One thousand nine hundred and ninety eight heads obtained from goats slaughtered at the Fars abattoir (Shiraz, South Iran) between April 2006 and April 2007 were examined for the presence of Oestrus ovis larvae. Of the 1998 heads, 261 (13.1%) were infested with O. ovis larvae. O. ovis larvae were observed in both sexes and all age groups in each season of the year. A total of 1356 larvae were collected. The overall larval intensity for the infested goats was 5.2, with 3.2 in spring, 3.8 in summer, 4.6 in autumn and 6.8 in winter. Prevalence ranged from 6.6% in spring to 17.9% in winter. Increased infestation was observed in older animals.Ukupno je pregledano 1998 glava koza zaklanih u klaonicama Fars (Shiraz, Južni Iran) u razdoblju od travnja 2006. do tavnja 2007. Ličinke kukca Oestrus ovis bile su dokazane u 261 (13,1%) životinje bez obzira na spol i dob. Ukupno je bilo sakupljeno 1356 ličinki. Prosječna jačina invazije iznosila je 5,2 ličinke s time da su prosječno 3,2 ličinke dokazane u proljeće, 3,8 ljeti, 4,6 u jesen i 6,8 ličinki zimi. Učestalost se kretala od 6,6% u proljeće do 17,9% zimi. Veća učestalost bila je dokazana u starijih životinja

A. Tamadon

Jafari S. Shoorijeh

M. A. Behzadi

Sh. Negahban

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43ISSN 0372-5480Printed in CroatiaVETERINARSKI ARHIV 81 (1), 43-49, 2011Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern IranJafari S. Shoorijeh*, A. Tamadon, Sh. Negahban, and M. A. BehzadiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranSHOORIJEH, J. S., A. TAMADON, SH. NEGAHBAN, M. A. BEHZADI: Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern Iran. Vet. arhiv 81, 43-49, 2011.ABSTRACTOne thousand nine hundred and ninety eight heads obtained from goats slaughtered at the Fars abattoir (Shiraz, South Iran) between April 2006 and April 2007 were examined for the presence of Oestrus ovis larvae. Of the 1998 heads, 261 (13.1%) were infested with O. ovis larvae. O. ovis larvae were observed in both sexes and all age groups in each season of the year. A total of 1356 larvae were collected. The overall larval intensity for the infested goats was 5.2, with 3.2 in spring, 3.8 in summer, 4.6 in autumn and 6.8 in winter. Prevalence ranged from 6.6% in spring to 17.9% in winter. Increased infestation was observed in older animals.Key words: Oestrus ovis, prevalence, goats, IranIntroductionOestrus ovis (Linne 1761, Diptera: Oestridae), is a well known parasite of the nasal cavities and adjoining sinuses in sheep and goats. O. ovis infestation may be considered a zoonosis (WALL and SHEARER, 1997). O. ovis causes ophthalmomyiasis, respiratory and non-respiratory manifestations of human pharyngeal myiasis which is reported from Iran (JANBAKHSH et al., 1977; MASOODI and HOSSEINI, 2003), Mediterranean and the Middle East regions too (AMR et al., 1993; CAMERON et al., 1991; GRAMMER et al., 1995). Furthermore, O. ovis can thrive in different environments (BREEV et al., 1980; HORAK, 1977; PANDEY and OUHELLI, 1984) and can survive winter in a diapause state as larvae in the sinu-nasal passages of the host (COBBETT and MITCHELL, 1941; HORAK, 1981). This adaptability of the parasite allows for the persistence of infestation and presents diffi culties in its control. Caprine oestrosis has been reported with a high prevalence from numerous areas all over the world including (in chronological order), 48.3% in India (JAGANNATH et al., *Corresponding author:Jafari S. Shoorijeh, DVM, MPVM, PhD., Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, 1731, Shiraz, 71345, Iran, Phone: +98 711 228 6950; Fax: +98 711 228 6940; E-mail: sjafari@shirazu.ac.ir; sjafari26@yahoo.com44 Vet. arhiv 81 (1), 43-49, 20111989), 31.3% in Mexico (MARTINEZ et al., 1992), 4% in Argentina (TREZEGUET, 1996), 14% in Morocco (BERRAG et al., 1996), 91% in Greece (PAPADOPOULOS et al., 1997), 53.8% in Nigeria (BIU and NWOSU, 1999), 28.4% in France (DORCHIES et al., 2000), 24% in Jordan (ABO-SHEHADA et al., 2003) and 45% in Spain (ALCAIDE et al., 2005). Infestation by O. ovis has been linked to production losses in small ruminants (ILCMANN et al., 1986). Despite the popularity of goat breeding in Iran, the prevalence of this myiasis in caprine livestock has never been documented. Therefore this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and intensity of infestation by O. ovis in goats in Shiraz, southern Iran.Materials and methodsAnimals and study site. The study was carried out on goats slaughtered at the Fars abattoir, 20 km south of Shiraz (29°50′N, 52°46′E) from April 2006 to April 2007. The goats slaughtered at the abattoir came from surrounding villages covering a radius of up to 150 km. Climatological information regarding the location during the course of the study is summarized in Table 1.Examination procedure. Goat heads were obtained from the abattoir, and the sex and age of the animals recorded. The animals were aged 6 months to 2 years (444), >2 to 4 years (764) and >4 to 5 years (790).The goat heads were cut through the longitudinal axis with an electric saw. All larvae present were collected from the nasal passage, septum and the middle meatus (site 1) and the conchae and sinuses (site 2).Statistical analysis. The prevalence data were analyzed using Chi-square tests; Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were also used to compare seasonal differences in O. ovis larval intensities (SPSS for Windows, version 11.5, SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). All values of P≤0.05 were considered signifi cant.ResultsA total of 1998 goat heads were examined, and 261 (13.1%) heads were found to be infested with O. ovis larvae. The seasonal prevalence ranged from 6.6% in spring to 17.9% in winter (Table 1). The percentages of larvae per infested goat in two head locations are given in Table 2. The larvae were obtained from both sites within the study period. The highest prevalence and total number of larvae per infested goat were found in winter and the lowest in spring (P<0.05, Tables 1 and 2). The mean intensity of infection (total number of larvae per infested goat) was 5.2 (Table 2). Infestation rates were signifi cantly higher in 4-5 year old goats compared to the 2-4 year old and 6 months to 2 year old groups (P<0.05, Table 3). Infestation rates did not differ signifi cantly between two sexes of goats (P>0.05, Table 3).J. S. Shoorijeh et al.: Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern Iran 45Vet. arhiv 81 (1), 43-49, 2011Table 1. Climatological data and the seasonal prevalence of Oestrus ovis larvae infestation in goats from ShirazSeasonAir temperature (ºC) †Relative humidity (%) †Total No. of animals examinedPrevalence of infested goats (%)Spring 21.4 ± 4.5 39.7 ± 13.6 496 33 (6.6) aSummer 27.9 ± 2.5 29.2 ± 1.0 310 35 (11.3) bAutumn 14.2 ± 7.6 48.5 ± 13.3 610 89 (14.6) bWinter 7.6 ± 3.5 59.7 ± 7.5 582 104 (17.9) cTotal 1998 261 (13.1)† Mean ± S.D. climatological data for the experimental year (from April 2006 to April 2007) from the Shiraz Meteorological Center. a, b, c Show a signifi cant difference between different superscript letters for the same column (P<0.05).Table 2. Larval intensities in the infested goats per season and per site of collectionSeasonLarval intensity for infested goatLarval locationNasal passage, septum, middle meatus Conchae and sinusesTotal No. of larvaeLarval intensity for infested goat (%)Total No. of larvaeLarval intensity for infested goat (%)Spring 3.2 52 1.6 (8.7) a 53 1.6 (8.7) aSummer 3.8 67 1.9 (10.3) a 67 1.9 (10.3) bAutumn 4.6 196 2.2 (11.9) a 214 2.4 (13.1) bWinter 6.8 416 4.0 (21.7) b 291 2.8 (15.3) ca, b, c Show a signifi cant difference between different superscript letters for the same column (P<0.05).Table 3. Age and sex wise Oestrus ovis larval prevalence in goats of ShirazTotal No. of animals examined Prevalence of infested goats (%)All animals 1998 261 (13.1)Age6 months - 2 years 444 33 (7.4) a2 - 4 years 764 100 (13.1) a4 - 5 years 790 128 (16.2) bSexMale 1098 132 (12)Female 900 129 (14.3)a, b, Show a signifi cant difference between different superscript letters for the same column (P<0.05).J. S. Shoorijeh et al.: Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern Iran 46 Vet. arhiv 81 (1), 43-49, 2011DiscussionThe prevalence of O. ovis infestation (17.9%) found in the present study reaffi rms the fact that O. ovis is a very common parasite of goats and widespread within the Shiraz goat population. This fi nding was higher than that reported from Argentina (4%) (TREZEGUET, 1996) and Morocco (14%) (BERRAG et al., 1996), but less than what was seen in India (48.3%) (JAGANNATH et al., 1989), Mexico (31.3%) (MARTINEZ et al., 1992), Greece (35.2%) (PAPADOPOULOS et al., 2006), Nigeria (53.8%) (BIU and NWOSU, 1999), France (28.4%) (DORCHIES et al., 2000), Jordan (24%) (ABO-SHEHADA et al., 2003) and Spain (45%) (ALCAIDE et al., 2005). The fi gure was also found to be signifi cantly different from the 91% from Greece (PAPADOPOULOS et al., 1997), and 73.9% from Mexico (ANGULO-VALADEZ et al., 2009). The lowest mean number of larvae was seen in spring which gradually increased towards winter, a fi nding which was similar to that of Mexico (ANGULO-VALADEZ et al., 2009).The peak in larval infestation seen during winter months can be ascribed to the deceleration in larval development during these months along with the deposition of new larvae by gravid female fl ies, which causes a pooling effect. O. ovis larvae have the capacity to adjust their developmental cycle during the parasitic phase, depending on the particular climatic conditions. When environmental conditions are adverse, larvae cease their development (hypobiotic period) (COBBETT and MITCHELL, 1941; HORAK, 1981). Many environmental factors can affect the prevalence and intensity of O. ovis infections in goats and inter-annual variations are not rare. External reintroductions of O. ovis can occur very easily in well-treated sheep fl ocks (TERNOVOI and MIKHAILENKO, 1973). Considering these risks, the reduction in O. ovis infestations that was observed during the spring and summer months could be a consequence of the intensive use of effective drugs during the summer (when numerous fl ies lay fi rst stage larvae on sheep) and during the beginning of the hypobiotic period.The high prevalence of O. ovis infestations in Shiraz goat fl ocks may be attributed to several factors. Many sheep/goat breeders do not perform routine and regular anti-parasitic treatment of their animals even during summer and autumn seasons. Usually, farmers consider treatment only after severe clinical signs manifest in the affected animals and since the early spring infections or re-infections do not present with marked naso-sinusal signs, treatment is not readily provided. Findings from experiments with tracer lambs showed that low grade infections occur in spring (DORCHIES et al., 1996). A low larval dose, insuffi cient to cause any reaction, is associated with spring infestations and may be the reason that no overt clinical signs are seen. When the second or third fl y generations are active, symptoms like nasal discharges and sneezing become evident even though the primary attack had happened a month or two beforehand. Since goats develop less severe manifestations from O. ovis infestations than sheep (JAFARI SHOORIJEH et al., J. S. Shoorijeh et al.: Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern Iran 47Vet. arhiv 81 (1), 43-49, 20112009), goat oestrosis is seldom treated in Iran; therefore, goats could act as a reservoir for the parasites during the winter months.The use of long acting anti-parasitic drugs or frequent de-worming of stocks can be successful in decreasing both the prevalence and intensity of Oestrus ovis infections in goats. A concerted control program if applied rigorously could exploit the need for the larvae to perform hypobiosis in winters and theoretically offer the possibility of O. ovis eradication in such areas. In countries where hypobiosis is present, large scale systematic treatments in late autumn or winter could be of great value. However, in countries where O. ovis infestations occur year round as in tropical countries, strategic treatments seem to be of less interest (JACQUIET and DORCHIES, 2002). To control and eradicate O. ovis, it would be necessary to use systemic insecticides such as avermectin (JAFARI SHOORIJEH and MOAZZENI JOLA, 2001) at the beginning of the hypobiotic period in October or November.ReferencesABO-SHEHADA, M. N., T. BATAINAH, N. ABUHARFEIL, P. R. TORGERSON (2003): Oestrus ovis larval myiasis among goats in northern Jordan. Prev. Vet. Med. 59, 13-19.ALCAIDE, M., D. REINA, E. FRONTERA, I. NAVARRETE (2005): Epidemiology of Oestrus ovis (Linneo, 1761) infestation in goats in Spain. Vet. Parasitol. 130, 277-284.AMR, Z. S., B. A. AMR, M. N. ABO-SHEHADA (1993): Ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by O. ovis L. in Ajloun area of northern Jordan. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 87, 259-262.ANGULO-VALADEZ, C. E., R. CEPEDA-PALACIOS, F. ASCENCIO, P. JACQUIET, P. DORCHIES, J. M. RAMÍREZ-ORDUÑA (2009): Relationships of systemic IgG antibody response and lesions caused by Oestrus ovis L. larvae (Diptera: Oestridae) in infected goats. Rev. Electron. Vet. 10, 1-13.BERRAG, B., A. RHALEM, H. SAHIBI, Y. A. TAHIRI, G. D. GRAY, G. UILENBERG (1996): Parasites of goats in the north of Morocco. In: Proceedings of the IFS Workshop, Burkina Faso. Parasitol. Res. Afr. 287-306.BIU, A. A., C. O. NWOSU (1999): Incidence of Oestrus ovis infestation in Borno-White Sahel goats in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Vet. Res. 30, 109-112.BREEV, K. A., R. G. ZAGRETDINOV, J. MINAR (1980): Infl uence of constant and variable temperature on pupal development of the sheep bot fl y (Oestrus ovis L.). Folia Parasitol. 27, 350-365.CAMERON, J. A., N. M. SHOUKREY, A. AL-GARNI (1991): Conjunctival ophthalmomyiasis caused by the sheep nasal botfl y (Oestrus ovis). Am. J. Ophthalmol. 112, 331-334.COBBETT, N. G., W. C. MITCHELL (1941): Further observations on the life cycle and incidence of the sheep bot, O. ovis, in New Mexico and Texas. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2, 358-366.J. S. Shoorijeh et al.: Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern Iran 48 Vet. arhiv 81 (1), 43-49, 2011DORCHIES, P., C. DURANTON, J. P. BERGEAUD, J. P. ALZIEU (1996): Chronologie de l’évolution naturelle des larves d’Oestrus ovis (Linné 1761) chez l’agneau non immunisé. Bull. Soc. Fr. Parasitol. 14, 20-27.DORCHIES, P. H., J. P. BERGEAUD, G. TABOURET, C. DURANTON, F. PREVOT, P. H. JACQUIET (2000): Prevalence and larval burden of Oestrus ovis (Linné 1761) in sheep and goats in the northern Mediterranean region of France. Vet. Parasitol. 88, 269-273.GRAMMER, J., C. ERB, G. KAMIN, M. WILD, C. RIEDINGER, P. KOSMIDIS, U. PLEYER, H. J. THIEL (1995): Ophthalmomyiasis externa due to the sheep botfl y Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in southwest Germany. Ger. J. Ophthalmol. 4, 188-195.HORAK, I. G. (1977): Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. I. Oestrus ovis in sheep. Onderst. J. Vet. Res. 44, 55-64.HORAK, I. G. (1981): The similarity between arrested development in parasitic nematodes and diapause in insects. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 52, 299-303.ILCMANN, G., P. BETKE, D. GRÄFE (1986): Studies on oestrosis and its control in the Mongolian People’s Republic. Vet. Med. 41, 128-132.JACQUIET, P., P. DORCHIES (2002): Towards a lower prevalence of Oestrus ovis infections in sheep in a temperate climate (southwest France). Vet. Res. 33, 449-453.JAFARI SHOORIJEH, S., G. MOAZZENI JOLA (2001): Effi cacy of ivermectin against Oestrus ovis in sheep. Sci. J. Sch. Vet. Med. 6, 16-29.JAFARI SHOORIJEH, S., S. NEGAHBAN, A. TAMADON, M. BEHZADI (2009): Prevalence and intensity of Oestrus ovis in sheep of Shiraz, southern Iran. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 1259-1262.JAGANNATH, M. S., N. COZAB, S. A. RAHMAN, T. G. HONNAPPA (1989): Factors infl uencing Oestrus ovis infestation in sheep and goats. Curr. Res. 18, 118-119.JANBAKHSH, B., M. S. PIROUZ, S. TIRGARI, A. AGHAMOHAMMADI (1977): A case of ophthalmomyiasis in man by Oestrus ovis Linneaeus in Tehran (Insecta: Diptera, Oetridae). Acta Med. Iran. 20, 19-26.MARTINEZ, E. J., U. A. CASTANEDA, A. C. GARCIA (1992): Frecuencia de Oestrus ovis (oestrosis) en caprinos sacrifi cados en Cd. Altamirano, Guerrero. Veterinaria (Mexico) 23, 73-74.MASOODI, M., K. HOSSEINI (2003): The respiratory and allergic manifestations of human myiasis caused by larvae of the sheep botfl y (Oestrus ovis): a report of 33 pharyngeal cases from southern Iran. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 97, 75-81.PANDEY, V. S., H. OUHELLI (1984): Epidemiology of Oestrus ovis infection of sheep in Morocco. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 16, 246-252.PAPADOPOULOS, E., F. PREVOT, A. DIAKOU, P. DORCHIES (2006): Comparison of infection rates of Oestrus ovis between sheep and goats kept in mixed fl ocks. Vet. Parasitol. 138, 382-385.J. S. Shoorijeh et al.: Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern Iran 49Vet. arhiv 81 (1), 43-49, 2011PAPADOPOULOS, E., F. PREVOT, C. HIMONAS, P. DORCHIES (1997): Prevalence d’Oestrus ovis (Linne, 1761) chez la chevre en Grece: enquete serologique par ELISA. Rev. Med. Vet. 148, 721-724.TERNOVOI, V. I., V. K. MIKHAILENKO (1973): On the fl ight range of the sheep nostril fl y Oestrus ovis. Parazitologiya 7, 123-127.TREZEGUET, M. A. (1996): Prevalencia de enfermedades en 4000 majadas caprinas en los departamentos Atamisqui, Ojo de Agua, Que brachosy Salavina, provincia de Santiago del Estero, Republica de Argentina. Vet. Argentina 13, 485-489.WALL, R., D. SHEARER (1997): Veterinary Entomology, Arthropod Ectoparasites of Veterinary Importance. London, Chapman and Hall.SHOORIJEH, J. S., A. TAMADON, SH. NEGAHBAN, M. A. BEHZADI: Učestalost kukca Oestrus ovis u koza u Shirazu u Južnom Iranu. Vet. arhiv 81, 43-49, 2011.SAŽETAKUkupno je pregledano 1998 glava koza zaklanih u klaonicama Fars (Shiraz, Južni Iran) u razdoblju od travnja 2006. do tavnja 2007. Ličinke kukca Oestrus ovis bile su dokazane u 261 (13,1%) životinje bez obzira na spol i dob. Ukupno je bilo sakupljeno 1356 ličinki. Prosječna jačina invazije iznosila je 5,2 ličinke s time da su prosječno 3,2 ličinke dokazane u proljeće, 3,8 ljeti, 4,6 u jesen i 6,8 ličinki zimi. Učestalost se kretala od 6,6% u proljeće do 17,9% zimi. Veća učestalost bila je dokazana u starijih životinja.Ključne riječi: Oestrus ovis, učestalost, koze, IranReceived: 16 December 2009Accepted: 9 July 2010J. S. Shoorijeh et al.: Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in goats of Shiraz, southern Iran .

Učestalost kukca Oestrus ovis u koza u Shirazu u Južnom Iranu.

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