M. Paunović

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7In the frame of the IGCP Project 442, recently started a petrographical analysis of the neolithic rawmaterials from the sites Samatovci and Vindija (Croatia). The preliminary results show a mixtureof used materials of local origin (probably pebbles found in the river valleys). To define theirsources, the geographical and geological characteristics of the wider area were analysed showing twopossibilities of provenience. Majority of the raw materials derives: 1. - from the high cristalline shistsof the Pannonian megastructures, and 2. - from the volcanic and metamorphic rocks of the Alpsand Dinarides. On the other hand, the rare raw materials such as obsidian and jadeite wereoccasionally imported in limited quantities along the trading and/or migrating routes from Italy.Key words: Neolithic, raw material, origin, CroatiaORIGIN OF THE NEOLITHIC RAW MATERIALSIN CROATIAUDK 903-03; 552.3.4 (497.5)Primljeno/Received: 2002. 02. 27.Prihva}eno/Accepted: 2002. 04. 11.Maja PAUNOVI]Maja Paunovi}HR 10000 ZagrebCroatian Academy of Sciences and ArtsInstitute of Quaternary Paleontology and GeologyA. Kova~i}a 5/IIe-mail: zpgk@hazu.hrINTRODUCTIONDespite the fact that in Croatia there are manywell known neolithic sites (Sarva{, Vu~edol, etc.),the systematic research of the raw materials wasmainly oriented on the Mousterian and UpperPaleolithic lithic industry (Paunovi} et al 2001).Recently, in the frame of the IGCP Project 442, thepetrographical study started with analysis of thepolished stone artifacts from neolithic settlementSamatovci and neolithic level of the cave Vindija,and the first results show a mixture of used mate-rials of local origin. In this paper the main geo-graphical and geological characteristics of Croatia aswell as of the wider area are discussed with the aimto define sources of the recently analyzed materialsbut also of the materials cited in the literature(Benac 1979).GEOGRAPHYIn studying the Neolithic of Croatia one shouldkeep in mind that its territory is characterized byvariety of composition: 1. about 1/3 of Croatia is ofa striking plain character surrounded and interruptedby a belt of small hills and hills which separate themfrom the mountainous regions of the Alps in thewest and Dinarides in the south-west; 2. the Dinaridesare characterized by chain mountains of steep slopeswith karst phenomena and deeply incised river val-leys; 3. all stream waters belong to the catchmentareas of the Black Sea (79%) and Adriatic Sea(21%), but the density of the river net is the smallestin karst regions. The stream waters in mountainousregions are of the greatest fall and energy, especiallyupper and middle parts of their catchment areas.Closely to the Pannonian basin, the falls suddenlydecrease and rivers assume appearance of plain rivers.442M. Paunovi} : » Origin of the neolithic raw materials in Croatia  «, Opvsc. archaeol. 26, 7-11 2002.8Fig. 1. Compiled sketch map of the northwestern and central Dinarides showing position of main Alpine mineral deposits ( I. Jurkovi},J. Pami} 1999. )Legend: 1 Tertiary and Quaternary sediments; 2 Tertiary volcanics; 3 Paleogene metamorphic rocks; 4 Paleogene granitoids; 5 UpperCretaceous-Paleogene flysch; 6 Dinaric Ophiolite zone, mostly melange; 7 Lower to Upper Cretaceous sequences uncoformablyoverlying ophiolites; 8 Larger ultramafic massifs; 9 radiolarites; 10 Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous sequences of the passive massifs;11 Adriatic-Dinaridic carbonate platform; 12 allochthonous Triassic sequences-small Paleozoic masses; 13 larger bodies of Triassicvolcanic (a) and plutonic (b) rocks; 14 allochthonous Paleozoic sequences; 15 larger bodies of Paleozoic volcanics; 16 Paleozoicmetamorphic rocks of the Eastern Alps and Tisia; 17 Paleozoic granitoids, and migmatites; 18 strike-slip fault; 19 interterranethrust; 20 interterrane thrust; I -VI Magmatic-metallogenic subprovinces.M. Paunovi} : » Origin of the neolithic raw materials in Croatia  «, Opvsc. archaeol. 26, 7-11 2002.9GEOLOGYAlso, to understand the reasons of Neolithic rawmaterial exploitation,  the geology of Croatia must beconsidered in the context of wider area which is,thanks to its position in European part of the Alpineorogen, i.e. Mesozoic carbonate platform, character-ized by a complicated geological composition.Paleogeographically and geotectonically, this area canbe divided into two main parts: the External Dinarides(Adriaticum, Epiadriaticum and Dinaricum) composedof Mesozoic limestones and dolomites and the Inter-nal Dinarides (Supradinaricum) consisting mainly ofMesozoic ophiolites and formations of the Tethyanactive and continental margins (Herak 1986, Drobne& Trutin 1997). Its earliest evolutionary phases dur-ing the Alpine cycle were probably related to riftingprocesses which started in the Late Permian/EarlyTriassic (Pami} 1984).Because Late Permian and Triassic magmatismproduced basalts, andesites and dacites in extrusivelevel, and gabbro, diorite, granosyenite and granite inintrusive level, and because of the great diversitywithin the Dinarides (Jurkovic and Pamic 1999)  thefollowing magmatic groups are defined by differentrock types (Fig. 1):I - the dacite-quartz keratophyre (with subordinateandesite and basalt) magmatic group of Sloveniamainly included within the Sava nappe,II - the basalt-spilite-andesite magmatic group ofGorski Kotar, Lika and Dalmatia,III - the basalt-spilite magmatic group of HrvatskoZagorje and SE Slovenia: small group com-posed of basalts, largely transformed into spiliteswith some andesites associated with pyroclatsicrocks,IV - the basalt-spilite-andesite-keratophyre-quartzkeratophyre magmatic group associated withgabbro, diorite and granosyenite of SW MiddleDinarides. The volcanics are accompanied bylarger plutonic bodies in some places in asso-ciation with numerous swarms of diabases. Mid-dle Triassic volcanic-sedimentary formation is inthis area represented with tuff, tuffite, tuffiticsandstone, iron-manganese schist, shale, chert,and volcanic rocks,V - the andesite-keratophyre- quartz keratophyremagmatic group with subordinate diorite andgranosyenite of SE Bosnia and N Montenegro,VI - the basalt-spilite magmatic group of SE andCentral Bosnia.At the same time, metamorphic rocks of thisarea (Central  Dinaride Ophiolite Belt = CDOB)are represented by low-grad metamorphism, or bylower part of greenschist facies and by higher orhigh-pressure metamorphism: phyllites, chloritoid schists,chlorite schists, greenschists, calcschists, metapsamites,quartz micaschists, eclogites etc (Majer et al. 1993).The ophiolite belt contains also the greatest massesof spinel lherzolites known by now in the world(Gara{i} & Majer, 1993), while alkali amphibolebearing metamorphic rocks (blueschists) are mostlyencountered in the collision area between Dinaridesand bordered geotectonic units of  the Pannonianbasin,  and only a few occurences are connected withthe ophiolite belt (Majer & Lugovi} 1991).CONCLUSIONThus, because among  neolithic tools found atCroatian sites most common are diabases, gabbros,amphibolites, quarz, quarzite, chert, etc., sporadicallynephrite, obsidian, jasper, jadeite and opal (Benac1979), with exception of obsidian and jadeite (origin:?Italy), the raw materials are autochtonous and notimported. Namely, regarding the mentioned geologi-cal and geographical characteristics of the area, thesources of raw materials in Croatia are prevailinglyformations which occur as raised eroded cores ofmegastructures represented by high christalline schists(two-mica gneisses, amphibolites and micaschists) en-countered below a thick cover of the Tertiary andQuaternary sediments in Pannonian basin as well asthe magmatic group of Hrvatsko Zagorje. Also theraw materials are brought by water courses rich inpebbles and rocks (So~a, Sava, Drava, Una, Bosna,Neretva etc.) directly from outcrops of volcanic andmetamorphic rocks of Slovenia and Bosnia.The main characteristic of the neolithic settle-ments in Croatia is their position along the interfluvialregions on elevated river banks or on natural risesnear streams. Thus, depending on all  natural sources,the neolithic population in each specific region usedthe raw material found in vicinity of the settlementwithout long distance search. At the same time, thetools made from the rare raw materials, such asobsidian or jadeite, probably represent luxury itemsor presents occasionally imported in limited quantityalong  the trading or migrating routes.M. Paunovi} : » Origin of the neolithic raw materials in Croatia  «, Opvsc. archaeol. 26, 7-11 2002.10REFERENCESBenac 1979 A. Benac: Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja. II Neolitsko doba, Akademija nauka i umjetnostiBosne i Hercegovine, 705 p., Sarajevo.Drobne & Trutin 1997 K. Drobne i M. Trutin: Alveolinas from the Buni} Section (Lika, Croatia). Geol. croatica, 50/2,215-223, Zagreb.Gara{i} & Majer 1992/1993V. Gara{i} i V. Majer: Heterogenitet ultramafita iz masiva planine Ozren u zoni CentralnihDinarida (CDOB), Bosna. RAD HAZU, 463, 91-108, Zagreb.Herak 1986 M. Herak: A new concept of geotectonics of the Dinarides. Acta geol., 16, 1-42, Zagreb.I. Jurkovi} & J. Pami} 1999I. Jurkovi} i J. Pami}: Triassic rifting-related magmatism and metallogeny of the Dinarides. Actageol., 26/1, 1-26, Zagreb.Majer & Lugovi} 1991V. Majer i B. Lugovi}: Metamorfne stijene s alkalnim amfibolima (“glaukofanski {kriljci”) uJugoslaviji. RAD HAZU, 458, 103-129, Zagreb.Majer, Lugovi} & Vragovi} 1992/1993V. Majer, B. Lugovi} & M. Vragovi}: Kloritoidni {kriljci Dinarida i susjednih oblasti. RADHAZU, 463, 159-194, Zagreb.Pami} 1984 J. Pami}: Triassic magmatism of the Dinarides in Yugoslavia. Tectonophysics, 226, 503-518.Paunovi}, Jambre{i}, Brajkovi}, Malez & Mauch Lenardi} 2001M. Paunovi}, G. Jambre{i}, D. Brajkovi}, V. Malez & J. Mauch Lenardi}: Last Glacial settlementof Croatia: Catalogue of fossil sites dated to the OIS 2&3. Acta geol., 26/2, 27-70, Zagreb.M. Paunovi} : » Origin of the neolithic raw materials in Croatia  «, Opvsc. archaeol. 26, 7-11 2002.11Klju~ne rije~i: neolitik, sirovinski materijal, porijeklo,HrvatskaUVODUnato~ brojnim neoliti~kim nalazi{tima Hrvatske (npr.Sarva{, Vu~edol), dosada{nje analize alatki bile su usmjerenena odredbu sirovinskog materijala kori{tenog u izradimusterijenske i gornjopaleoliti~ke kamene industrije (Paunovi}et al. 2001.). Tek nedavno, a u okviru realizacije projektaIGCP 442, zapo~ela je i petrografska analiza  poliranihkamenih sjekira iz Samatovaca i Vindije pri ~emu prvirezultati ukazuju da je za njihovu izradu upotrebljavanraznorodan sirovinski materijal lokalnog porijekla (valuticeiz obli‘njih rijeka). Stoga se, u cilju odredbe izvori{nogpodru~ja sirovinskog materijala, u ovom radu ukratko dajepregled geografskih i geolo{kih zna~ajki Hrvatske i {iregpodru~ja.GEOGRAFSKE ZNA^AJKEPrilikom prou~avanja neoliti~kih naselja u prvom redutreba imati u vidu da je podru~je Hrvatske imalo sverecentne zna~ajke, odnosno da je:1. tre}ina podru~ja Panonska nizina s lancem brda kojaju presijecaju ili odvajaju od gorskog podru~ja Alpana zapadu i Dinarida na jugu;2. da su Dinaridi gorsko podru~je s kr{kim fenomenimai duboko usje~enim rije~nim dolinama;3. da sve teku}ice pripadaju crnomorskom (79%) ijadranskom (21%) slivu, ali da je gusto}a rije~nemre‘e najmanja u kr{kim podru~jima. Teku}ice imajunajve}u snagu i pad u gorskim predjelima, naro~ito ugornjem i srednjem toku dok u blizini Panonskogbazena poprimaju karakter sporoteku}e nizinske rijeke.GEOLO[KE ZNA^AJKEGeologija Hrvatske mora biti promatrana u kontekstu{ireg podru~ja zbog njenog polo‘aja u europskom dijelualpskog orogena, odnosno mezozojske karbonatne platforme~ija je zna~ajka komplicirani geolo{ki sastav. Paleogeografskii geotektonski podru~je mo‘e biti podijeljeno na:1. vanjske Dinaride (Adriaticum, Epiadriaticum, Dinaricum)izgra|ene iz mezozojskih vapnenaca i dolomita;2. unutra{nje Dinaride (Supradinaricum) koji se uglavnomsastoje od mezozojskih ofiolita i formacija aktivnih ikontinentalnih rubova Tetisa (Herak 1986, Drobne &Trutin 1997). Najranija evolucijska faza Dinaridavjerojatno je u uskoj vezi s procesima koji su zapo~eliu kasnom permu/ranom trijasu (Pami} 1984).Zbog velike raznolikosti u gra|i Dinarida, ali i zbog~injenice da su kao produkt kasnopermskog i trijaskogmagmatizma nastali bazalti, andeziti i daciti (ekstruzivnestijene), odnosno gabri, dioriti, granosijeniti i graniti (intruzivnestijene), na ovom su podru~ju definirane sljede}e magmatskegrupe (Jurkovi} & Pami} 1999) prikazane na slici 1:I. magmatska grupa - dacit-kvarckeratofir s podre|enimpojavama andezita i bazalta: Slovenija uglavnom napodru~ju savskih boraPORIJEKLO SIROVINSKOG MATERIJALA U NEOLITIKU HRVATSKESA@ETAKII. magmatska grupa - bazalt-spilit-andezit: Gorski Kotar,Lika, DalmacijaIII. magmatska grupa - bazalt-spilit: Hrvatsko Zagorje i JISlovenija: mala grupa uglavnom izgra|ena od bazaltaizmijenjenih u spilite s ne{to andezita u asocijaciji spiroklasti~nim stijenama.IV. magmatska grupa - bazalt-spilit-andezit-keratofir-kvarckeratofir u asocijaciji s gabrima, dioritima igranosijenitima: JZ centralni Dinaridi. Vulkaniti supopra}eni ve}im plutonskim tijelima ponekad u asocijacijis dijabazima. Srednjotrijaska vulkanogeno-sedimentnaformacija predstavljena je tufovima, tufitima, tufiti~nimpje{~enjacima, ‘eljezovito-manganskim {kriljcima,{ejlovima, ro‘njacima i vulkanskim stijenama.V. magmatska grupa - andezit-keratofir-kvarckeratofir spojavama diorita i granosijenita: JI Bosna i S CrnaGoraVI. magmatska grupa - bazalt-spilit: JI i sredi{nja BosnaMetamorfne stijene ovoga podru~ja (ofiolitna zonasredi{njih Dinarida = CDOB) zastupljene su nisko-metamorfnim facijesom zelenih {kriljaca ili visokometamorfnimfilitima, kloritoidnim i kloritnim {kriljcima, metapsamitima,eklogitima itd. (Majer et al. 1993). Zna~ajka te ofiolitnezone je, u svijetu najve}a, pojava spinelskih lercolita (Gara{i}& Majer 1993). Istovremeno, metamorfne stijene s alkalijskimamfibolima zapa‘ene su samo u kolizijskoj zoni izme|uDinarida i geotektonskih jedinica Panonskog bazena pri~emu je tek nekoliko njihovih izdanaka u izravnoj vezi sofiolitnim pojasom (Majer & Lugovi} 1991).ZAKLJU^AKVe}ina neoliti~kih alatki prona|enih na hrvatskimlokalitetima izra|ena je od dijabaza, gabra, amfibolita,kvarca, kvarcita, i ro‘njaka, a tek sporadi~no iz nefrita,opsidijana, jaspisa, jadeita i opala (Benac 1979). Uz iznimkuopsidijana i jadeita porijekom iz Italije, sirovinski je materijalautohton. Uzimaju}i u obzir geografske i geolo{ke zna~ajke,mogu}a izvori{ta sirovinskog materijala u Hrvatskoj suuglavnom formacije koje se pojavljuju kao izdignute erodiranejezgre megastruktura izgra|enih od kristalinskih stijena (gnajs,amfiboliti, mika{isti) okru‘enih pokrovom tercijarnih ikvartarnih naslaga Panonskog bazena, odnosno stijene kojetvore magmatsku grupu Hrvatskog zagorja. Istovremenoizvori{te dijela sirovinskog materijala su naplavine rije~nihtokova (So~a, Sava, Drava, Una, Bosna, Neretva itd.) kojisu nosili velike koli~ine valutica i kamenih blokova nastalihtro{enjem vulkanskih i metamorfnih stijena Slovenije, odnosnoBosne i Hercegovine.Budu}i da je glavna zna~ajka neoliti~kih naselja Hrvatskenjihov polo‘aj na prirodnim uzvisinama uz tokove rijeka,stanovni{tvo je za izradu alatki u najve}oj mjeri koristilosirovinski materijal koji je bio lako dostupan u naplavinamatalo‘enim u blizini naselja. Istovremeno, alatke izra|ene izrijetkih materijala, kao {to je opsidijan ili jadeit, najvjerojatnijesu luksuzni predmeti ili pokloni istaknutim pojedincima,porijeklom iz Italije, a pristigli na podru~je Hrvatsketrgova~kim ili migracijskim putovima.

Origin of the neolithic raw materials in Croatia = Porijeklo sirovinskog materijala u neolitiku Hrvatske

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