Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
Abstract
Piretrini i piretroidi su učinkoviti insekticidi u širokoj upotrebi: u kućanstvima i u poljoprivredi, šumarstvu i komunalnoj higijeni. Nalaze se u brojnim pripravcima opće uporabe, primjerice insekticidnim aerosolima protiv komaraca i drugih insekata, repelentima za komarce u obliku isparivača i tableta, insekticidnim šamponima za liječenje ušljivosti u ljudi i šamponima za kućne ljubimce te pripravcima protiv nametnika na sobnom i vrtnom bilju. U organizam se mogu unijeti ingestijom (akcidentalno, suicidalno ili hranom), inhalacijom i kožom. Ciljno tkivo za toksično djelovanje piretrina i piretroida je živčani sustav jer pobuđuju natrijeve kanale aksona neurona te dovode do njihove povećane podražljivosti. Drugi važan učinak je alergogeno djelovanje, koje je izraženije pri izlaganju piretrinima nego sintetskim piretroidima. S obzirom na to da ne postoji specifični antidot za otrovanje piretrinima i piretroidima, liječenje je simptomatsko i suportivno. U članku se, nadalje, navode mjere za prevenciju otrovanja i smanjenje izloženosti ovim pesticidima u općoj populaciji i pri profesionalnoj primjeni.Pyrethrins, natural extracts of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum cocineum flowers, and pyrethroids, synthetic analogues and derivatives of pyrethrins, are powerful insecticides. They are widely used in households and insect control in pets or livestock, in textiles such as carpets, wallpapers, furniture and clothes, as well as in agriculture, forestry and public health services. This article brings a list of pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides registered for use in plant protection in Croatia. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids can enter the organism by ingestion (accidental or suicidal ingestion or in food), by inhalation and/or by skin contact. Although these pesticides pose a relatively low risk to mammals due to rapid metabolism with no significant accumulation, they can induce adverse health effects, more often in acute poisoning, but also due to chronic exposure. The primary target of pyrethrin and pyrethroid toxicity is the nervous system, since they act directly on the sodium channels of nerve cell axons, leading to hyperexcitation. Another important toxicological mechanism is allergenicity, which is more pronounced with pyrethrins than with synthetic pyrethroids. Because there is no antidote for pyrethrin and pyrethroid poisoning, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. The article discusses the measures for poisoning prevention and alleviation of exposure to pyrethrins and pyrethroids in occupational settings and in general population
