Converting waste vegetable oils from food processing facilities, restaurants and households to biodiesel by the transestrification reaction with methanol has important advantages for human health and environment. The transesterification reaction of waste vegetable oils is affected by free fatty acids and water content of oils and fats, type of alcohol, type and quantities of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time. Basic aim of this paper is to explore effect of type and quantities of catalyst on transesterification process of different waste vegetable oils from food processing facilities with methanol. Comparison of basic characteristics between produced biodiesel, industrially produced biodiesel and values from European standards for biodiesel fuel (EN14214) was made

Eldin Redžić

Fehim Zilić

Jasminka Sadadinović

Zoran Iličković

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187Agriculturae Conspectus Scientifi cus | Vol. 74 (2009) No. 3 (187-190)ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERSummaryConverting waste vegetable oils from food processing facilities, restaurants and households to biodiesel by the transesterifi cation reaction with methanol has important advantages for human health and environment. Th e transesterifi cation reaction of waste vegetable oils is aff ected by free fatty acids and water content of oils and fats, type of alcohol, type and quantities of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time. Basic aim of this paper is to explore eff ect of type and quantities of catalyst on transesterifi cation process of diff erent waste vegetable oils from food processing facilities with methanol. Comparison of basic characteristics between produced biodiesel, industrially produced biodiesel and values from European standards for biodiesel fuel (EN14214) was made.Key wordsbiodiesel, waste vegetable oil, transesterifi cation, type of catalystEff ect of Catalyst on Transesterifi cation of Waste Vegetable Oils from Food Processing Facility Zoran ILIČKOVIĆ ( )Jasminka SADADINOVIĆFehim ZILIĆEldin REDŽIĆUniversity of Tuzla, Faculty of Technology, Univerziteska ulica br. 8, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina e-mail: zoran.ilickovic@untz.baReceived: November 4, 2008 | Accepted: February 24, 2009Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 74 (2009) No. 3188 Zoran ILIČKOVIĆ, Jasminka SADADINOVIĆ, Fehim ZILIĆ, Eldin REDŽIĆIntroductionBiodiesel can be produced from diff erent vegetable oils, animal fat and waste vegetable oil from restaurants and fa-cilities for food production (production of chips and snack- products, production of cakes, doughnuts etc.) (Tickell, 2003). Th e basic part of this process is transesterifi cation of triglyc-erides with methanol and catalyst (NaOH).  In the last decade World biodiesel production continuously increases. For ex-ample Germany had over 4.8 million tons installed capacity for biodiesel production in 2007 (Bockey et al., 2008). Recently we are faced  with big dilemma: is it correct to use a signifi -cant areas of agricultural land for the production of raw ma-terials (crops) for biodiesel production (rapeseed, sunfl ower and soy) or for bioethanol production (corn) or to use that land for food production because for example only during the past year we had a lack of food on the global market same as increasing of it’s prices and that all has a major negative in-fl uence on non-developed countries. On the other side everyday we throw out signifi cant quan-tity of waste vegetable oils from the food processing facili-ties, restaurants and households. Th ose quantities of waste vegetable oils can be important sources of raw material for biodiesel production. Management of waste vegetable oils presents an acute problem from the ecological point of view. Waste vegetable oil is a risky waste. It has negative eff ects on the environment. In Bosnia and Herzegovina most of the quantities of waste vegetable oil are not collected and it is still going down the drain and cause a lot of problems (plugging, unpleasant smell etc.).  Problems with waste vegetable oil can be permanently solved  by  processing it into biodiesel. Th at way we can solve two acute problem: waste vegetable oil dis-posal and  production of environmentally friendly fuel. In developed countries waste vegetable oil disposal is regulated by the law. All waste cooking oil must be collected and send to the facilities for it’s processing. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large number of the “producers” of waste vegetable oil (Sprind – Sarajevo, Klas – Sarajevo, CornFlips-Srebrenik, Voćar – Čelić, Pekare Tuzla etc.). Some of them produce a signifi cant volume of waste oil (cake factory “Gusto Sappore” produces more than 3000 liters monthly). Th ose oils can be important raw material for biodiesel production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many studies of transesterifi cation reac-tion for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil on the laboratory scale have been carried out (Freedman et al, 1984; Mittelbach, 2002; Rice et al., 1998; Çanakçi and, Özsezen, 2005).  Basic aim of this paper is to explore eff ect of type and quantities of catalyst on transesterifi cation process of diff er-ent waste vegetable oils from food processing facilities with methanol. Comparison of basic characteristics between ob-tained biodiesel from WVO (waste vegetable oil), industrial produced biodiesel and values from European standards for biodiesel fuel (EN14214) was made.Material and methodsFollowing reactants were used in the experiments:–  Diff erent samples of  waste vegetable oils from food process-ing facilities–  Methanol (Merck – Germany)–  NaOH (Merck – Germany)Apparatus for biodiesel production by transesterifi cation reaction of waste vegetable oils is presented in Fig. 1 and it is build of:–  Th ree-neck glass reactor vessel–  Laboratory heater with thermoregulation–  Ceramic tank–  Laboratory mixer–  Water condenser–  Th ermometerBiodiesel production process depends of  oil quality and includes:–  Filtering of waste vegetable oils–  Water removal by heating–  Waste vegetable oil analysis–  Weighing of determined amounts of reactants–  Acid esterifi cation (for oils with higher FFA (free faty acid) content)–  Preparation of alkaline-catalyst (NaOH in CH3OH)–  Adding of catalyst to oil–  Mixing–  Settling –  Separation of glycerin from biodiesel in separatory funnel–  Washing of biodiesel with water and removal of water excess –  Characterization of obtained biodieselTh ree diff erent samples of waste vegetable oils were used in the experiment. Characteristics of used WVO (waste veg-etable oil)  are given in Table 1.Reactants quantity and reaction condition for laboratory biodiesel production are presented in Table 2.Figure 1. Apparatus for biodiesel productionAgric. conspec. sci. Vol. 74 (2009) No. 3189Effect of Catalyst on Transesterification of Waste Vegetable Oils from Food Processing Facility Results and discussionCharacterization of obtained samples of biodiesel  was based on the following parameters:–  Quantity of biodiesel and raw glycerol–  Density–  Viscosity at 40 °C–  Flashpoint–  Refraction indexResults of obtained biodiesel samples characterisation are given in Table 3.By the analysis of obtained results, optimal parameters for biodiesel production by transesterifi cation reaction of WVO (waste vegetable oil) are  chosen and produced biodie-sel sample that was sent for analysis in Inspect-RGH Sarajevo laboratory in Kakanj (B&H), which holds standard  ISO 17025 and is verifi ed laboratory for fuel analyses. Th e results were compared with parameters of industrially produced biodiesel (bought in Hungary), as well as with EU standard for biodie-sel fuels (EN14214). Th e results obtained, are given in Table 4.Exp. Oil sample Acid catalyst H2SO4 [ml] Methanol 1 [ml] Alkaline catalystNaOH [g] Methanol 2 [ml] Volume of WVO [ml] Time [h] Temperature [°C] 1 OU1 0.5 40 2.3 60 500 2 + 1 35, 60 2 OU2 0.5 40 2.3 60 500 2 + 1 35, 60 3 OU3 0.5 40 2.3 60 500 2 + 1 35, 60 4 OU1   2.3 125 500 1 25 5 OU1   4.6 125 500 1 25 6 OU2   2.3 125 500 1 25 7 OU2   4.6 125 500 1 25 8 OU3   2.3 125 500 1 25 9 OU3   4.6 125 500 1 25  Exp. Biodiesel [g] Glycerol [g] Midle layer [g] Density [g/cm3] Flashpoint [°C] Viscosity 40°C [mm2/s] Refractive Index  1 448.9 69.2 - 0.888 165 6.56 1.4645 2 442.3 72.3 - 0.886 154 5.53 1.4605 3 435.5 78.7 - 0.887 148 6.94 1.4636 4 462.5 88.3 - 0.885 168 5.88 1.4600 5 460.1 90.4 - 0.880 163 4.96 1.4589 6 459.6 93.3 - 0.890 153 7.05 1.4651 7 338.3 51.3 166.4 0.882 155 4.99 1.4567 8 427.2 109.8 18.3 0.889 151 5.89 1.4649 9 Gel formation - - - - - - Parameter Method BD from WVO BD (industrial)Density (15 °C) on air [kg/m3] BAS ISO 3675 860-900 881.9 879.1 I.B.P. [°C]  271 195 Distillation 95 % [°C] ≤360 348 359 Kinematic viscosity on 40°C  [mm2/s] BAS ISO 3104 3.5-5.0  5.128  4.214 CFPP [°C] EN 116 -2 -7 Flashpoint [°C] ASTM D 93 ≥130 169 139 Sulfur [% m/m] ASTM D 4294 ≤ 0.001 <0.015 <0.015 Water content [mg/kg] ISO 10336 ≤ 500 143 250 Cu-corrosion BAS ISO 2160 class 1 1a 1a Ash content  [% m/m] ISO no no Exp. Density [g/cm3] Flashpoint [°C] Viscosity 40°C [mm2/s] Iodine Value [mg J2/100 g] Acid Value [mg KOH/g] Refractive Index  OU1 0.922 198 42.54 117.4 0.85 1.4762 OU2 0.926 189 51.83 105.3 1.74 1.4765 OU3 0.928 184 60.52 99.3 3.89 1.4770 Table 1. Characteristics of used WVOTable 2. Reactants quantity and reaction condition for laboratory biodiesel production Table 3. Results of experiments for production of biodiesel from WVOTable 4. Comparation between laboratory produced and industrial (commercial) biodieselAgric. conspec. sci. Vol. 74 (2009) No. 3190 Zoran ILIČKOVIĆ, Jasminka SADADINOVIĆ, Fehim ZILIĆ, Eldin REDŽIĆTh e most of obtained data for our biodiesel from WVO (waste vegetable oil) is comparable with results obtained for industrial biodiesel and with values given in European standard for biodiesel fuel EN14214. In comparison with  EU standard EN14214, values for viscosity same as for CFPP (cold fi lter plugging piont) for biodiesel from WVO were increased. Th ose results indicated that the best way of usage of our bi-odiesel from waste vegetable oil would be the mixture with biodiesel from virgin oil (especially rape oil) or  the mixture with  fossil diesel.Conclusion–  WVO (waste vegetable oil) presents a valuable raw mate-rial for biodiesel production–  Free fatty acid content in WVO (waste vegetable oil) has a major impact on biodiesel production process same as type and quantity of catalyst used for transesterifi cation process.–  Feedstocks with FFA (free fatty acids) content below 1% could be converted to biodiesel by transesterifi cation pro-cess using an alkaline–catalyzed process.–  Alkaline–catalyzed process can’t be used for feedstock with higher FFA (free fatty acids) content (in our case 3.8 %) because of gell and soap formation in the reactor.–  For the WVO (waste vegetable oil) with higher FFA (free fatty acids) content best solution is combined process with acid-catalyzed pretreatment process to convert the FFA’s to ester followed by alkaline-transesterifi cation of triglyc-erides.ReferencesBockey D., Wienke von Schenck, (2008) Status report- Biodiesel production and marketing in Germany 2007, Union zur Forderung von Oel-und Proteinpfl anzen e.V. (dostupno na www.ufop.de)Çanakçi M., Özsezen A.N.(2005). Evaluating waste cooking oils as alternative diesel fuel. G.U.Journal of science. 18(1), 81-91Freedman B., Butterfi eld R.O., Frankel E.N., (1984) JAOCS, 61,1638-1643, 1984Mittelbach M. (2002). Experiece with biodiesel from used frying oil in Austria. Working group renewable resources, Graz, Rice B., Frohlich S., Leonard R. (1998). Biodiesel from camelina oil, waste cooking oil and talow. TEAGASC-projekt. Tickell J.(2003). From the fryer to the fuel tank, J.Tickell publ., New Orleans. acs74_31

Effect of Catalyst on Transesterification of Waste Vegetable Oils from Food Processing Facility

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