'Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb'
Abstract
Mješovita vladavina, koja se uobičajeno drži srednjovjekovnim oblikom vladavine, relevantna je također za teoriju i praksu današnjih ustavnih država: najbolji je oblik vladavine, jer aristokratski element omogućuje trajni utjecaj vrline, napose pravednosti, na donošenje političkih odluka te ograničava egzekutivu, kao monarhijski element u kojemu je koncentrirana politička moć, legislativu, kao demokratski element u kojemu je izražena volja većine, i skupine i institucije koje imaju volju i moć da se nametnu kao oligarhije. Europsko plemstvo je izvorna aristokratska institucija, po tome što je bilo sustav za prijenos i vrline i općih uvjeta života. Strukture i funkcije plemstva kasnije je preuzeo kler, koji je bio i jedna od prvih modernih profesija. U suvremenim ustavnim državama te funkcije su preuzele ostale profesije, napose pravna profesija i pravosuđe. No, u današnjim državama profesije degeneriraju u oligarhije ili više ne nastaju, a zamjenjuju ih oligarhije kapitalista i tehnokrata.Mixed government, which is commonly regarded as a distinctly medieval form of government, is relevant also to contemporary constitutional states. It is the best form of government, since the aristocratic element is a continuous source of virtue, especially of justice, and a check not only on the executive, as the monarchical element which is the seat of political power, and the legislature, as the democratic element which expresses the will of the majority, but also groups and institutions that have the might and will to impose themselves as oligarchies. Mixed government is also the form of government that is practised by most developed contemporary constitutional states: USA, UK, France, Switzerland, Germany etc. European nobility is the original aristocratic institution, by virtue of the fact that it was a system for the transfer of both virtue and general conditions of life. Three institutions that emerged in the late Middle Ages assumed structures and functions of the nobility. The first is the clergy. When, as a result of the differentiation of feudal society ethical and intellectual virtues of the nobility could no longer maintain general conditions of life, the clergy, by virtue of their abstract knowledge that ranged from philosophy and theology to law and medicine, became a class of new experts in generalities and thereby a new aristocracy. The second modern aristocratic institution is the judiciary, which has a structure and function similar to earlier aristocracies. The task of judges is to establish the highest virtue of constitutionalism. It is justice by law, which regulates general conditions of life in the state and society. What qualifies judges for the task is expertise in the new generality. The expertise includes not only education and experience in law but also impeccable private life and demonstrated professional ethics. The third modern aristocratic institution is the profession, whose most important instance is the legal profession. It shares its structure and function partly with the judiciary and partly with other professions. It seems that modern professions are degenerating. In the key area of data processing, due to rapid changes of technology, professions as systems of the transfer of virtue do not even seem to be possible. Professional aristocracies are replaced increasingly by oligarchies of capitalists and technocrats
