This paper presents the exergy destruction of an evaporator or a condenser or evaporator and condenser. The exergy destruction can be analytically calculated by using the same non-dimensional variables which have been used by its energy analysis. The one additional variable is the ratio of absolute input temperatures of both streams. This means that the given model enables the simultaneous calculation of heat transfer effectiveness and exergy destruction respectively. The exergy destruction is put in the ratio to the heat capacity of the weaker stream. The limited values of the exergy destruction are estimated, taking into account the zero and infinite values of relevant variables. Further, exergy destruction for the case when both streams change phase is calculated, which means that the appropriate heat exchanger is condenser and evaporator simultaneously. The given model is derived as a special case of the model for calculation of exergy destruction by parallel and counter flow heat exchangers respectively.
For all presented cases the only temperature differences between the streams have been taken into account. This means that the effect of a frictional pressure drop of the streams on exergy destruction has been neglected

Antun GALOVIĆ

Marija ŽIVIĆ

Mato KOKANOVIĆ

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Strojarstvo 51 (1) 73-78 (2009) A. GALOvIĆ et.al., Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an Evaporator... 73CODEN STJSAO ISSN 0562-1887 ZX470/1371 UDK 536.73:536.24:519.87Preliminary noteThis paper presents the exergy destruction of an evaporator or a condenser or evaporator and condenser. The exergy destruction can be analytically calculated by using the same non-dimensional variables which have been used by its energy analysis. The one additional variable is the ratio of absolute input temperatures of both streams. This means that the given model enables the simultaneous calculation of heat transfer effectiveness and exergy destruction respectively. The exergy destruction is put in the ratio to the heat capacity of the weaker stream.  The limited values of the exergy destruction are estimated, taking into account the zero and infinite values of relevant variables. Further, exergy destruction for the case when both streams change phase is calculated, which means that the appropriate heat exchanger is condenser and evaporator simultaneously. The given model is derived as a special case of the model for calculation of exergy destruction by parallel and counter flow heat exchangers respectively.For all presented cases the only temperature differences between the streams have been taken into account. This means that the effect of a frictional pressure drop of the streams on exergy destruction has been neglected.Analiza eksergijskih gubitaka u izmjenjivaču topline tipa kondenzator i/ili isparivačPrethodno priopćenjeOvim je radom pokazano da se eksergijski gubitci u isparivaču ili kondenzatoru  mogu  analitički izraziti istim bezdimenzijskim  značajkama koje se koriste u njihovoj energijskoj analizi uz dodatnu bezdimenzijsku temperaturnu značajku koja predstavlja omjer ulaznih temperatura jače i slabije struje. To znači da prikazani algoritam omogućuje  istovremeni izračun kako energijske efikasnosti tako i eksergijskog gubitka. Eksergijski gubitak je normiran s ukupnim toplinskim kapacitetom slabije struje. Analitički su utvrđene granične vrijednosti eksergijskih gubitaka u smislu nultih i beskonačnih vrijednosti relevantnih bezdimenzijskih varijabli.Nadalje je dana poveznica između slučaja kada samo jedna struja mijenja svoje agregatno stanje i slučaja kada obje struje mijenjaju svoja agregatna stanja. Prikazani algoritam proračuna eksergijskih gubitaka izveden je kao specijalni slučaj modela proračuna eksergijskih gubitaka za izmjenjivače topline u kojima obje struje mijenjaju  temperaturu. Za sve analizirane slučajeve uzet je samo utjecaj temperaturnih razlika struja, dok je utjecaj pada tlaka uslijed trenja na  iznos eksergijskog gubitka u izmjenjivaču topline zanemaren.Antun GALOVIĆ1), Marija ŽIVIĆ2) and  Mato KOKANOVIĆ2)1) Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb),  Ivana Lučića 5, HR - 10000 Zagreb,  Republic of Croatia2) Strojarski fakultet Sveučilišta J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek), Trg Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić 2, HR - 35000 Slavonski Brod, Republic of CroatiaKeywordsAnalytical model Condenser evaporator Evaporator and condenser Exergy destructionKljučne riječiAnalitički model Eksergijski gubitci Isparivač Isparivač i kondenzator KondenzatorReceived (primljeno): 2008-01-15 Accepted (prihvaćeno): 2008-12-19Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an  Evaporator or/and a Condenserantun.galovic@fsb.hr1. IntroductionThere is a wide range of applications of evaporators and condensers. They are mainly used in thermo-electric power plants, processing plants, etc. The basic characteristic of this type of heat exchangers is change of phase of one or both streams. In an evaporator, one stream evaporates, i.e., it undergoes a phase change from liquid to vapor, while in the condenser, the direction of phase change is opposite. In these heat exchangers, the  temperature of the stream which undergoes a phase change is constant, while the temperature of the other stream is variable. This constant temperature is called the saturation temperature and it depends on the saturation pressure and on the type of pure substance which changes the phase.Simultaneous change of phase of both streams is also possible, i.e. one stream evaporates while the other stream condenses.  In this case, the temperatures of both 74 A. GALOvIĆ et.al., Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an Evaporator... Strojarstvo 51 (1) 73-78 (2009)Symbols/OznakeA0 - overall heat exchanger surface area, m2  - ukupna ploština površina izmjenjivačaC - heat capacity of the stream, W/K  - toplinski kapacitet strujeeex - exergy, W  - eksergijah - specific entalpy of the stream, J/kg  - specifična entalpija strujek - overall heat transfer coefficient, W/ (m2·K)  - koeficijent prolaza toplineqm - mass flow rate of the stream, kg/s  - maseni protok strujes - specific entropy of the stream, J/(kg·K)  - specifična entropija strujeT - thermodynamic temperature, K  - termodinamička temperaturaε - the heat exchanger effectiveness  - učinkovitost izmjenjivača topline Δ - difference  - razlikaπT - the ratio of input thermodynamic temperatures     of the streams  - omjer ulaznih termodinamičkih temperatura     strujaπ1 - the temperature difference ratio of the heat     exchanger  - omjer temperaturnih razlika izmjenjivača toplineπ2 - Number of Transfer Units, NTU  - broj prijenosnih jedinicaπ3 - the heat capacity ratio of weaker and     stronger stream  - omjer toplinskih kapaciteta slabije i jače strujeIndices / Indeksi1 - weaker stream  - slabija struja2 - stronger stream  - jača strujacoun - counter flow  - protusmjernienv - environmental  - okolišnopar - parallel flow  - istosmjerni´ - input  - ulazna˝ - output  - izlazna streams are constant. The analysis of exergy destruction of such a type of heat exchanger is given in this paper. For all presented cases, only the temperature differences between the streams have been taken into account. This means that the effect of frictional pressure drop of  streams on the exergy destruction has been neglected. This analysis is based on the paper [1], in which the algorithm of calculation of the exergy destruction is given generally for parallel and counter flow recuperators. This paper and paper [1] present the complete analytical model of calculation of exergy destruction in parallel and counter flow heat exchangers with one pass of each stream. 2. Mathematical model According to the nomenclature in Figure 1, the equation of exergy balance of heat exchanger is given in the following form, (1)from which it is possible to get the expression for the exergy destruction as follows. (2)Figure 1. Balance of heat exchanger exergySlika 1. Eksergijska bilanca izmjenjivača toplineIn the considered case the changes of kinetic and potential energy are neglected so change of exergy destruction of each stream can be written in the following form [2], (3a). (3b)The following non-dimensional expressions for exergy destruction of parallel and counter flow heat exchanger are taken from [1] for the purpose of further analysis in this paper:TenvTenvStrojarstvo 51 (1) 73-78 (2009) A. GALOvIĆ et.al., Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an Evaporator... 75, (4). (5)In the above mentioned expressions, the meanings of the non-dimensional parameters are as follows: ,   . (6)If expressions (4) and (5) are used for evaporation (Figure 2), or for condensation (Figure 3), then the value π3 = 0 has to be inserted in these expressions.Figure 2. variation of stream temperatures  in an evaporatorSlika 2. Promjena temperatura struja u isparivačuFigure 3. variation of stream temperatures in a condenserSlika 3. Promjena temperatura struja u kondenzatoruIf π3 = 0 is inserted into equations (4) and (5), the undefined value 0/0 is obtained, and by using L’Hospital rule, both expressions give the same solution (7)It is evident that equations (4) and (5) must give the same solution, because for π3 = 0, the type of heat exchanger has no effect on the exergy destruction values. Equation (7) can be simply transformed, by using equation (6), in the dimensional form (8)in which the first and the second term in the bracket represent the entropy change of the weaker or of  the stronger stream. It is obvious that the stronger stream is the one which undergoes phase changes, whether it condenses or evaporates at  T2’ = const.  If π2 = 0 is inserted in equation (7), the physical acceptable solution is acquired: . (9)By inserting the hypothetic fact that π2 → ∞, i.e. A0 → ∞, the expression for the exergy destruction of the condenser or evaporator with an infinite heat exchange surface area is obtained. (10)Equation (10) also represents, for the given value of πT, the maximal exergy destruction, which means that maximal exergy destruction in the evaporator or condenser can be achieved for the infinite heat exchange surface area, for π2 → ∞. By inserting the expression for πT from equation (6) in equation (10) , the equation (10) can be easily transformed into dimensional form In the above-mentioned expression, the first and the second term in the bracket represent the entropy change (11)TenvTenvTenvTenvTenv..76 A. GALOvIĆ et.al., Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an Evaporator... Strojarstvo 51 (1) 73-78 (2009)of the weaker or of the stronger stream for the evaporator or condenser with an infinite heat exchange surface area. In this case, the output temperature of the weaker stream becomes equal to the saturation temperature of the stronger stream, i.e., , which is illustrated in Figure 4.Figure 4. variation of stream temperatures in a condenser or an evaporator with infinite value of overall heat exchanger area Slika 4. Promjena temperatura struja u kondenzatoru ili isparivaču beskonačno velike površineIn the case when both streams undergo a phase change, i.e. one stream evaporates and at the same time the other stream condenses, Figure 5, parameter π3 acquires undefined form ∞/∞, and it is not possible to get the solution from the specified equations. Figure 5. variation of stream temperatures in a condenser and evaporator type of heat exchanger Slika 5. Promjena temperatura struja u izmjenjivaču topline tipa kondenzator i isparivačIn the considered case, the temperatures , of both streams are constant for the required pressures, so the expressions for exergy destruction are obtained by inserting the following equations in the equations (3a) and (3b):, (12a), (12b), (12c). (13)The heat transfer rate is given by the following equation. (14)If equation (14) is inserted into equation (13) by using equation (6), the following non-dimensional expression is obtained. (15)3. Presentation and analysis of calculation resultsThe diagram in Figure 6 shows exergy destruction calculated according to equation (7), i.e. the effectiveness of evaporator or condenser calculated from the next equation, [3]. (16)The diagram clearly shows the continuous increase of exergy destruction with the increase of parameter π2. However, it is important to notice that both the gradient and the value of the increase strongly depend on the value of parameter πT.If the heat exchanger is operated in the range of 0,1 ≤ πT ≤ 1,0, the values of non-dimensional exergy destruction decrease (towards zero), and for πT > 1,0, they rise again. Furthermore, it can be noticed that each parametric curve πT reaches its horizontal asymptotic value, which means that further increase of π2 has no effect on the value of exergy destruction. If 0,1 ≤ πT ≤ 1,0, then an increase of πT TenvStrojarstvo 51 (1) 73-78 (2009) A. GALOvIĆ et.al., Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an Evaporator... 77affects the start of the horizontal parts of the curves, i.e. it moves them towards the lower values of π2, and for πT > 1,0, towards the higher values of π2. For πT = 1, the value of exergy destruction is equal to zero. From that same diagram it can be seen that effectiveness ε continuously increases with the increase of π2, regardless of value πT. For the given work point of the heat exchanger, it is possible to determine simultaneously not only the heat exchanger effectiveness but also the value of the exergy destruction.Figure 6. Exergy destruction in a condenser or evaporator as a function of non-dimensional variable π2 Slika 6. Bezdimenzijski eksergijski gubitci u kondenzatoru ili isparivaču u ovisnosti o bezdimenzijskoj značajci π2Horizontal parts of the curves πT = const represent physically the approaching of the asymptotic, i.e. maximal value of non-dimensional exergy destruction, which is expressed by the equation (10) and shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Maximal values of exergy destruction in a condenser or evaporator as a function of non-dimensional variable πTSlika 7. Maksimalni eksergijski gubitak u kondenzatoru ili isparivaču u ovisnosti o bezdimenzijskoj značajci πTThe curve in Figure 7 quantitatively shows the values of maximal exergy destruction (asymptotic values) for the analyzed cases. The strong effect of the parameter πT in the interval 0,1 ≤ πT ≤ 1,0 can be observed. For πT > 1,0, the effect of that parameter is less important.For πT =1,0 the value of max. exergy destruction is equal to zero. For all these cases,  which can be seen from equation (16), when π2 tends to infinity, the effectiveness tends to one.The diagram in Figure 8 shows values of non-dimensional exergy destruction as a function of πT, in the case when both streams undergo a phase change, i.e, in the evaporator or the condenser. Exergy destruction is divided by the product kA0, because both streams have infinite values of heat capacities, and the diagram is drawn according to equation (15). Figure 8. Exergy destruction in a condenser and evaporator type of heat exchanger as a function of non-dimensional variable πTSlika 8. Eksergijski gubitci u izmjenjivaču topline tipa kondenzator i isparivač u ovisnosti o bezdimenzijskoj  značajci πTThe diagram clearly shows that this non-dimensional exergy destruction decreases from infinite value to zero with the increase of πT from 0 to 1, and then continuously rises with the increase of πT from 1 to infinity. Furthermore, it can be concluded that exergy destruction is strongly dependent on small changes of parameter πT, if its values are in interval zero to one , while for πT > 1,0 these changes are not so evident.A more detailed analysis of equation (15) confirms the obvious physical fact that the same values of the non-dimensional exergy destruction are obtained for the parameter πT and 1/πT. 4. ConclusionFrom the above-mentioned, it can be concluded that it is possible to make a user’s diagram, identical to the diagram in Figure 6, from which exergy destruction and effectiveness ε could be directly read, for the given work-points of the evaporator or the condenser.πT = 0,1πT = 0,2πT = 0,5πT = 1,0πT = 2,0πT = 5,0πT = 10,0ε = π178 A. GALOvIĆ et.al., Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an Evaporator... Strojarstvo 51 (1) 73-78 (2009)Thereby, the interval and also the number of the parameter curves πT have to be adjusted to the values obtained in the practical use of evaporators or condensers. Because the algorithm is presented in non-dimensional form, its application is universal.  In that way, in this paper and in [1], the complete non-dimensional analytical solution is given for the parallel and counter flow heat exchangers, as well as for the derived cases, when one or both streams undergo a phase change. Only the effect of final temperature differences of streams on the values of exergy destruction is analyzed in all cases, while the effect of pressure drop is neglected.REFERENCES[1] GALOvIĆ, A.; MUDRINIĆ, S.: Analiza eksergijskih gubitaka u istosmjernim i protusmjernim izmjenjivačima topline, Strojarstvo 47, 5-6 (2005), 177-184.[2] BOŠNJAKOvIĆ, F.: Nauka o toplini I, Tehnička knjiga, Zagreb, 1986.[3] GALOvIĆ, A.: Termodinamika II, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Zagreb, 2003.

Analysis of Exergy Destruction of an Evaporator or/and a Condenser

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