The aim of the article was the presentation of the ecological eff ects achieved in the metallurgical company in Poland after privatization and overall, thorough restructuring. For the need to conduct privatization of the state-owned enterprises and their restricting resulted from the transformation of the national economy. The market system forced the introduction of the changes in the functioning of all the enterprises, among them also the metallurgical enterprises. On the basis of the metallurgical company Ferrum SA (joint-stock company), the producer of the pipes, the road of the company towards the competitiveness is presented. The bases for the comparisons were various ecological aspects. Data from the environment reports of the metallurgical company Ferrum SA were used in order to conduct the analysis.Cilj rada bio je predstavljanje i provedba ekoloških djelovanja u metalurškoj tvrtki u Poljskoj nakon privatizacije i temeljitog restrukturiranja. Provođenje privatizacije državnih poduzeća proizlazi iz transformacije nacionalne ekonomije. Tržišni sustav uvodi prisilne promjene u funkcioniranje svih poduzeća, među njima i metalurških poduzeća. Na osnovi metalurške tvrtke Ferrum SA (dioničko društvo), proizvođača cijevi, prikazan je put kompanije prema kompetitivnosti. Osnove za usporedbu su različiti ekološki aspekti. Podaci iz ekoloških izvješća metalurške tvrtke Ferrum SA koristili su se za provedbu analize

B. Gajdzik

Hrčak - Portal of scientific journals of Croatia

129METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 129-132B. GAJDZIKTHE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISE AFTER PRIVATIZATION AND RESTRUCTURINGReceived – Prispjelo: 2011-02-10Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2011-04-20Review Paper – Pregledni radISSN 0543-5846METABK 51(1) 129-132 (2012)UDC – UDK 65.012.2:669.013.5.004.8/65.01:669.013.5.009.04.502.5=111The aim of the article was the presentation of the ecological eff ects achieved in the metallurgical company in Poland after privatization and overall, thorough restructuring. For the need to conduct privatization of the state-owned enterprises and their restricting resulted from the transformation of the national economy. The market system forced the introduction of the changes in the functioning of all the enterprises, among them also the metallurgical enterprises. On the basis of the metallurgical company Ferrum SA (joint-stock company), the producer of the pipes, the road of the company towards the competitiveness is presented. The bases for the comparisons were various ecological aspects. Data from the environment reports of the metallurgical company Ferrum SA were used in order to conduct the analysis.Key words: ecological eff ects, metallurgical enterprise, restructuring process, cleaner productionEkološka procjena metalurških tvrtki nakon privatizacije i restrukturiranja. Cilj rada bio je predstavljanje i provedba ekoloških djelovanja u metalurškoj tvrtki u Poljskoj nakon privatizacije i temeljitog restrukturiranja. Provođenje privatizacije državnih poduzeća proizlazi iz transformacije nacionalne ekonomije. Tržišni sustav uvodi prisilne promjene u funkcioniranje svih poduzeća, među njima i metalurških poduzeća. Na osnovi metalurške tvrtke Ferrum SA (dioničko društvo), proizvođača cijevi, prikazan je put kompanije prema kompetitivnosti. Osnove za us-poredbu su različiti ekološki aspekti. Podaci iz ekoloških izvješća metalurške tvrtke Ferrum SA koristili su se za provedbu analize.Ključne riječi: ekološki efekt, metalurška tvrtka, procesi restrukturiranja, čista proizvodnjaINTRODUCTIONIn 1989 Poland began the transformation of national economy. A process of thorough and universal changes began in the whole system of economy, that is in all its branches, regions, local economies and particular en-terprises. A whole range of actions was taken in order to save, maintain or improve the business activity of the economic entities [1].The processes of adjustment of the enter prises to the requirements of the market economy were based on the private owner ships and complex restructuring. The recov ery processes in metallurgy sector in Poland be-gan in 1992. The repair restructuring was conducted to avoid the winding-up (the in solvencies) of the compa-nies and to restore the fi nancial liquidity of the enter-prises [2]. The repair processes were conducted to gether with proprietary, legal and organisa tional changes. Privatisa-tion processes of the steelworks in Poland were realised through liquidation procedures, direct privatisation, com-mercialisation, program of National In vestment Funds (in Polish: NFI) and equity method, most frequently with the participa tion of the foreign investors. New economic B. Gajdzik, The Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Katowice, Polandentities were created, which after repair re structuring un-derwent development restruc turing and that allowed them to compete on the global market of metallurgy products. The basis for gaining the advantage in com-petitiveness was the construction of the en terprise value through new strategies of op eration. One of those strate-gies was the strat egy of Cleaner Production (CP) which al lowed for the creation of ecological values category for metallurgical enterprises [3]. A metallurgical enterprise Ferrum SA was a case study here, due to the fact that it imple ments the assumptions of the CP strategy and achieves the measurable ecological effects.THE ROAD OF THE METALLURGI CAL ENTERPRISE TOWARDS OBTAINING THE CLEANER PRODUC TION CERTIFICATEFerrum enterprise had been functioning on the market as Ferrum steelworks up to the year 1995. In 1995 the privatisation process of the steelworks within the Nation-al Invest ment Funds (NFI) was completed. Two eco-nomic entities were created, Ferrum SA(joint-stock com-pany) and Ferrum Weld ing Structures Plant (dependent limited li ability company), both on the basis of the old enterprise assets. The enterprise Ferrum SA, the national leader in the production of the steel pipes used for gas 130  METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 129-132B. GAJDZIK: THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISE AFTER PRIVATIZATION AND RESTRUCTURINGpipelines, water, sewage and many other substances transpor tation, was analysed in this paper. The enter prise produces also metal constructions as well as performs in-ner and outer pipe insula tions. The company produces welded steel pipes, welded tubes with the use of high-fre-quency current, spiral and longitudinal welded pipes. The biggest part of the steel work’s products are steel welded pipes (about 50 % of production) and spiral welded pipes (about 30 %). Longitudinally welded pipes constitute 5-10 % of the whole produc tion. The rest of the production are closed steel sections and large-size containers and cisterns. In the whole pipe industry in Poland this com-pany possesses 40 % share in the market.The process of privatisation was con ducted together with reconstructive activities, such as legal and organi-sational changes (creation of the commercial company), re lating to property (the division of the de pendent lim-ited liability company - Ferrum Welding Structures Plant) and fi nancial (debt reduction and recapitalisation of the enter prise). The restructuring of the employment was an important part of the restructuring changes and was conducted on the basis of Ministry of Economy Regulation concerning the grant for fi nancing the em-ployment re structuring in Iron and Steel Industry- the so-called Steelworks Social Package and due to the company’s assignment to newly formed dependent company. At present, the enter prise employs about 400 workers. Next stage of the changes was operational re-structuring. It meant changes in the production technolo-gies, in the range of the produced products, the initiated marketing activities and the ap plication of new organi-zational-managerial methods and techniques.  In the analysed enterprise the process of thermal cut-ting in the production of welded constructions (the manual operations of laying, laying out and making structure ele ments were replaced with sheet cutting with the use of micro-computer controlled auto matic devic-es) and the assembly line for welding pipes with the use of high-frequency current were modernised (the assort-ment of products on offer was modifi ed and the pipe expander, which was the source of toxicity category 2 waste i.e. scale, was removed). Besides those invest-ments the company has also completed other projects allowing for the achievement of the ecological effects, for example, the post-mining gas was used in the local boiler-room(saving of coal of up to 50 %), the system of water circulation was modifi ed (90 % savings of water). The eco logical and economic effects were a result of Cleaner Production (CP) strategy application. The CP certifi cate was obtained by Ferrum SA in 1996. ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE MET ALLURGICAL ENTERPRISEAssuming that the “restructuring is a growth strategy of enterprise value, which is understood either as assets value or as a value of the possibilities created by those as sets [4] the ecological effects were calculated for the technological investments realised in Ferrum SA and those are one of the constitu ents of the enterprise value. It was assumed in this paper that the value of enter-prise comprises of values of particu lar streams, which are generated by the en terprise in the whole period of its relation ships with the surroundings. The modern un-derstanding of the components of value cate gory is very complex. The category of the enterprise value is the crea-tion of the envi ronment in which it functions [5]. Such value is the combination of market aspect (the value per-ceived by the client) [6], fi nancial aspect (the value per-ceived by investors, stock holders and owners) [7], logis-tics aspect (the value of the supply chain) [8] and eco-logical aspect (dynamic model of the environmental pro-tection). The list of the streams has an open character and results from the complex relations of the enterprise and the surroundings. The higher the value of particular value streams, the higher the value of the enterprise.The concept of ecological value of the manufactur-ing enterprise was created as a result of Cleaner Produc-tion strategy implementation. According to this concept, the companies are motivated by the reduction of the negative infl uence on the environment (lower levels of pollution emissions) and through the rational resource management (saving energy – electricity, thermal ener-gy, water, gas etc.) [9]. With the above mentioned as-sumptions, the analysis of the ecological value of the metallurgical enterprise Ferrum was conducted. It was chosen due to the fact that it was the fi rst enterprises which initiated the realization of the assumptions of CP strategy. The range of analysis was the period between the years 1990-2009. The basis of the research was assumed as the levels of infl uence of the enterprise infl u ence on the environ-ment in the year 1990, which was before privatisation and restruc turing of the company. In order to assess the value category, the data published in envi ronment re-ports of the enterprise were used [10]. All the infl uence values of the enter prise on the environment were recal-culated for 1 ton of averaged production. Particular val-ues were referred to the reference year.  The values of the reference year were pre sented on the diagram as 100 %. The eco logical effects were calculated from the formula: %100e×=toBCW tn %100where: We –  ecological effectiveness index Ctn –  ecological effects in the period tn (n – the follow-ing years included in the analysis) Bto –  reference year (to – year 1 990).The calculated ecological effectiveness indexes in case of pollution emission inform: by what percent val-ue the emission dropped in a tested year, and in case of the use of environment resources: how is the use small-er in the analysed year in comparison to the reference year. 131METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 129-132B. GAJDZIK: THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISE AFTER PRIVATIZATION AND RESTRUCTURINGPOLLUTION EMISSION TO THE ENVIRONMENTFirst category of analysis was the gas and dust emis-sion to the environment. The results of the analysis were presented in Figure 1. In the year 2009, in the category of pollution emission to the atmosphere (gases and dust) the decline of 97,8 % was observed. The highest value of that index, that is 98,3 % was reached in 2008. The lowest value of that index – 62,5 % was observed in 1993. The next category of analysis was the post-produc-tion waste. According to the data from 2009 in refer-ence to the values noted in 1990 the company reduced the amount of the produced waste, reaching the reduc-tion index of 60 %. The highest ecological effect was noted down in 1998 and 1999, which was a 96 % drop. The lowest level of the index was noted down in the year 2008 and it was 60 %. It should be pointed out here, however, that the Polish law concerning waste was subjected to changes and the rage of particular cat-egories of waste was broadened. That is why the variety of the results may be observed on Figure 2. Next category was the created sewage (Figure 3) Also in this category of the infl uence on the environ-ment a drop of 89,6 % was noted down. The highest effectiveness index was reached in 2007 and it was 90 %, the lowest was in 1993 and it was 48 %. MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES In the management of the natural resources the metal-lurgical enterprise Ferrum SA reduced the use of water by 91 % in 2009 in reference to the data from 1990. The highest ecological effectiveness level was reached in 2007, a drop in the use by 91,5 %. The lowest level was in 1993 - 49,9 %. Detailed data is presented in Figure 4.The completed investments allowed also for limit-ing the amount of the used electricity by 41,2 % in 2009 in comparison to the year 1990. The highest level of that index was noted down in 2002 and it was a drop of 58,2 %. The lowest occurred in the year 1995 – 5,4 %. In Figure 5 the rest of the indexes is presented. Another category for the analysis was the use of ther-mal energy. A drop was observed also here. In 2009 78,5 % of thermal energy was saved and it was the high-est index level observed. The smallest savings were made in 1993 (9,8 %). The details are presented in Figure 6.  01020304050607080901000100200300400500600700199019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009YearDust and gases emission [Mg/year]Ecological effectiveness / %%Figure 1  The indexes of the ecological eff ectiveness in the category of dust and gases emission (without CO2)010203040506070809010001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 00010 00011 00012 00013 00014 00015 000199019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009YearWaste [Mg/year]Ecological effectiveness / %%Figure 2   The indexes of ecological eff ec tiveness in the category of waste0102030405060708090100-40 00080 000120 000160 000200 000240 000280 000320 000360 000400 000199019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009YearSewage [m3/year]Ecological effectiveness / %%Figure 3  The indexes of ecological eff ec tiveness in the category of sewage0102030405060708090100040 00080 000120 000160 000200 000240 000280 000320 000360 000400 000440 000480 000520 000199019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009YearWater [m3/year]Ecological effectiveness / %%Figure 4 The indexes of ecological eff ec tiveness in the category of water manage ment132  METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 129-132B. GAJDZIK: THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISE AFTER PRIVATIZATION AND RESTRUCTURINGIn 1995-1997 there were not ecological effective-ness in the category of the thermal energy use. The com-pany used more thermal energy than in 1990 (growth about 25 000 GJ per year). The last category of analysis was the use of earth gas in the enterprise. The highest effectiveness was noted in 2009, the drop in the use of 99,4 %. In 1993 the com-pany Ferrum SA used the post-mining gas as energy fuel. In 1993, 4 million m3 of gas was used and in the following years the value was gradually bigger and up to 7,9 million m3. The application of the post-mining gas (co-operation with KWK Staszic coalmine) allowed the enterprise for the reduction of coal use for heating (local boiler-room) of about 50 %. CONCLUSIONSThe privatisation of Ferrum steelworks in 1995 and restructuring of the metallurgical company Ferrum SA, as well as the imple mentation of the Cleaner Production strategy allowed the new entity to adjust gradually to the new requirements of the market. After the analysis of the data included in the envi ronment reports it was concluded that the company reached signifi cant eco-logical effects by the reduction of pollution emission to the environment and by the reduction of energy and wa-ter resources application. The created ecological value enabled the enterprise to maintain the position of the leader in the production of steel pipes on the Polish market and to enter the foreign markets. The sales value of Ferrum SA on foreign markets rose from 8,9 % in 2004 to 37,8 % in 2006. In 2007 there was a rise up to 48 %.10 It was caused mainly by gaining new clients from Latvia, Lithuania, Austria and Holland in 2007. The improvement of the position of the competitive company is a result of application of energy-saving te-chno logies and elimination of the produced pollution at the source. The fi nal effect of such activities are the products which comply with the requirements of the in-ternational norms. REFERENCES[1] Dorozik L.: Economy Restructuring in Company accord-ing to Polish Law. PWE, Warsaw (2006), 11.[2] Gajdzik B., Metallurgical Company after Restructuring, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice (2009), 47. [3] Wieszala R., Gajdzik B.: The Effective ness of Environ-mental Management in a Metallurgical Company’s Sus-tainable Development,  Metalurgija, 49 (2010) 4, 353-356.[4] Hurry Z., Restructuring in the Global Economy, Strategic Management Jour nal 40(1993)14, 20.[5] Bowman H., Singh H., Overview of Cor po rate Restructur-ing. Trends and Con se quences.Mc Graw-Hill, New York 1990.[6] Kotler Ph., Keller K., Marketing Mana-ge ment, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2006.[7] Kumar V., Managing Customers for Profi t. Strategies to Increase Profi ts and Build Loyalty, Wharton School Publish ing, New Jersey 2008. [8] Porter M. E.: Competitive Strategies, PWE, Warsaw 2006. [9] Cleaner Production – a training resource package, UNEP, Paris 1996.[10] Environmental Report of Ferrum SA, Katowice, 1993-2009.Note:  The responsible translator for English language is Dorota Sidło, Silesian University of Technology Katowice, Poland0102030405060708090100-2 0004 0006 0008 00010 00012 00014 00016 00018 00020 000199019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009YearElectricity use [MWh/year]Ecological effectiveness / %%Figure 5   The indexes of ecological eff ec tiveness in the category of electricity use025 00050 00075 000100 000125 000150 000175 000200 000225 000250 0001990199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820090102030405060708090100YearThermal energy use [GJ/year]Ecological effecveness/%%Figure 6 The indexes of ecological eff ec tiveness in the category of thermal energy use

Ekološka procjena metalurških tvrtki nakon privatizacije i restrukturiranja

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Hrčak - Portal of scientific journals of Croatia

HRČAK - Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals