, in which pho-tovoltaic will lose support in 2011. This amendment re-sponded to continuous and uncontrolled development in the construction of solar power plants [2]. The world´s largest photovoltaic (PV) solar plant open in Southern Spain With an installed peak power of 23 MW (updated), the solar park at Jumilla, Murcia (Southeastern Spain) is the world’s current highest ca-pacity PV plant and the most effi cient to-date [3].L. Mixtaj, Faculty BERG, TU Košice, Slovakia,J. Naščáková, UE Bratislava, Faculty of Business Economics in Košice, Slovakia,E. Weiss, Faculty BERG, TU Košice, Slovakia,R. Weiss, Faculty BERG, TU Košice, Slovakia,M. Zawada, Faculty of Management, Czestochowa UT, Poland.Subsidies for the solar collectors in Poland•   On June 17 2010 the Board of the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management signed agreements with six banks, launching a pro-gram of subsidies to bank loans for the purchase and installation of solar collectors. It means that subsi-dized loans will be available in 4,5 thousand banks establishments all over Poland [4].For natural persons and housing communities, not connected to the district heating system, the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Manage-ment offers, through the banks, 45 % subsidies to the purchase and installation of solar collectors used for us-able water heating. The subsidies include loans for the purchase and installation of solar collectors as well as equipment required for their proper functioning. The of-fered budget of subsidies to partial repayments of bank loans designed for the purchase and installation of solar collectors for natural persons and housing communities for a period. The table 1 shows scheduled and planned subsidy of goverment from 2010 to 2014  [5].Eco Fund offers subsidies to the installation and purchase of vacuum and fl at solar systems. Applications for the installation of solar collectors can be submitted by the owners of ready-to-use private houses or houses which are still under construction. The subsidized amount is 252 € for one square meter of the solar sys-362  METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 3, 361-364L. MIXTAJ et al.: EVALUATION OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT FOR PROPOSED USE OF SOLAR SYSTEMS IN POLANDtem, but it cannot exceed 40% of the investment. How-ever the amount of subsidies shouldn’t be lower than 12 581 €, so the sunlight absorbing surface should not be less than 50 m2 . An annual limit of resources for the installation of solar collector projects amounts to 2 516 166 € (for 10 000 m2 / year) in EcoFund [6].Expenses involved in the production of solar collec-tors can be partially fi nanced by the Agency for Restruc-turing and Modernization of Agriculture within the framework of the following measures constituting part of the Rural Area Development Program for 2007 – 2013:•  Measure 123  Adding value to agricultural and for-estry products •  Measure 312 Creation and development of micro enterprises•  Measure 121 Modernization of farms.However it should be noted that the investment will be subsidized only when the collector is used in accord-ance with the purpose of the supported operation. Sub-sidies for farmers are fi nanced from the Agency for Re-structuring and Modernization of Agriculture, which covers up to half of the total costs involved in the pur-chase and installation of necessary equipment. Recom-mended systemic instruments supporting solar power engineering are based on existing experience (for exam-ple: investment subsidies), and they comply with the legal conditions and requirements specifi ed in the Di-rective 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of en-ergy from renewable sources. Furthermore these instru-ments correspond with the proposals of the Ministry of Economy, included in the project „Polish Energy Policy till 2030”. They also refer to support systems which have been successfully applied to promote green elec-tricity and biofuels in Poland, but never to support the „green heat” idea [7].CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Meteorological conditions in Poland are character-ized by an uneven distribution of solar radiation in the annual cycle. 80 % of the total annual insolation falls on six months of the spring and summer season (from the beginning of April to the end of September). Time of the solar activity in winter is shortened to 8 hours a day, and in summer this time amounts to as many as 16 hours a day.A characteristic feature is a signifi cant participation of diffused radiation in the total radiation. It exceed 50 % in the annual scale, and during the four winter months (November – February) it amounts to 65-73 %. The an-nual solar radiation density on the horizontal plane ranges from 950 to 1 250  kWh/m2. Many years of anal-yses have proved that the highest values of the solar radiation fl ux occur in the Baltic area and in the eastern part of Poland. Total annual average insolation amounts to 1 600 hours [8].COSTS AND PROFITSThe initial investment of selected collector TS 300 is its purchase. Based on the assessment of technical-op-erational parameters of commercially produced and available collectors on the market can be concluded that currently manufactured collectors are solely based on a metal base, while in the construction of the absorber are mainly used metals with high thermal conductivity: copper and aluminum. The usage of metallic materials is associated with a considerable degree of energy and technology intensity production, refl ecting into the price of the equipment. In terms of design solutions to manu-facturers of specifi c products resulting from concepts, high thermal conductivity of metal elements plays an important role, which can be negatively refl ected in in-creased rates of energy losses of body collector due to the possibility of unwanted thermal bridges existence, which is immediately refl ected in the nature of heat bal-ance of the collector and then in the economic effi ciency of the whole solar equipment operation as a comprehen-sive energy system. The costs of metallic construction collector elements such as copper respectively alumi-num absorber with the piping elements and collector metal bath, which is mostly made of Al-Mg alloys have a signifi cant share on cost structure of individual struc-tural elements of standard solar collector [9].Total costs incurred for the purchase and usage of solar installations consist of investment outlays - on av-erage 503 € to 1 007 € per one square meter of the solar collector area (in case of a four-person family the total costs amount to 2 013-4 026 €) and operation costs (costs connected with the operation of the circulating pump of about 10 €/year and periodic maintenance and refi lling of the working factor - an amount of 50-76 € once every few years). Apart from the thermal parame-ters of the collector, the amount of the solar yield is also affected by: location, hot water demand profi le, position of the collector against the directions of the world, its inclination, insulation thickness, fl ow of the passing heating factor, size of the heat accumulator, and as-sumed level of demand coverage.In the economic assessing of the systems it is neces-sary to know the investment costs, operating costs and payback period of the investment. When calculating the economic profi tability index values, one should take into account trends in the fuel and energy market. For Table 1  The total of scheduled and planned subsidy from the government [5]ScheduledPaymentsinYear Total[EUR]2010 2011 2012 2013-20142010 1 057 - - - 1 0572011 4 215 12 342 - - 16 5572012 - 5 058 21 211 - 26 2692013 - - 6 441 8 555 14 9962014 - - - 12 581 12 5812015 - - - 4 026 4 026Total 5 272 17 400 27 652 25 162 75 486363METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 3, 361-364L. MIXTAJ et al.: EVALUATION OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT FOR PROPOSED USE OF SOLAR SYSTEMS IN POLANDmany years in the EU, and especially in Poland, one has seen a regular increase in the conventional energy prices In the years 2000-2009 average fuel and energy prices increased by about 85 %, while the highest price in-crease concerned the natural gas (over 160 %) and elec-tric energy (over 90 %). Midyear fuel and energy price growth rate in the years 2000-2009 was over 7 % and it was much higher than the average infl ation rate. It should also be remembered that energy prices in Poland are still lower than the prices in the EU, and the dispro-portions will be systematically leveled.Economic profi tability calculations can be per-formed with the help of available performance calcula-tors (for example: www.inwestujwkolektory.pl) or pro-grams for a selection of solar installations, solar yield calculation and heat demand coverage (www.kolek to-rek.pl). The following two Tables 2, 3 present such a comparison [10].CONCLUSIONTo conclude, it must be pointed out that solar instal-lations are in many cases economically viable. The pay-back time is shorter than the product lifetime, and the cost of energy unit generated by the collector is lower than the cost of energy generated by conventional heat sources. The cost-effectiveness depends mainly on the type of the basic heating system. The most profi table installations are those in which electricity is the main source of heating, whereas the least profi table ones are those based on coal or wood (also in case of mains heat-ing). What also matters is the type of solar collectors, their application, applied technical solutions, quality of workmanship and installation assembly. An important element that should be taken into account while calcu-lating the payback time is dynamics of the fossil fuel prices. It illustrates an actual return on solar collector installations, which is not as low as the skeptics say. On the other hand, profi tability of the solar collectors is rarely as high as claimed by enthusiastic declarations of the majority of retail offers, even when we take into ac-count the received fi nancial support in the form of sub-sidies. AcknowledgmentThe paper was written within the project SEE/A/037/2.4/X - „ENER SUPPLY - Energy Effi ciency and Renewables - Supporting Policies in Local level for Energy and the project VEGA 1/0339/10  „Economic growth and it´s limits factors – The proposal of a new economics aims and a life quality indicators for the cre-ation of common used and new methodology to live quality and sustainable development evaluation in Slo-vak Republic.„REFERENCES[1] M. Pástor, M Budayová, A. Varga, T. Suchý, G. Fedorko: Analysis of alternativ fuel - biomass gasifying at fl uid reactor. In Modern tendencies in the development of ener-gy mining proceedings: 2nd International Symposium Mi-ning energetic 08, 15 - 18. September, Beograd 2008, pp. 333-336[2] Z. Hradílek, T. Šumbera: Reliability and Predictions of Power Supplied by Wind Power Plants. In Proc. of Interna-tional Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Qua-lity (ICREPQ’11) Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain), 13th to 15th April,  2010[3] J. W. Kimball, B. T. Kuhn, R. S. Balog: A System Design Approach for Unattended Solar Energy Harvesting Supply, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 24 (2009), 3-4, 952–962,Table 2  Economic profi tability of investments in solar collectors [10]Type of col-lectorFlat collectorsSolar yield [KWh/(m2 year)]405 435Investment outlays [EUR]3 397 4 227ConventionalsystemEl.energyNaturalgascoal El.energyNaturalgascoalPrice of energycarrierfor kWh 0,11 €for m3 0,5 €for t 132 € for kWh 0,11 €for m3 0,5 €for t 132 € Annual savings [EUR/year]2 84 153 73 289 156 75Return period, without taking into account [years]price increase 12 22 48 15 28 59a 10% priceincrease 8 12 18 10 14 20a 10% price increase and a subsidy of 155 € 7 11 16 8 12 18Table 3 Economic profi tability of investments in solar collectors II [10]Collector area 7 m2 Number of persons using hot water4Investment outlays (629 €/m2)4 403 € Tax scale 18 %Amount of eff ective energy from collectors10,08 GJ/yearsCoverage of demand for hot usable water60 %Subsidy from the Na tional Fund for En vi ronmental Pro-tec tion and Water Manage ment (without taxation)1 982 €45 % of outlaysEff ective subsidy from the  National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management1 625 €36,9 % of outlaysConventional systemPreparation of hot us-able waterelec-trical energynatural gas coalAnnual savings(in the fi rst year)399 € 184  € 98 €Return period, without taking into account price increase [years]12 22 48Investment outlay return period6 years 11 years 17 years364  METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 3, 361-364L. MIXTAJ et al.: EVALUATION OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT FOR PROPOSED USE OF SOLAR SYSTEMS IN POLAND[4] D. Chwieduk: Solar Energy Use for Thermal Application in Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19 (2010), 473-477[5] http://www.nfosigw.gov.pl/srodki-krajowe/zasady-dofi-nansowania-/[6] M. Kwasiborski,: Efektywność ekonomiczna słonecznych systemów grzewczych - Zysk z uzysku, Magazin instalato-ra, Gdansk 2010 [7] S. Golebiowski,  Energia słoneczna w Polsce, www.mura-torplus.pl/technika/ ogrzewanie/energetyka-soneczna-w-polsce_58324.html[8] M. Gryciuk et al, Raport: Wizja rozwoju energetyki słonecznej termicznej w Polsce wraz z planem działań do 2020 r., Warszawa, 2009[9] J. Glova,: Oceňovanie investičných zámerov. Košice, TU EkF, 2009, 161-170[10] http://www.instalator.pl/index.php?option=com_content &viewNote:  The responsible translator for English language is Viera Nemčoková CSc. from TU Košice, Slovakia

Procjena povratka investicija za predloženo rabljenje solarnih sustava u Poljskoj

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