The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis is one of the most serious pests of potato in Slovenia. Precise nematode identification and knowledge about potato cultivars, which are most suitable for growing in the Slovenian climate conditions and most resistant to G. rostochiensis, are necessary to develop an effective integrated pest control. Here we report the results of the influence of G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1/4 on the yield of different potato cultivars: the susceptible cultivar Desiree, the resistant cultivars White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante and Adora, and the clone KIS 94-1/5-14. The yield of cv. White Lady was the highest and that of susceptible cv. Desiree the lowest. The influence of several resistant and one susceptible potato cultivars on population dynamics of G. rostochiensis was also determined. The total number of cysts/100 cm3 and the number of eggs and juveniles per cyst increased in the
susceptible cv. Desiree and decreased in the resistant cultivars White Lady, Sante and Adora

B. Dolničar

Gregor Urek

P. Strajnar

S. Širca

Stare Geric

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ORIGINAL PAPER71Volume 9 (2008) No. 1 (71-76)THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARSUrek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia* corresponding author: gregor.urek@kis.siManuscript received: December 14, 2007; Reviewed: January 23, 2008; Accepted for publication: February 22, 2008ABSTRACTThe potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis is one of the most serious pests of potato in Slovenia. Precise nematode identiﬁcation and knowledge about potato cultivars, which are most suitable for growing in the Slovenian climate conditions and most resistant to G. rostochiensis, are necessary to develop an effective integrated pest control. Here we report the results of the inﬂuence of G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1/4 on the yield of different potato cultivars: the susceptible cultivar Desiree, the resistant cultivars White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante and Adora, and the clone KIS 94-1/5-14. The yield of cv. White Lady was the highest and that of susceptible cv. Desiree the lowest. The inﬂuence of several resistant and one susceptible potato cultivars on population dynamics of G. rostochiensis was also determined. The total number of cysts/100 cm3 and the number of eggs and juveniles per cyst increased in the susceptible cv. Desiree and decreased in the resistant cultivars White Lady, Sante and Adora. Keywords: Globodera rostochiensis, potato cyst nematodes, PCN, potato, potato cultivars, SloveniaIZVLEČEKRumena krompirjeva ogorčica Globodera rostochiensis je eden najnevarnejših škodljivcev krompirja. Za razvoj integriranega varstva krompirja pred tem škodljivcem so pomembni natančna identiﬁkacija vrste in podatki o možnosti pridelave odpornih sort krompirja na vrsto G. rostochiensis v slovenskih rastnih razmerah. V tem prispevku poročamo o rezultatih študije vpliva vrste G. rostochiensis, Ro1/4 na pridelek različnih krompirjevih sort: Desiree, White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante, Adora in klon KIS 94-1/5-14. Največji pridelek smo ugotovili pri odporni sorti White Lady, najmanjšega pa pri občutljivi sorti Desiree. Pri nekaterih odpornih in eni občutljivi sorti krompirja smo raziskali tudi vpliv sorte krompirja na populacijsko dinamiko vrste G. rostochiensis. Skupno število cist /100 cm3 in skupno število jajčec in ličink se je povečalo pri občutljivem Desireeju in upadlo pri sortah White Lady, Sante and Adora. Ključne besede: Globodera rostochiensis, krompirjeve ogorčice, PCN, krompir, sorte krompirja, Slovenija72 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 1Urek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.POVZETEKKrompir je v Sloveniji pomembna poljščina. Površina, ki mu jo namenjamo ni vedno enaka in se je v zadnjih letih zelo zmanjšala. Po podatkih Statističnega urada Republike Slovenije smo v letu 2005 pridelovali krompir na 6.306 ha oziroma na 3,6% orne površine. Povprečni hektarski pridelek  je bil ocenjen na 22,9, skupni pridelek pa na 144.714 t.  Krompir je dovzeten za napad različnih rastlinskih bolezni in škodljivcev, med katerimi so izredno nevarne krompirjeve ogorčice (rumena in bela), ki lahko resno ogrozijo nemoteno pridelavo krompirja. Na rumeno krompirjevo ogorčico smo v Sloveniji prvič naleteli leta 1971 v vasi Dobrava pri Dravogradu, kasneje pa še v Libeličah pri Dravogradu leta 1999, Šenčurju pri Kranju leta 2000 ter na Okroglem pri Zlatem polju leta 2003. V letu 2004 smo ugotovili napad G. rostochiensis v Posočju (dolina Trente, Bovško do Kobarida), v letu 2006 pa tudi na območju Čepovana blizu Nove Gorice. Kot varstveni ukrep pred razmnožitvijo in širjenjem krompirjevih ogorčic lahko učinkovito izrabljamo uvajanje odpornih sort krompirja, prilagojenih obstoječim biološkim rasam krompirjeve ogorčice. V okviru tega prispevka smo želeli ugotoviti katere sorte so najbolj ustrezne za podnebne oziroma rastne razmere v dolini Trente, kjer je rumena krompirjeva ogorčica (biološka rasa Ro1/4) v Sloveniji najbolj razširjena. Želeli smo ugotoviti vpliv škodljivca na pridelek krompirja oziroma vpliv preskušanih sort krompirja na populacijo rumene krompirjeve ogorčice. Poskus je potekal na njivi z visoko navzočnostjo cist G. rostochiensis (biološka rasa Ro1/4), zasnovan pa je bil v petih naključnih blokih. V poskusu smo preskusili sedem različnih sort krompirja z različno stopnjo odpornosti na G. rostochiensis: občutljiva sorta Desiree, klon KIS 94-1/5-14 ter na Ro1/4 odporne White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante in Adora. Na koncu rastne sezone (september) smo poskus izvrednotili. Ugotovili smo, da G. rostochiensis ne vpliva le na pridelek krompirja, temveč tudi na kakovost pridelka oziroma na velikost krompirjevih gomoljev. Najbolj se je izkazala sorta White Lady, ki je dala statistično značilno največji pridelek, njej pa so sledile sorte Sante, Miranda, Adora in Aladin. Najslabši pridelek smo ugotovili pri klonu KIS 94-1/5-14 in sorti Desiree. Ugotovili smo tudi, da različne sorte krompirja vplivajo na populacijsko gostoto in vitalnost G. rostochiensis. Medtem, ko se je število cist G. rostochiensis pri sorti Desiree po izkopu krompirja povečalo na 396 % začetne populacije, se je njihovo število pri sortah White Lady, Sante in Adora zmanjšalo na 54 %, 59% oziroma 79% začetne populacije.1. INTRODUCTIONPotato is an important crop for Slovenian agriculture. It is produced mainly in the lowlands of the northern, north eastern, central and south eastern part of Slovenia. The area which is set aside for potato production has been decreasing since the 1990s. Potato production in Slovenia in 2005 occupied 6.306 ha, which is 3,6% of the arable land (Statistical ofﬁce of the Republic Slovenia). The ofﬁcial estimate of average yield was 22,9 tons/ha and the total production 144.714 tons in 2005. As in many other countries of the temperate region, potato is one of the most important foodstuffs also in Slovenia. It is an essential part of every day’s diet because of its applicability and its nutritive value. The potato crop is very sensitive to many plant pathogens and diseases such as Synchytrium endobioticum (Schylbersky) Percival, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, Streptomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Waks. Et Henz. , Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Speick.) Dows., Pseudomonas xanthochlora (Schuster) Stapp., Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Melolontha melolontha Fabricius, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Behrens, G. pallida (Stone) Behrens, and a number of potato viruses. The potato cyst nematode G. rostochiensis has inﬂuenced the potato production in Slovenia since 1971, when it was ﬁrst discovered in Dobrava near Dravograd [4]. The nematode invades potato roots, causing damage which reduces the root growth, the uptake of nutrients and water, and hence the top growth, light interception and tuber yields [11]. The reduction of yield is proportional to nematode population density at planting [9] but is also affected by environmental factors such as soil type [11]. After the ﬁrst ﬁnding in Dobrava near Dravograd (1971), G. rostochiensis was also found in Libeliče near Dravograd (1999), Šenčur near Kranj (2000), Okroglo near Zlato polje (2003), Žabnica near Kranj (2004), Posočje - the Trenta valley (2004) and Čepovan near N. Gorica (2006). We noted that the distribution of G. rostochiensis coincided with the narrow crop rotation and the reduced crop diversity. Posočje is a typical area where potato is produced mainly in monoculture. Therefore, alternative ways of potato production have been investigated, which could be acceptable for people in that region where the available arable land is very limited.The aim of our work was to deﬁne which potato cultivars are the most suitable for growing in the climate conditions around Posočje and the most resistant to the prevalent G. rostochiensis in the region at the same time. Therefore, a study of the inﬂuence of different potato cultivars on the population density and viability of G. rostochiensis ﬁeld population under these conditions has been carried out.THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARS73J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:1, 71-762. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe trial was established in the Trenta valley at the site which was heavily infested with G. rostochiensis (pathotype Ro1/4). Potato has been grown mainly as monoculture on that ﬁeld. The soil type at the ﬁeld was deﬁned as rendzik leptosol. The details of the climate (temperatures and monthly rainfall) in the year of the trial are given in Table 1. The complete randomized block design with seven treatments in ﬁve repetitions was applied. Seven potato cultivars were chosen that exhibit different degrees of resistance to G. rostochiensis: the standard susceptible cultivar Desiree, which is the prevalent variety in Slovenian potato production, and the resistant cultivars White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante and Adora, and the clone KIS 94-1/5-14. The resistance data were published by Polgar et al. for cv. White Lady and by NIVAAP for the rest of the varieties [6,8]. The resistance of the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 was tested at the Potato research Institute in Havličkűv Brod, Czech Republic [2]. The plot size was 20 plants with planting density of 4,7 plants per m2. The plots contained two rows, 70 cm wide and 3 m long. The seed tubers were planted 30 cm apart in the rows. Extra rows were included and planted as guard rows and spray ways. Weed, aphid and blight control were applied according to the local farm practice, as well as the fertilization rates. At the end of the season (in September), tubers were hand dug. They were graded in two grades: large tubers with tuber size over 5 cm (marketable yield) and small tubers which were smaller than 5 cm. Total yield and total number of tubers, the yield and number of tubers of each grade and the ratio between them were determined. The population size of G. rostochiensis in the soil was assessed at planting (Pi) and after harvest (Pf) by taking a soil sample of c. 250 g (made up of 30 cores (1,4/10 cm) from each plot. The samples were air dried in the laboratory, then further dried for 24 hours in a dryer at 35°C. Cysts were extracted by sieving through a 250 μm sieve and an improved ARS-USDA washing device [5]. The viability of G. rostochiensis cysts extracted from each soil sample was examined. The cysts from each soil sample were smashed and juveniles and viable eggs separated and counted using a binocular microscope. 3. RESULTSThe inﬂuence of G. rostochiensis on the yield of different potato cultivars was studied. The potato yield in different potato cultivars is presented in the Graph 1. Signiﬁcant differences were detected in total tuber yields. Cv. White Lady had signiﬁcantly higher yield than other cultivars. It was 17,47 kg/plot, the ratio of large to small tubers (RLST %) was 83,6:16,4 and was  higher than that of cv. Sante (12,9 kg; RLST % = 90,5:9,5), Miranda (10,32 kg; RLST % = 89:11), Adora (10,29 kg; RLST % = 88,3:11,7) and Aladin (8,84 kg; RLST % = 87,2:12,8). Total tuber yields for the cultivars (the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 (8,74 kg; RLST % = 74,1:25,9) and cv. Desiree (8,51 kg/plot; RLST % = 68,4:31,6) were statistically different from that of cv. White lady, Sante, Miranda and Adora but not from cv. Aladin.The total number of tubers was the greatest in cv. White Lady (221: 131 large and 91 small tubers) followed by Desiree (145: 56 + 89) which differed signiﬁcantly from the former but not from the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 (136: 66 + 70) and Sante (129: 93 + 36). Sante was followed by Adora (102: 64 + 38), Miranda (100: 65 + 35) and Aladin (97: 62 + 35) which did not signiﬁcantly differ between themselves but they differed from others.The population density of G. rostochiensis inﬂuenced by some resistant cultivars (White Lady, Sante, Adora) and the susceptible cultivar Desiree was determined after the growing season (Graph 2). The initial population of G. rostochiensis cysts / 100 cm3 soil sample increased with the growth of the susceptible cv. Desiree by 2,8 times. Table 1: Mean monthly air temperatures (°C) and monthly rainfall sums (mm) in Trenta in 2005 (Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia) Mean monthly air temperatures (T (°C)) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Spt Oct Nov Dec Yearlymeanairtemp.. 1.2 -0.5 4.2 9.0 14.9 18.1 19.4 17.6 15.3 10.2 4.0 -1.1 9.3 Monthly rainfall sums (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Spt Oct Nov Dec Yeraly rainfall sum 3.9 14.4 40.5 162.4 114.6 102.3 224.2 175.6 105.6 176 152.9 146.6 1419 74 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 1Urek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.02468101214161820WHITE LADYMIRANDAALADINSANTEADORADESIREEKIS 94-1/5-14Potato cultivarsYield (kg)small tubers (kg)large tubers (kg) Graph 1: Potato yield in different potato cultivars0100200300400500600700800ADORA DESIREE SANTE WHITE LADYPotato cultivarsNo. of cystsGraph 2: Total number of cysts of G. rostochiensis / 100 cm3 soil sample (Pi = 208 ± 50)THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARS75J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:1, 71-76No population density growth of G. rostochiensis was observed with the resistant cultivars studied; the ﬁnal populations (Pf) did not differ signiﬁcantly from the initial populations (Pi). Beside the number of cysts, the total number of viable eggs and J2 larvae / 100 cm3 soil sample was determined (Graph 3). While the average number of viable eggs and J2 larvae in the susceptible cv. Desiree rose signiﬁcantly from the initial 7.013 ± 2340 to the ﬁnal 27.786 ± 6.118 (Pf/Pi = 3,96), the Pf/Pi value in the resistant cultivars used in the experiment (White lady: Pf/Pi = 0,54; Sante: Pf/Pi = 0,59; Adora: Pf/Pi = 0,79) decreased.4. DISCUSSIONThe economic damage caused by G. pallida and G. rostochiensis can be severe. If left uncontrolled, these nematodes can cause up to 80% yield loss [1]. Light infestations can reduce the tuber size whereas heavy infestations reduce both the number and the size of tubers. Increasing restrictions on the application of nematicides and fumigants will necessitate the use of alternative methods of nematode control such as long crop rotations, catch crops and the use of resistant cultivars [3].Within Slovenia, the control of potato cyst nematodes is legislated by the restriction of seed production on infested land. It is also required to grow potato in at least four year crop rotation on infested land where ware potato is produced. In the areas where potato is produced mainly as monoculture it is recommended to grow resistant potato cultivars. The most effective way of reducing potato cyst nematode populations in infested soil is either to eliminate potato from crop rotation or to plant resistant potato cultivars. While G. pallida has never been isolated from the arable soil in Slovenia, G. rostochiensis is a serious constraint on the production of potatoes by small-holder farmers, especially in the Trenta valley. Therefore, we tried to ﬁnd out the way of sustainable potato production acceptable for people in that region where available arable land is very limited. Nematode resistant potatoes would reduce the pressure on cultivated land and signiﬁcantly improve farmers’ livelihoods. So far, only one type of G. rostochiensis has been discovered in Slovenia (pathotype Ro1/4). Therefore the inﬂuence of this G. rostochiensis pathotype on the yield of different potato cultivars was studied. Our experiment conﬁrmed several previous reports [7] that G. rostochiensis can directly reduce the yield of the susceptible potato cultivar Desiree and that the resistant cultivar White Lady is the most tolerant to nematode infection in Posočje (Trenta valley) where climate conditions are very speciﬁc for potato production. G. rostochiensis did not inﬂuence only the yield but also the average tuber size which is considered as one of the factors for tuber quality. Signiﬁcant differences were 05000100001500020000250003000035000ADORA DESIREE SANTE WHITE LADYPotato cultivarsNo. of eggs and J2Graph 3: Total number of eggs and J2 of G. rostochiensis / 100 cm3 soil sample (Pi = 7013 ± 2340)76 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 1Urek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.detected between the cultivars tested. The cultivar White Lady gave the best results and it appears to be the most suitable for growing in the Trenta valley. It produced good-quality tubers of acceptable size in a relatively short season. Late cvs. White Lady and Sante and early cv. Adora were found suitable for growing in the Trenta valley. All the other cultivars, especially the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 and cv. Desiree, gave smaller yields.The inﬂuence of resistant potato cultivars on the population density and viability of G. rostochiensis was studied on cultivars (White Lady, Sante, Adora) resistant to G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1/4 and on susceptible cultivar Desiree which was used as a control. Over a growing season, the G. rostochiensis population density increased to 396 % of the initial population in the plots where cultivar Desiree was grown. The G. rostochiensis population density decreased to 54 %, 59% and 79% after one year of growing the cultivars resistant to pathotype Ro1/4: White Lady, Sante and Adora, respectively. These data suggest that growing of resistant potato cultivars in infested areas could present an effective PCN management strategy.5. References [1] Brodie, B. B., Biology and distribution of Potato Cyst Nematodes in North America and their Economic Impact on Potato. Potato Association of America (2001) 78: 445.[2] Dolničar, P., Future new Slovenian potato varieties bred at the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia. Proceedings of symposium, Slovenian Society of Agronomy, Zreče (2002): 143-147.[3] Fleming, C. C., Turner, J. S., Diagnostics of cyst nematodes: use of the polymerase chain reaction to determine species and estimate population levels. Aspects of Applied Biology (1998) 52: 375-382.[4] Hržič. A. [Investigations of nematodes as direct plant pests and vectors of plant diseases]. Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Technical report , 1971.[5] Hržič, A., Raziskava korelacij med anatomsko zgradbo in morfologijo distalne regije cist nematod vrst Heterodera. Doktorska disertacija, BF Univ. v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 1980.[6] NIVAAP, Netherlands catalogue of potato varieties. Den Haag, the Netherlands, 2003.[7] Osypchuk, A. A., Taktaev, B. A., Sigareva, D., D. Pylypenko, L. A., Breeding for Resistance to the Potato Cyst Nematode in Ukraine. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. (2002) 38 (3–4): 158–159.[8] Polgar, Z., Wolf, I., Horvath, S., Results of the last forty years of Hungarian potato resistance breeding programme. Proceedings of symposium, Slovenian Society of Agronomy, Zreče (2002): 139-142.[9] Seinhorst, J. W., The relation between nematode density and damage to plants. Nematologica (1965) 11: 137-154.[10] Statistical ofﬁce of the Republic Slovenia, http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp.[11] Trudgill, D. L., Yield losses caused by potato cyst nematodes: a review of the current position in Britain and prospects for improvement. Annals of Applied Biology (1986) 108: 181-198.

THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARS

The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis is one of the most serious pests of potato in Slovenia. Precise nematode identification and knowledge about potato cultivars, which are most suitable for growing in the Slovenian climate conditions and most resistant to G. rostochiensis, are necessary to develop an effective integrated pest control. Here we report the results of the influence of G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1/4 on the yield of different potato cultivars: the susceptible cultivar Desiree, the resistant cultivars White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante and Adora, and the clone KIS 94-1/5-14. The yield of cv. White Lady was the highest and that of susceptible cv. Desiree the lowest. The influence of several resistant and one susceptible potato cultivars on population dynamics of G. rostochiensis was also determined. The total number of cysts/100 cm3 and the number of eggs and juveniles per cyst increased in the susceptible cv. Desiree and decreased in the resistant cultivars White Lady, Sante and Adora

S Širca

B Dolničar

P Strajnar

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ORIGINAL PAPER71 Volume 9 (2008) No. 1 (71-76)THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARSUrek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia* corresponding author: gregor.urek@kis.siManuscript received: December 14, 2007; Reviewed: January 23, 2008; Accepted for publication: February 22, 2008ABSTRACTThe potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis is one of the most serious pests of potato in Slovenia. Precise nematode identiﬁcation and knowledge about potato cultivars, which are most suitable for growing in the Slovenian climate conditions and most resistant to G. rostochiensis, are necessary to develop an effective integrated pest control. Here we report the results of the inﬂuence of G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1/4 on the yield of different potato cultivars: the susceptible cultivar Desiree, the resistant cultivars White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante and Adora, and the clone KIS 94-1/5-14. The yield of cv. White Lady was the highest and that of susceptible cv. Desiree the lowest. The inﬂuence of several resistant and one susceptible potato cultivars on population dynamics of G. rostochiensis was also determined. The total number of cysts/100 cm3 and the number of eggs and juveniles per cyst increased in the susceptible cv. Desiree and decreased in the resistant cultivars White Lady, Sante and Adora. Keywords: Globodera rostochiensis, potato cyst nematodes, PCN, potato, potato cultivars, SloveniaIZVLEČEKRumena krompirjeva ogorčica Globodera rostochiensis je eden najnevarnejših škodljivcev krompirja. Za razvoj integriranega varstva krompirja pred tem škodljivcem so pomembni natančna identiﬁkacija vrste in podatki o možnosti pridelave odpornih sort krompirja na vrsto G. rostochiensis v slovenskih rastnih razmerah. V tem prispevku poročamo o rezultatih študije vpliva vrste G. rostochiensis, Ro1/4 na pridelek različnih krompirjevih sort: Desiree, White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante, Adora in klon KIS 94-1/5-14. Največji pridelek smo ugotovili pri odporni sorti White Lady, najmanjšega pa pri občutljivi sorti Desiree. Pri nekaterih odpornih in eni občutljivi sorti krompirja smo raziskali tudi vpliv sorte krompirja na populacijsko dinamiko vrste G. rostochiensis. Skupno število cist /100 cm3 in skupno število jajčec in ličink se je povečalo pri občutljivem Desireeju in upadlo pri sortah White Lady, Sante and Adora. Ključne besede: Globodera rostochiensis, krompirjeve ogorčice, PCN, krompir, sorte krompirja, Slovenija72 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 1Urek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.POVZETEKKrompir je v Sloveniji pomembna poljščina. Površina, ki mu jo namenjamo ni vedno enaka in se je v zadnjih letih  zelo  zmanjšala.  Po  podatkih  Statističnega  urada Republike Slovenije smo v letu 2005 pridelovali krompir na 6.306 ha oziroma na 3,6% orne površine. Povprečni hektarski pridelek  je bil ocenjen na 22,9, skupni pridelek pa na 144.714 t.  Krompir je dovzeten za napad različnih rastlinskih  bolezni  in  škodljivcev,  med  katerimi  so izredno nevarne krompirjeve ogorčice (rumena in bela), ki lahko resno ogrozijo nemoteno pridelavo krompirja. Na rumeno krompirjevo ogorčico smo v Sloveniji prvič naleteli leta 1971 v vasi Dobrava pri Dravogradu, kasneje pa še v Libeličah pri Dravogradu leta 1999, Šenčurju pri Kranju leta 2000 ter na Okroglem pri Zlatem polju leta 2003. V letu 2004 smo ugotovili napad G. rostochiensis v Posočju (dolina Trente, Bovško do Kobarida), v letu 2006 pa tudi na območju Čepovana blizu Nove Gorice. Kot  varstveni  ukrep  pred  razmnožitvijo  in  širjenjem krompirjevih  ogorčic  lahko  učinkovito  izrabljamo uvajanje odpornih sort krompirja, prilagojenih obstoječim biološkim  rasam  krompirjeve  ogorčice. V  okviru  tega prispevka  smo  želeli  ugotoviti  katere  sorte  so  najbolj ustrezne za podnebne oziroma rastne razmere v dolini Trente, kjer je rumena krompirjeva ogorčica (biološka rasa  Ro1/4)  v  Sloveniji  najbolj  razširjena.  Želeli  smo ugotoviti vpliv škodljivca na pridelek krompirja oziroma vpliv preskušanih sort krompirja na populacijo rumene krompirjeve ogorčice. Poskus je potekal na njivi z visoko navzočnostjo cist G. rostochiensis (biološka rasa Ro1/4), zasnovan pa je bil v petih naključnih blokih. V poskusu smo preskusili sedem različnih sort krompirja z različno stopnjo odpornosti na G. rostochiensis: občutljiva sorta Desiree, klon KIS 94-1/5-14 ter na Ro1/4 odporne White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante in Adora. Na koncu rastne sezone (september) smo poskus izvrednotili. Ugotovili smo,  da  G.  rostochiensis  ne  vpliva  le  na  pridelek krompirja, temveč tudi na kakovost pridelka oziroma na velikost krompirjevih gomoljev. Najbolj se je izkazala sorta White Lady, ki je dala statistično značilno največji pridelek, njej pa so sledile sorte Sante, Miranda, Adora in Aladin.  Najslabši  pridelek  smo  ugotovili  pri  klonu KIS 94-1/5-14 in sorti Desiree. Ugotovili smo tudi, da različne sorte krompirja vplivajo na populacijsko gostoto in vitalnost G. rostochiensis. Medtem, ko se je število cist G. rostochiensis pri sorti Desiree po izkopu krompirja povečalo  na  396  %  začetne  populacije,  se  je  njihovo število pri sortah White Lady, Sante in Adora zmanjšalo na 54 %, 59% oziroma 79% začetne populacije.1. INTRODUCTIONPotato is an important crop for Slovenian agriculture. It is produced mainly in the lowlands of the northern, north eastern, central and south eastern part of Slovenia. The area which is set aside for potato production has been decreasing since the 1990s. Potato production in Slovenia in 2005 occupied 6.306 ha, which is 3,6% of the arable land (Statistical ofﬁce of the Republic Slovenia). The ofﬁcial estimate of average yield was 22,9 tons/ha and the total production 144.714 tons in 2005. As in many other countries of the temperate region, potato is one of the most important foodstuffs also in Slovenia. It is an essential part of every day’s diet because of its applicability and its nutritive value. The potato crop is very sensitive to many plant pathogens and diseases such as  Synchytrium  endobioticum  (Schylbersky)  Percival, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, Streptomyces scabies  (Thaxt.)  Waks.  Et  Henz.  ,  Corynebacterium sepedonicum  (Speick.)  Dows.,  Pseudomonas xanthochlora  (Schuster)  Stapp.,  Leptinotarsa decemlineata  Say,  Melolontha  melolontha  Fabricius, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, Ditylenchus destructor Thorne,  Globodera  rostochiensis  (Woll.)  Behrens,  G. pallida (Stone) Behrens, and a number of potato viruses. The potato cyst nematode G. rostochiensis has inﬂuenced the potato production in Slovenia since 1971, when it was ﬁrst discovered in Dobrava near Dravograd [4]. The nematode invades potato roots, causing damage which reduces  the  root  growth,  the  uptake  of  nutrients  and water, and hence the top growth, light interception and tuber yields [11]. The reduction of yield is proportional to nematode population density at planting [9] but is also affected by environmental factors such as soil type [11]. After the ﬁrst ﬁnding in Dobrava near Dravograd (1971), G. rostochiensis was also found in Libeliče near Dravograd (1999), Šenčur near Kranj (2000), Okroglo near Zlato polje  (2003),  Žabnica  near  Kranj  (2004),  Posočje  - the Trenta valley (2004) and Čepovan near N. Gorica (2006). We noted that the distribution of G. rostochiensis coincided with the narrow crop rotation and the reduced crop diversity. Posočje is a typical area where potato is produced mainly in monoculture. Therefore, alternative ways of potato production have been investigated, which could be acceptable for people in that region where the available arable land is very limited.The aim of our work was to deﬁne which potato cultivars are the most suitable for growing in the climate conditions around Posočje and the most resistant to the prevalent G. rostochiensis in the region at the same time. Therefore, a study of the inﬂuence of different potato cultivars on the population density and viability of G. rostochiensis ﬁeld population under these conditions has been carried out.THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARS73 J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:1, 71-762. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe  trial  was  established  in  the  Trenta  valley  at  the site  which  was  heavily  infested  with  G.  rostochiensis (pathotype  Ro1/4).  Potato  has  been  grown  mainly  as monoculture on that ﬁeld. The soil type at the ﬁeld was deﬁned as rendzik leptosol. The details of the climate (temperatures and monthly rainfall) in the year of the trial  are  given  in  Table  1.  The  complete  randomized block design with seven treatments in ﬁve repetitions was  applied.  Seven  potato  cultivars  were  chosen  that exhibit different degrees of resistance to G. rostochiensis: the standard susceptible cultivar Desiree, which is the prevalent variety in Slovenian potato production, and the resistant cultivars White Lady, Miranda, Aladin, Sante and Adora, and the clone KIS 94-1/5-14. The resistance data were published by Polgar et al. for cv. White Lady and by NIVAAP for the rest of the varieties [6,8]. The resistance of the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 was tested at the Potato  research  Institute  in  Havličkűv  Brod,  Czech Republic [2]. The plot size was 20 plants with planting density of 4,7 plants per m2. The plots contained two rows, 70 cm wide and 3 m long. The seed tubers were planted 30 cm apart in the rows. Extra rows were included and planted as guard rows and spray ways. Weed, aphid and blight control were applied according to the local farm practice, as well as the fertilization rates. At the end of the season (in September), tubers were hand dug. They were graded in two grades: large tubers with tuber size over 5 cm (marketable yield) and small tubers which were smaller than 5 cm. Total yield and total number of tubers, the yield and number of tubers of each grade and the ratio between them were determined. The population size of G. rostochiensis in the soil was assessed at planting (Pi) and after harvest (Pf) by taking a soil sample of c. 250 g (made up of 30 cores (1,4/10 cm) from each plot. The samples were air dried in the laboratory, then further dried for 24 hours in a dryer at 35°C. Cysts were extracted by sieving through a 250 μm sieve and an improved ARS-USDA washing device [5]. The  viability  of  G.  rostochiensis  cysts  extracted  from each soil sample was examined. The cysts from each soil sample were smashed and juveniles and viable eggs separated and counted using a binocular microscope. 3. RESULTSThe inﬂuence of G. rostochiensis on the yield of different potato cultivars was studied. The potato yield in different potato cultivars is presented in the Graph 1. Signiﬁcant differences were detected in total tuber yields. Cv. White Lady had signiﬁcantly higher yield than other cultivars. It was 17,47 kg/plot, the ratio of large to small tubers (RLST %) was 83,6:16,4 and was  higher than that of cv. Sante (12,9 kg; RLST % = 90,5:9,5), Miranda (10,32 kg;  RLST  %  =  89:11), Adora  (10,29  kg;  RLST  %  = 88,3:11,7) and Aladin (8,84 kg; RLST % = 87,2:12,8). Total tuber yields for the cultivars (the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 (8,74 kg; RLST % = 74,1:25,9) and cv. Desiree (8,51 kg/plot; RLST % = 68,4:31,6) were statistically different from that of cv. White lady, Sante, Miranda and Adora but not from cv. Aladin.The total number of tubers was the greatest in cv. White Lady (221: 131 large and 91 small tubers) followed by Desiree (145: 56 + 89) which differed signiﬁcantly from the former but not from the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 (136: 66 + 70) and Sante (129: 93 + 36). Sante was followed by Adora (102: 64 + 38), Miranda (100: 65 + 35) and Aladin (97: 62 + 35) which did not signiﬁcantly differ between themselves but they differed from others.The population density of G. rostochiensis inﬂuenced by some resistant cultivars (White Lady, Sante, Adora) and the susceptible cultivar Desiree was determined after the growing season (Graph 2). The initial population of G. rostochiensis cysts / 100 cm3 soil sample increased with the growth of the susceptible cv. Desiree by 2,8 times. Table 1: Mean monthly air temperatures (°C) and monthly rainfall sums (mm) in Trenta in 2005 (Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia) Mean monthly air temperatures (T (°C)) Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  May  Jun  Jul  Aug  Spt  Oct  Nov  Dec  Yearlymeanairtemp.. 1.2  -0.5  4.2  9.0  14.9  18.1  19.4  17.6  15.3  10.2  4.0  -1.1  9.3 Monthly rainfall sums (mm) Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  May  Jun  Jul  Aug  Spt  Oct  Nov  Dec  Yeraly rainfall sum 3.9  14.4  40.5  162.4  114.6  102.3  224.2  175.6  105.6  176  152.9  146.6  1419 74 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 1Urek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.02468101214161820WHITE LADYMIRANDAALADINSANTEADORADESIREEKIS 94-1/5-14Potato cultivarsYield (kg)small tubers (kg)large tubers (kg) Graph 1: Potato yield in different potato cultivars0100200300400500600700800ADORA DESIREE SANTE WHITE LADYPotato cultivarsNo. of cystsGraph 2: Total number of cysts of G. rostochiensis / 100 cm3 soil sample (Pi = 208 ± 50)THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARS75 J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2008) 9:1, 71-76No population density growth of G. rostochiensis was observed with the resistant cultivars studied; the ﬁnal populations  (Pf)  did  not  differ  signiﬁcantly  from  the initial populations (Pi). Beside the number of cysts, the total number of viable eggs and J2 larvae / 100 cm3 soil sample was determined (Graph 3). While the average number of viable eggs and J2 larvae in the susceptible cv. Desiree rose signiﬁcantly from the initial 7.013 ± 2340 to the ﬁnal 27.786 ± 6.118 (Pf/Pi = 3,96), the Pf/Pi value in the resistant cultivars used in the experiment (White lady: Pf/Pi = 0,54; Sante: Pf/Pi = 0,59; Adora: Pf/Pi = 0,79) decreased.4. DISCUSSIONThe  economic  damage  caused  by  G.  pallida  and  G. rostochiensis can be severe. If left uncontrolled, these nematodes can cause up to 80% yield loss [1]. Light infestations  can  reduce  the  tuber  size  whereas  heavy infestations reduce both the number and the size of tubers. Increasing restrictions on the application of nematicides and  fumigants  will  necessitate  the  use  of  alternative methods of nematode control such as long crop rotations, catch crops and the use of resistant cultivars [3].Within Slovenia, the control of potato cyst nematodes is legislated by the restriction of seed production on infested land. It is also required to grow potato in at least four year crop rotation on infested land where ware potato is produced. In the areas where potato is produced mainly as  monoculture  it  is  recommended  to  grow  resistant potato  cultivars.  The  most  effective  way  of  reducing potato cyst nematode populations in infested soil is either to eliminate potato from crop rotation or to plant resistant potato cultivars. While G. pallida has never been isolated from the arable soil in Slovenia, G. rostochiensis is a serious constraint on the production of potatoes by small-holder farmers, especially in the Trenta valley. Therefore, we tried to ﬁnd out the way of sustainable potato production acceptable for people in that region where available arable land is very limited. Nematode resistant potatoes would reduce the pressure on cultivated land and signiﬁcantly improve farmers’ livelihoods. So  far,  only  one  type  of  G.  rostochiensis  has  been discovered  in  Slovenia  (pathotype  Ro1/4).  Therefore the inﬂuence of this G. rostochiensis pathotype on the yield  of  different  potato  cultivars  was  studied.  Our experiment conﬁrmed several previous reports [7] that G.  rostochiensis  can  directly  reduce  the  yield  of  the susceptible potato cultivar Desiree and that the resistant cultivar White Lady is the most tolerant to nematode infection  in  Posočje  (Trenta  valley)  where  climate conditions  are  very  speciﬁc  for  potato  production.  G. rostochiensis did not inﬂuence only the yield but also the average tuber size which is considered as one of the factors  for  tuber  quality.  Signiﬁcant  differences  were 05000100001500020000250003000035000ADORA DESIREE SANTE WHITE LADYPotato cultivarsNo. of eggs and J2Graph 3: Total number of eggs and J2 of G. rostochiensis / 100 cm3 soil sample (Pi = 7013 ± 2340)76 Journal of Central European Agriculture Vol 9 (2008) No 1Urek, G.*, Širca S., Geric Stare, B., Dolničar, P., Strajnar, P.detected between the cultivars tested. The cultivar White Lady gave the best results and it appears to be the most suitable for growing in the Trenta valley. It produced good-quality  tubers  of  acceptable  size  in  a  relatively short season. Late cvs. White Lady and Sante and early cv. Adora were found suitable for growing in the Trenta valley. All the other cultivars, especially the clone KIS 94-1/5-14 and cv. Desiree, gave smaller yields.The  inﬂuence  of  resistant  potato  cultivars  on  the population density and viability of G. rostochiensis was studied on cultivars (White Lady, Sante, Adora) resistant to G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1/4 and on susceptible cultivar Desiree which was used as a control. Over a growing season, the G. rostochiensis population density increased to 396 % of the initial population in the plots where cultivar Desiree was grown. The G. rostochiensis population density decreased to 54 %, 59% and 79% after one year of growing the cultivars resistant to pathotype Ro1/4:  White  Lady,  Sante  and  Adora,  respectively. These  data  suggest  that  growing  of  resistant  potato cultivars in infested areas could present an effective PCN management strategy.5. References [1] Brodie, B. B., Biology and distribution of Potato Cyst Nematodes in North America and their Economic Impact on Potato. Potato Association of America (2001) 78: 445.[2] Dolničar, P., Future new Slovenian potato varieties bred at the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia. Proceedings of symposium, Slovenian Society of Agronomy, Zreče (2002): 143-147.[3]  Fleming,  C.  C.,  Turner,  J.  S.,  Diagnostics  of cyst nematodes: use of the polymerase chain reaction to  determine  species  and  estimate  population  levels. Aspects of Applied Biology (1998) 52: 375-382.[4] Hržič. A. [Investigations of nematodes as direct plant pests and vectors of plant diseases]. Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Technical report , 1971.[5]  Hržič, A.,  Raziskava  korelacij  med  anatomsko zgradbo in morfologijo distalne regije cist nematod vrst Heterodera. Doktorska disertacija, BF Univ. v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 1980.[6]  NIVAAP,  Netherlands  catalogue  of  potato varieties. Den Haag, the Netherlands, 2003.[7] Osypchuk, A. A., Taktaev, B. A., Sigareva, D., D. Pylypenko, L. A., Breeding for Resistance to the Potato Cyst Nematode in Ukraine. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. (2002) 38 (3–4): 158–159.[8] Polgar, Z., Wolf, I., Horvath, S., Results of the last forty years of Hungarian potato resistance breeding programme.  Proceedings  of  symposium,  Slovenian Society of Agronomy, Zreče (2002): 139-142.[9] Seinhorst, J. W., The relation between nematode density and damage to plants. Nematologica (1965) 11: 137-154.[10]  Statistical  ofﬁce  of  the  Republic  Slovenia, http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp.[11] Trudgill, D. L., Yield losses caused by potato cyst nematodes: a review of the current position in Britain and prospects for improvement. Annals of Applied Biology (1986) 108: 181-198.

THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO CYST NEMATODE G. ROSTOCHIENSIS INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARS

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