Currently, there are four national academies in the United States of America: National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC) (http://www.nas.edu/)

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202KiG 2011, 15From Professional SocietesMapping Sciences in National Academies of the USACurrently, there are four national academies in the United States of America: National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC) (http://www.nas.edu/).The oldest of them is the National Academy of Sciences established during the time of President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. Members of the Academy are reputable scientists doing scientific and engineering research dedicated to advancing science and technology and applying them for general welfare.The National Research Council was founded in 1916. On a request by Presi-dent Woodrow Wilson, it was established by NAS in order to gather experts from the broad scientific and technological community to help the nation during World War I. After the war, Wilson made an executive order in 1919 to maintain NRC in times of peace. The importance of NRC was subsequently supported by executive orders of Dwight Eisenhower in 1956 and George H. W. Bush in 1993. The current American president Barack Obama emphasized NAS in April 2009, stressing the importance of scientific advice for the nation. NRC annually pub-lishes more than 200 reports and related publications available free of charge (http://www.nap.edu), making it one of the largest providers of free scientific and technical information in the world. One of the last reports published in 2010 is related to satellite and physical geod-esy: Precise Geodetic Infrastructure: National Requirements for a Shared Resource. The conclusion of the study recommends USA to establish a federal geodetic service to coordinate and facili-tate modernization and long-term work of the national and global precise geodetic infrastructure (http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12954).The National Academy of Engineer-ing was established in 1964 and the Insti-tute of Medicine in 1970 as independent, non-profit organizations working on the basis of the same congress document signed in 1863 by President Lincoln, establishing NAS. NAE offers counsel-ling services to the federal government via the National Research Committee, which is the operative organ of three academies (NAS, NAE, IOM). In recent years, NAE's work was oriented towards establishing harmony between economic growth and environmental protection, ensuring national prosperity during global economic and technological dependency and educational system support (http://www.nae.edu/Home.aspx).NRC was established by the Map-ping Sciences Committee (MSC) in 199 in order to provide independent advice to the society and government at all levels of scientific, technical and political nature related to spatial information. MSC is one of five committees in the field of Earth sci-ences coordinated by the Board on Earth Sciences and Resources (BESR). Cur-rently, the president of MSC is reputable cartographer Keith C. Clarke, professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He published a paper about the work of MSC in ArcNews in 2010 (Vol. 32, No 3, 1, 4-5).MSC has been very active in recent years, and reports made in collabora-tion with other organizations attracted significant attention. Here are titles of five reports published between 2007 and 2009: Successful Response Starts with a Map: Improving Geospatial Support for Disaster Management, 2007 (Report compilation stimulated by Hurricane Katrina from 2005) A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey, 2007 National Land Parcel Data: A Vision for the Future, 2007 Elevation Data for Floodplain Map-ping, 2007 Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy, 2009Contents of these reports and those published before 2007 are available at: http://dels.nas.edu/besr/Mapping-Sciences/Reports-Academies-Findings. Note: The American dictionary Glos-sary of the Mapping Sciences includes about 11 500 terms from practical, engi-neering, physical and satellite geodesy, photogrammetry, cartography and sev-eral other branches of geodesy, accord-ing to Croatian terminology. Therefore, mapping sciences are best translated to Croatian as “geodezija”, and the Map-ping Sciences Committee as “Geodetski odbor”. More about translating the term mapping to Croatian can be found in Geodetski list 2004, 4, 324.Nedjeljko FrančulaKiG 2011, 15203Iz društavaGeodezija u nacionalnim akademijama SAD-aDanas u Sjedinjenim Američkim Dr-žavama postoje četiri akademije sa sta-tusom nacionalnih akademija: Nacional-na akademija znanosti (National Acade-my of Sciences – NAS), Nacionalna in-ženjerska akademija (National Academy of Engineering – NAE), Medicinski institut (Institute of Medicine – IOM) i Nacional-no istraživačko vijeće (National Resear-ch Counsil – NRC) (http://www.nas.edu/).Najstarija je Nacionalna akademi-ja znanosti osnovana 1863. za vrijeme predsjednika Abrahama Lincolna. Čla-novi Akademije su ugledni znanstvenici koji se bave znanstvenim i inženjerskim istraživanjima usmjerenim unapređiva-nju znanosti i tehnologije i njihovoj upo-rabi za opću dobrobit.Nacionalno istraživačko vijeće osno-vano je 1916. Na zahtjev predsjednika Woodrova Wilsona osnovao ga je NAS sa svrhom okupljanja stručnjaka iz šire znanstvene i tehnološke zajednice da bi savjetima pomogli naciji tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata. Nakon završetka rata Wil-son je 1919. izvršnom naredbom produ-žio djelovanje NRC-a i u mirnodopskim uvjetima. Potom su svojim izvršnim na-redbama, prvo Dwight Eisenhower 1956, a zatim i George H. W. Bush 1993. reafir-mirali važnost NRC-a. Sadašnji američ-ki predsjednik Barack Obama je u trav-nju 2009. apostrofirao NAS naglašava-jući važnost znanstvenih savjeta za na-ciju. NRC godišnje objavljuje više od 200 izvještaja i srodnih publikacija koje su besplatno dostupne na webu (http://www.nap.edu) pa je time jedan od naj-većih pružatelja besplatnih znanstvenih i tehničkih informacija na svijetu. Jedan od posljednjih izvještaja objavljen 2010. je iz područja satelitske i fizikalne geo-dezije (engl. geodesy): Precize Geodetic Infrastructure: National Requirements for a Shared Resource. U zaključku te stu-dije preporučuje se, među ostalim, da Sjedinjene Američke Države osnuju sa-veznu geodetsku službu (federal geode-tic service) koja bi koordinirala i olakša-la modernizaciju i dugoročni rad nacio-nalne i globalne precizne geodetske in-frastrukture (http://books.nap.edu/cata-log.php?record_id=12954).Nacionalna inženjerska akademija osnovana je 1964, a Medicinski institut 1970. kao nezavisne, neprofitne organi-zacije koje djeluju na osnovi istog kongre-snog dokumenta koji je 1863, osnivajući NAS, potpisao predsjednik Lincoln. NAE pruža savjetodavne usluge saveznoj vla-di putem Nacionalnog istraživačkog vije-ća koje je operativna ruka triju akademi-ja (NAS, NAE, IOM). U posljednjih neko-liko godina rad NAE bio je usmjeren na uspostavljanje ravnoteže između eko-nomskog rasta i zaštite okoliša, osigura-nje nacionalnog prosperiteta u doba glo-balne ekonomske i tehnološke međuovi-snosti i podupiranje obrazovnog sustava (http://www.nae.edu/Home.aspx).NRC je 1989. osnovao Geodetski odbor (Mapping Sciences Committee – MSC) da bi pružao nezavisne savjete društvu i vladi na svim razinama znan-stvene, tehničke i političke prirode u vezi s prostornim informacijama. MSC je je-dan od pet odbora iz područja znanosti o Zemlji čiji rad unutar NRC-a koordini-ra Board on Earth Sciences and Resour-ces (BESR). Danas je predsjednik MSC-a ugledni kartograf Keith C. Clarke, profe-sor na Sveučilištu Kalifornija, Santa Bar-bara. O radu MSC-a on je 2010. objavio članak u publikaciji Arc News (Vol. 32, No 3, 1, 4-5).Posljednjih nekoliko godina MSC je bio vrlo aktivan, a izvještaji nastali u su-radnji s drugim organizacijama izazvali su zapaženu pozornost. Navodimo na-slove pet izvještaja objavljenih od 2007. do 2009: Successful Response Starts with a Map: Improving Geospatial Support for Disaster Management, 2007 (Sastavljanje izvještaja potaknuto je uraganom Katrina iz 2005) A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey, 2007. National Land Parcel Data: A Vision for the Future, 2007. Elevation Data for Floodplain Map-ping, 2007. Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy, 2009.Sadržaji tih izvještaja, ali i onih objav-ljenih prije 2007, dostupni su na adresi: http://dels.nas.edu/besr/Mapping-Scien-ces/Reports-Academies-Findings. Napomena: Američki stručni rječnik Glossary of the Mapping Sciences uklju-čuje oko 11 500 termina iz praktične, in-ženjerske, fizikalne i satelitske geodezi-je, iz fotogrametrije, kartografije i još po-neke, prema hrvatskoj stručnoj termino-logiji, grana geodezije. Stoga je mapping sciences najbolje prevesti na hrvatski s geodezija, a Mapping Sciences Commi-ttee s Geodetski odbor. Više o prevođe-nju termina mapping na hrvatski vidi u Geodetski list 2004, 4, 324.Nedjeljko Frančula

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