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Geomorphological features of Danilsko polje near Šibenik as basis for historical-geographical development

Abstract

Pogodne poljodjelske površine u krškim prostorima imaju iznimno značenje za egzistenciju stanovništva. Danilsko polje, jedna od takvih zona, nalazi se u mikroregiji šibensko-rogozničkog primorja, u zaobalju Šibenika. Danilsko je polje, morfološki, udolina ovalna oblika smještena između dva krška grebena, produžetka Trtara s Velikom glavom (542 m) sa sjevera-sjeveroistoka, i znatno nižega Crnog brda s Podima s južne-jugozapadne strane u prostoru naselja Danilo Biranj i Danilo Gornje. Zbog kvalitetnog tla obrada polja susljedno traje već tisućama godina. Polje obilježavaju i oskudne, ali za opstanak stanovništva u prošlosti značajne pojave voda. Prvi poljodjelci Danilskog polja bili su neolitski stanovnici čiji su tragovi očuvani do danas u ostatcima poznate kulture srednjeg neolitika na Jadranu, tj. danilske kulture (4500.-3900. g. pr. Kr.). Kasniji metalnodobni doseljenici utvrdili su se na obližnjoj Velikoj glavi odakle su mogli iz svoje gradine lako nadzirati polje. Rimski su osvajači osnovali municipij Rider usred Danilskog polja, vrjednujući njegove prirodno-geografske potencijale i davši mu ime po lokalnom stanovništvu, Riditima, ogranku plemena Delmata. Od brojnih naroda koji su tim prostorom prošli tijekom Velike seobe, Hrvati su se jedini naselili i nastavili vrjednovati polje i okolni krški okvir za obavljanje transhumance, o kojoj su kao ratarsko-stočarsko društvo ovisili. Tijekom razvijenoga i kasnoga srednjeg vijeka Danilsko je polje bilo u posjedu šibenske komune, najznačajnije po uzgoju vinove loze, maslina i žitarica. Dugotrajno razdoblje nestabilnih geopolitičkih prilika nastupilo je s otomanskim osvajanjima i stvaranjem njihovih uporišta u nedalekim Skradinu i Drnišu. Tek su se dvadesetih godina 18. st. ratna stradanja stišala, poslije čega je slijedio, u manjoj mjeri, i proces kolonizacije opustjelih područja, a time i Danilskog polja. Od tada, pa praktički sve do danas, glavno je obilježje prostora Danilskog polja tradicionalna polikulturna proizvodnja u različitim uvjetima agrotehničke obrade.Suitable agriculture zones in karst regions have extraordinary significance for the inhabitants\u27 existence. Danilsko polje, one of such zones, is situated in microregion of Šibenik-Rogoznica littoral, in Šibenik hinterland, Croatia. Danilsko polje is, morphologically, an oval shaped valley placed between two karst ridges, the extension of Trtar with Velika Glava (542 m) from north-northeast, and significantly lower Crno Brdo with Podi from south-southwest in the area of Danilo Biranj and Danilo Gornje settlements. Due to high soil quality, the cultivation of polje is the process that has lasted for thousands of years. Polje is characterized by scarce water sources, which were, nevertheless, very important for the survival of population in the past. The Neolithic population, whose traces have been preserved in the remains of famous middle Neolithic culture on the Adriatic, so called Danilo culture (4500 BC - 3900 BC), had been the first farmers of Danilsko polje. Later settlers from Metal Age had fortified themselves at peak Gradina, so they could easily control the polje from their hill-fort. Roman conquerors founded their municipium Rider in the central part of Danilsko polje, and valorized its natural- geographical potentials. From numerous nations who passed through during the Great Migrations Croats were the only ones who settled down and continued to valorize polje and surrounding karst area for practising transhumance which they depended on since they were agricultural-cattle rising society. During High and Late Middle Ages, Danilsko polje was in possession of the Commune of Šibenik, well-known for cultivation of vineyards, olive trees and cereals. Long-lasting period of unstable geopolitical conditions began with Ottoman conquest and with formation of their strongholds in Skradin and Drniš. It was only after 20s of 18th century that the war turmoil ceased, and after that, to a certain extent, the colonization of deserted areas started as well in that of Danilsko polje. Ever since, practically until today, the main feature of Danilsko polje has been traditional crop production in various conditions of agrotechnical cultivation

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