Age, growth and diet of brown comber, Serranus hepatus, were determined from specimens collected in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Total length ranged from 5.20 to 11.70 cm, while weight varied between 1.89 and 24.97 g. The length-weight relationship was W=0.0157*L2.998. Age was determined by otolith readings, where a maximum age of 4 years was observed. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as L∞=11.90 cm, k=0.56, to=–1.14. Stomach content analysis revealed that the species is carnivorous, with benthic crustaceans constituting the main food in the overall diet composition.Starost, rast i prehrambene navike vučića, Serranus hepatus, su ustanovljene na primjercima prikupljenim u Izmirskom zaljevu, Egejsko more. Ukupna duljina kretala se od 5.20 do 11.70 cm, a težina od 1.89 do 24.97 g. Duljinsko-maseni odnos je iznosio W=0.0157*L2.998. Starost je određena prema očitanju otolita, te je ustanovljena maksimalna starost od 4 godine. Von Bertalanffy-ijevi parametri rasta su iznosili kao što slijedi: L∞=11.90 cm, k=0.56, to= –1.14. Analiza sadržaja želudaca je otkrila da ova vrsta spada u mesoždere jer su u njezinoj prehrani najzastupljeniji bili raci

Murat Bilecenoglu Bilecenoglu

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Bilecenoglu, Murat Bilecenoglu

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ISSN: 0001-5113AADRAY UDC: 597.556:591.13(262.4)ACTA ADRIAT.,50(1): 105 - 110, 2009Growth and feeding habits of the brown comber, Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Izmir Bay, Aegean SeaMurat BilecenogluAdnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology 09010, Aydin, TurkeyCorresponding author, e-mail: mbilecenoglu@yahoo.comAge, growth and diet of brown comber, Serranus hepatus, were determined from specimens col-lected in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Total length ranged from 5.20 to 11.70 cm, while weight varied between 1.89 and 24.97 g. The length-weight relationship was W=0.0157*L2.998. Age was determined by otolith readings, where a maximum age of 4 years was observed. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as L∞=11.90 cm, k=0.56, to=–1.14. Stomach content analysis revealed that the species is carnivorous, with benthic crustaceans constituting the main food in the overall diet composition.Key words: age, growth, diet, Serranus hepatus, Aegean SeaINTRODUCTIONThe brown comber, Serranus hepatus (L., 1758), is a small sized demersal fish inhabit-ing sandy, muddy bottoms and seagrass beds at depths generally not exceeding 200 m (BAU-CHOT, 1987). It occurs in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal to the Canary Islands and African coasts southward to Senegal, and also through-out the Mediterranean excluding the Black Sea (TORTONESE, 1986; BILECENOGLU et al., 2002). In most parts of the Mediterranean Sea, S. hepatus is a common species of the bottom trawl catch composition. Unlike its two other con-generic species (S. scriba and S. cabrilla), the brown comber has no commercial value prima-rily due to its small size, and generally becomes part in the discarded catch. As a consequence, knowledge of its biology and ecology are limit-ed. Studies on age and growth of the species are available from Tunisian coasts (BOUAIN, 1983), Thermaikos Gulf (WAGUE & PAPACONSTANTI-NOU, 1997), the Cretan shelf (LABROPOULOU et al., 1998) and Adriatic Sea (DULČIĆ et al., 2007). Information on the diet of brown comber is available from Marseille Gulf (BELL & HARME-LIN-VIVIEN, 1983) and the Cretan shelf (LABRO-POULOU & ELEFTHERIOU, 1997; LABROPOULOU et al., 1998). The length-weight relationship of the species was given from several localities throughout the Mediterranean, i.e. Portuguese coasts (GONÇALVES et al., 1997), Balearic islands (MERELLA et al., 1997), Greek coasts (STERGIOU & MOUTOPOULOS, 2001; LAMPRAKIS et al., 2003), Spanish coasts (VALLE et al., 2003) and Egyptian coasts (ABDALLAH, 2002). Despite its abundance along Turkish coasts, no studies concerning the population dynamics parameters of S. hepatus exists. The species is not consumed as food, yet due to its high pro-portion in the bottom trawl discard, the brown comber population has been evaluated as near 106  ACTA ADRIATICA, 50(1): 105 - 110, 2009threatened in Turkey FRICKE et al. (2007), thus making any biological data that we could pos-sess of great importance. In this study, informa-tion on the age, growth and feeding habits of S. hepatus are presented for the first time from Turkish coasts, based on material collected in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe study was based on material collect-ed from Izmir Bay during January, May and October 2002 on board the R/V Hippocampus equipped with a bottom trawl of 22 mm mesh size net (Fig.1). Twelve trawling hauls were carried out at a cruise speed of 2 miles/hr at depths ranging from 20 to 50 m during the daytime. Each hauling period was restricted to 60 minutes. A total of 603 brown comber specimens were captured during the study period. Total lengths (TL, cm) were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and wet weights (W, g) to the nearest 0.01 gram. The commonly used length-weight relationship W = aLb was applied, where W is the weight (g), L is the total length (cm) and a and b are constants (SPARRE & VENEMA, 1992).All sagittal otoliths were removed, their excess tissues cleaned and kept in labeled enve-lopes. Otoliths were examined after being placed in a concave black dish under the reflected light of a stereomicroscope at a magnification of ×20. For the estimation of individual growth rate, the von Bertalanffy growth equation for length was used: Lt=L∞ [1– e– k (t– to)]where Lt is the total length at age t, L∞ the asymptotic total length, k the growth curvature parameter and to the theoretical age when fish would have been at zero total length (SPARRE & VENEMA, 1992). The growth performance index (φ’, phi-prime) was employed to compare growth rates, with the formula φ’ = logk + 2logL∞  (PAULY & MUNRO, 1984)Stomachs were removed from 207 speci-mens, and prey items were identified to the lowest possible taxon. Prey were counted under a stereomicroscope and weighed to the near-est 0.01 g. Percentage frequency of occurrence (F%), percentage numerical abundance (N%), percentage gravimetric composition (W%) and index of relative importance [IRI = (N%+W%)× F%]were determined (HYSLOP, 1980). IRI was expressed as a percentage [IRI% = (IRI × 100) / ∑IRI]RESULTSThe brown comber specimens had total lengths ranging from 5.2 to 11.7 cm, with a mean value of 9.02 cm (std.dev. = 1.17). Modal length group was 9.0 – 9.9 cm, which represents 56.6% of the total number of specimens (Fig. 2). Concerning their wet weight, obtained speci-mens ranged between 1.89 and 24.97 g, with a mean value of 11.93 g (std.dev. = 4.12). The 10.0–11.9 g weight group was abundant, repre-senting 21.9% of the whole sample. The total length – weight relationship was calculated as W = 0.0157*L2.998 (r2=0.97)The results of otolith readings are given in Table 1. A total of 45 specimens could not be aged. The dominant age group was 2 years Fig. 1. Sampling locality of Serranus hepatus in Izmir Bay (shaded zone indicates the bottom trawling ground) 107Bilecenoglu et al.: Growth and feeding habits of the brown comber, S. hepatus in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea(51.3% of the population), and the maximum observed age was 4 years. Specimens young-er than 1 year and those older than 3 years were poorly observed in the examined samples. Length at age data obtained was used to cal-culate von Bertalanffy growth parameters as follows: L∞=11.90 cm, k=0.56, to= –1.14. The phi-prime (ø’) value was estimated as 1.90. Stomach contents of brown comber speci-mens with lengths ranging from 5.5 to 11.0 were examined (mean total length = 9.04 cm), from which 76.3% included prey at different stages of digestion. Prey belonging to four major groups (Polychaeta, Crustacea, Echinodermata and Tel-eostei) were determined (Table 2). Natantia was the most important group (%IRI = 38.31), followed by Amphipoda (%IRI = 33.70) and Brachyura (%IRI = 20.20). In general, crusta-ceans constitute 94.42% of the diet. Other prey items had remarkably lower IRI values and can be regarded as accessory food. Among the tele-ost prey, only juvenile specimens of two demer-sal species (Callionymus sp. and Lesueurigobius friesii) were encountered, both of which are commonly observed over sandy and muddy bot-toms of Izmir Bay.DISCUSSIONThere are different records concerning the maximum length of brown comber from the Mediterranean Sea. According to TORTONESE (1986), the species usually have sizes of 10–12 cm, attaining a maximum of 15 cm stand-ard length. BAUCHOT (1987) mentions a higher maximum length of 25 cm. In previous stud-ies conducted in the Aegean Sea, the largest brown comber specimens collected were 12.1 cm (LAMPRAKIS et al., 2003), 12.7 cm (STERGIOU & MOUTOPOULOS, 2001), 14.0 cm (LABROPOU-LOU et al., 1998) and 14.5 cm (WAGUE & PAPACON-STANTINOU, 1997). The largest fish obtained in the present study (11.7 cm) is somewhat smaller than previous records, but appears to be within the reported range. The “b” values of the length-weight rela-tionship equation of S. hepatus differed largely according to localities. STERGIOU & MOUTOPOU-LOS (2001) found b=1.89, whereas LAMPRAKIS et al. (2003) noted three different b values as 2.75, 3.12 and 3.16, indicating that these variations Fig. 2. Total length frequency distribution of Serranus hepatusTable 1. Age–length key for Serranus hepatus from Izmir Bay, based on otolith readings Length Groups (cm)Age Groups (year)0+ 1 2 3 4 ∑5.0-5.9 13 2 156.0-6.9 3 25 287.0-7.9 39 398.0-8.9 107 27 1349.0-9.9 30 211 24110.0-10.9 48 37 3 8811.0-11.9 9 4 13∑ 16 203 286 46 7 558Mean TL 5,68 8,35 9,81 10,75 11,23Std.dev. 0,29 0,78 0,45 0,35 0,42108  ACTA ADRIATICA, 50(1): 105 - 110, 2009may be due to different length ranges, seasons and number of specimens examined. A nega-tive allometry was observed along Portuguese (b=2.72; GONÇALVES et al., 1997) and Egyptian coasts (b=2.84; ABDALLAH, 2002), and a positive allometry along Spanish coasts (b=3.12; VALLE et al., 2003), Balearic Islands (b=3.24; MERELLA et al., 1997) and in the Adriatic Sea (b=3.19; DULČIĆ et al., 2007). Izmir Bay specimens had exponent b values close to 3, indicating that the fish grows almost isometrically.Mean length at ages and the resulting growth data parameters derived for S. hepatus showed distinct variations among previous studies. BOUAIN (1983) found the oldest brown comber specimen to be 4 years of age along Tunisian coasts and the growth parameters were cal-culated as L∞=10.61 cm, k=0.25 (φ’ = 1.45). According to results obtained by WAGUE & PAPACONSTANTINOU (1997), the brown comber is a short lived species attaining a maximum age of 4 years, where the von Bertalanffy parameters were estimated as L∞=14.66 cm and k=0.23 (φ’ = 1.69). LABROPOULOU et al. (1998) computed growth parameters separately by seasonalised, non-seasonalised equations and back calculated lengths at age, and who found a rapid growth of S. hepatus to a maximum age of 5 years. A recent study conducted in the Adriatic Sea revealed that the brown comber is a relatively long lived species, where the oldest specimen was 7 years of age (DULČIĆ et al., 2007). Growth data from Izmir Bay is similar to the results of LABROPOULOU et al. (1998), considering close values of phi-prime, i.e. 1.90 in Izmir Bay vs. 1.92 on the Cretan shelf, although different from S. hepatus populations on the Tunisian coast (BOUAIN, 1983) and in the Adriatic Sea (DULČIĆ et al., 2007). Such growth variations may be relat-ed to habitat characteristics, physico-chemical parameters of the environment or abundance and accessibility of prey items.Diet composition of S. hepatus from Izmir Bay revealed that the species is carnivorous, especially consuming benthic decapod crusta-ceans as primary food. In terms of percentage weight, natantians and brachyurans made up almost 75.0% of the overall diet. Although amphipods had low W% values, their numeri-cal abundance was high, thus representing an important prey group in terms of IRI% values, following natantians (Table 2). Table 2. Diet composition of Serranus hepatus (N%: numerical composition, F%: frequency of occurrence, W%: gravimetric composition, IRI%: percentage index of relative importance)Prey Category N% F% W% IRI%Polychaeta 7.73 7.73 2.92 4.04CrustaceaMysidacea 4.83 1.93 0.29 0.59Isopoda 1.45 1.93 0.29 0.18Amphipoda 39.13 13.53 2.98 33.70Anomura 0.48 0.97 0.57 0.04Brachyura 10.14 17.39 39.97 20.20Natantia 17.87 24.15 35.42 38.31Crustacea (unidentified) 11.59 1.93 0.04 1.40EchinodermataOphiuroidea 3.86 2.90 6.29 0.94TeleosteiCallionymus sp. 1.69 1.93 9.33 0.44Lesueurigobius friesii 1.21 1.45 1.90 0.15109Bilecenoglu et al.: Growth and feeding habits of the brown comber, S. hepatus in Izmir Bay, Aegean SeaSimilar results were obtained from the Cretan shelf, where decapods constituted the major pro-portion of the diet composition (IRI%=60.90), followed by Mysidacea (IRI%=12.60) and Amphipoda (IRI%=10.90) (LABROPOULOU et al., 1998). A previous study along northern Crete again indicated crabs and shrimps as the main food items, followed by teleost prey such as Boops boops, Aphia minuta, Gobius spp., Sar-dina pilchardus and Spicara sp. (LABROPOULOU & ELEFTHERIOU, 1997). According to a study on a low number of brown comber specimens from Marseille Gulf, the species prefers crabs as the main food (W%=57.0), followed by other crustaceans, amphipods and mysids (BELL & HARMELIN-VIVIEN, 1983).  REFERENCESABDALLAH, M. 2002. Length-weight relationship of fishes caught by trawl off Alexandria, Egypt. Naga. ICLARM Q., 25(1): 19–20.BAUCHOT, M.-L. 1987. Poissons osseux. In: W. Fischer, M.-L. Bauchot & M. Schneider (Editors). Fiches FAO d’identification pour les besoins de la pêche (Bony fish, Fao indet-ification for the rare fish), Rev.1., Méditer-ranée et mer Noire, Zone de pêche 37, Vol.II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome, pp. 891–1421. BELL, J.D. & M.L. HARMELIN-VIVIEN. 1983. Fish fauna of French Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows. 2. Feeding hab-its. Tethys, 11: 1–14.BILECENOGLU, M., E. TASKAVAK, S. MATER & M. KAYA. 2002. Checklist of marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa, 113: 1–194. BOUAIN, A. 1983. Croissance lineaire des serrans des cotes sud-est de la tunisie. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 28(5): 87-91.DULČIĆ, J., S. MATIĆ-SKOKO, A. PALADIN & M. KRALJEVIĆ. 2007. Age, growth and mortality of brown comber, Serranus hepatus (Lin-naeus, 1758) (Pisces: Serranidae), in the eastern Adriatic (Croatian coast). J. Appl.Ichthyol., 23: 195-197.FRICKE, R., M. BILECENOGLU & H.M. SARI. 2007. Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostoma and Petromyzonto-morphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttg.Beitr. Nat. Kd. A Biol., 706: 1-169.  GONÇALVES, J.M.S., L. BENTES, P.G. LINO, J. RIBEIRO, A.V.M. CANÁRIO & K. ERZINI. 1997. Weight-length relationships for selected fish species of the small-scale demersal fisheries of the south and south-west coast of Portu-gal. Fish. Res., 30: 253–256.HYSLOP, E.J. 1980. Stomach contents analysis: a review of methods and their application. J. Fish Biol., 17: 411 – 429.LABROPOULOU, M. & A. ELEFTHERIOU. 1997. The foraging ecology of two pairs of congeneric demersal fish species: importance of mor-phological characteristics in prey selection. J. Fish Biol., 50: 324–340. LABROPOULOU, M., G. TSERPES & N. TSIMENIDIS. 1998. Age, growth and feeding habits of the brown comber Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Cretan shelf. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci. 46: 723–732.LAMPRAKIS, M.K., A.A.KALLIANIOTIS, D.K. MOU-TOPOULOS & K.I. STERGIOU. 2003. Weight–length relationships of fishes discarded by trawlers in the north Aegean Sea. Acta Ich-thyol. Piscat., 33(2): 145–151. MERELLA, P., A. QUETGLAS, F. ALEMANY & A. CARBONELL. 1997. Length-weight relation-ship of fishes and cephalopods from the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Naga. ICLARM Q., 20(3/4): 66–68.PAULY, D. & J.L.MUNRO. 1984. Once more on the comparison of growth in fish and inverte-brates. Fishbyte, 2(1): p. 21.SPARRE, P. & S.C. VENEMA. 1992. Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment. Part 1. Manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No: 306/1, Rev.1, Rome, 376 pp.  STERGIOU, K.I. & D.K. MOUTOPOULOS. 2001. A review of length-weight relationships of fishes from Greek marine waters. Naga. ICLARM Q., 24 (1-2): 23–39.110  ACTA ADRIATICA, 50(1): 105 - 110, 2009TORTONESE, E. 1986. Serranidae. In: P.J.P. White-head, M.-L. Bauchot, J.C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. Tortonese (Editors). Fishes of The North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterra-nean, Vol.II, Unesco, Paris, pp.780–792. VALLE, C., J.T. BAYLE & A.A. RAMOS. 2003. Weight-length relationships for selected fish species of the western Mediterranean Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 19: 261–262.WAGUE, A. & C. PAPACONSTANTINOU. 1997. Age, growth and mortality of the brown comber Serranus hepatus (L. 1758) (Pisces, Serra-nidae) in the Thermaikos Gulf (Aegean Sea, Greece). Mar. Life, 1/2: 39–46.Received: 03 March 2008Accepted: 23 March 2009Rast i prehrambene navike vučića, Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) u zaljevu Izmir, Egejsko moreMurat BilecenogluSveučilište Adnan Menderes, Fakultet umjetnosti i prirodnih  znanosti, Odsjek biologije,  09010, Aydin, TurskaKontakt adresa, e-mail: mbilecenoglu@yahoo.comSAŽETAK Starost, rast i prehrambene navike vučića, Serranus hepatus, su ustanovljene na primjercima prikupljenim u Izmirskom zaljevu, Egejsko more. Ukupna duljina kretala se od 5.20 do 11.70 cm, a težina od 1.89 do 24.97 g. Duljinsko-maseni odnos je iznosio W=0.0157*L2.998. Starost je određena prema očitanju otolita, te je ustanovljena maksimalna starost od 4 godine. Von Bertalanffy-ijevi parametri rasta su iznosili kao što slijedi: L∞=11.90 cm, k=0.56, to= –1.14. Analiza sadržaja želudaca je otkrila da ova vrsta spada u mesoždere jer su u njezinoj prehrani najzastupljeniji bili raci. Ključne riječi: starost, rast, prehrana, Serranus hepatus, Egejsko more 

Rast i prehrambene navike vučića, Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) u zaljevu Izmir, Egejsko more

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