Risk assessment of mosquito born diseases in relation to climate changes and introduction of exotic species

Abstract

Rizik oboljevanja od bolesti koje prenose komarci vezan uz dva osnovna parametra. Prvi je sastav i biologija komaraca na određenom prostoru, a drugi je biologija uzročnika na tom istom prostoru. Nisu svi komarci prenosnici uzročnika bolesti. Najpotencijalniji prenosnik uzročnika bolesti su komarci vrste Aedes eagypty. Malariju kao narasprostranjeniju bolest prenose komarci roda Anopheles, a među njima najbolji prenositelj je Anopheles gambiae. Na području Hrvatske od 50 dosada zabilježenih vrsta potencijalno medicinsko značenje ima 15 vrsta. Anopheles atroparvus, An. plumbeus, An. sacharovi, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus neke su od najznačajnijih vrsta koje su potencijalni vektori u Hrvatskoj. Klimatske promjene igraju značajnu ulogu u promjeni uvjeta staništa, te omogućuju da se na nekom prostoru pojave vrste koje do tada nisu bile prisutne. Tigrasti komarac, Aedes albopictus zabilježen je u Hrvatskoj 2004. i udomaćio se u Istri, a sve mu je čvršća populacija u Zadru, Šibeniku, Splitu, Dubrovniku, i nove na Cresu i Lošinju sve redom visoko atraktivne turističke destinacije u koje dolazi veliki broj turista. U radu je prikazano njegovo širenje. Tijekom 2007. Aedes albopictus, dokazan je kao vektor Chicungunya virusa u Italiji s kojim se zarazilo 207 osoba u talijanskoj pokrajini Emilia Romagna.The risk of contracting a vector-born disease is linked with two basic parameters. The first is the composition and biology of mosquitoes in a certain area, and the second is the biology of agents in the same area. Not all mosquitoes are vectors of disease. The most potential vectors are the Aedes eagypty mosquitoes. Malaria as the most widespread disease is spread by the mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, of which the best vector is Anopheles gambiae. Out of 50 mosquito species recorded in Croatia, 15 have potential medical significance. Anopheles atroparvus, An. plumbeus, An. sacharovi, Culex pipiens, and Aedes albopictus are among the most significant species that are potential vectors in Croatia. Climatic changes play an important role in changing the condition of habitats, making it possible for new species to enter certain areas. The tiger mosquito was recorded in Croatia in 2004, and it can now be found in Istria, and more increasingly in Zadar, Šibenik, Split and Dubrovnik, with new sites found on the islands of Cres and Lošinj, which are very attractive tourist destinations. The tiger mosquito may pass on a virus from a tourist who may be unaware of having it, and it may start an epidemic. The dissemination of this species is presented in this paper. During 2007 Aedes albopictus was proved as a vector of Chicungunya virus in Italy. Since then to the beginning of September, 207 cases of infected persons were recorded (one of whom died) in two villages near the tourist resort Ravena, in the Emilia Romagna province