The Development of Dental Medicine in Croatia

Abstract

Suvremena stomatologija vuče korijen znanstvene medicinske grane od godine 1728., tj. otkako je objavljeno djelo Pierrea Faucharda pod naslovom “Le chirurgien dentiste où traité des dents”. Bolesti usne šupljine, osobito bolesti zuba, pratilje su čovjekova života od njegovih početaka. Isto su tako stara i nastojanja da se liječe bolesti usta i zuba. Stomatologija u Hrvatskoj razvijala se na usporediv način kao i u drugim europskim zemljama, a prema društvenim i materijalnim prilikama u nas. Primorski gradovi imali su još od 13. stoljeća u službi stalne liječnike fizike, kirurge, ljekarnike i brijače (niže kirurge), a Dubrovnik godine 1777. prvi osniva i zubno-liječničku službu kao zasebnu granu opće zdravstvene zaštite. U kopnenome dijelu Hrvatske stomatologija se razvija kasnije, te krajem 18. stoljeća i početkom 19. stoljeća, npr. u Zagrebu, ima osoba koje se isključivo bave zubarstvom, a u 19. stoljeću imenuju se i gradski zubari. Djelovanje školovanih stomatologa, u to doba pretežno stranaca, pojedinačno je, samostalno i temelji se na zaradi. Javna stomatološka služba brže se razvijala od dvadesetih godina prošloga stoljeća (školske, gradske, državne poliklinike). U velikim središtima (Osijeku, Splitu, Rijeci i Zagrebu) utemeljene su poliklinike, a samo u Zagrebu Stomatološka klinika (1931.). Specijalizacije pojedinih stomatoloških grana u Hrvatskoj počinju od 1959. godine, a bile su samo dvije. Danas bi doktor stomatologije mogao specijalzirati osam grana. K tome treba dodati i potrebu trajnog usavršavanja, koja je utkana u sadašnji Zakon o zdravstvu. Raširenost bolesti usta, usne šupljine, zuba i čeljusti u Hrvatskoj velika je. Početkom 1979. godine u Hrvatskoj se uvodi Međunarodna klasifikacija bolesti u stomatologiji (MKBS) za određene bolesti (karijes zuba, parodontopatije, ortodontske anomalije, zloćudne tumore usta, rascjepe usta i nepca...). Stomatološko školstvo začeto je osnutkom Katedre za stomatologiju i zubarstvo na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu godine 1922. s prvim nastavnikom Eduardom Radoševićem. Stomatološka klinika, premda osnovana 1931. godine, stvarno je otvorena 1939. u novoizgrađenoj zgradi na Širokom brijegu na Šalati, s predstojnikom Ivom Čuparom koji ju je vodio tri sljedeća desetljeća. U Splitu je 1945. bila osnovana Viša zubarska škola, istovrsna i u Zagrebu 1947., te 1948. godine Odontološki odsjek na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, koji je 1962. prerastao u samostalni Stomatološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Prvi dekan Fakulteta bi je Živko Bolf. Stomatološki studij na Rijeci utemeljen je u sklopu Medicinskog fakulteta 1973. godine. Znanstvenoistraživačka djelatnost u stomatologiji može se pratiti više od sto godina. U početku su to bili pojedinci, a danas je s porastom množine istraživača stvorena kritična masa za osnutak Centra za interdisciplinarnu djelatnost u stomatologiji. Pisana riječ traje već desetljećima u časopisima (Folia stomatologica, na žalost prestao izlaziti 1950. godine, Acta Stomatologica Croatica; u novije vrijeme Hrvatski stomatološki vjesnik), te brojnim skriptama, priručnicima, udžbenicima i u novije vrijeme internetskim stranicama. Društvena organiziranost struke krenula je godine 1903. osnutkom Zadruge hrvatskih stomatologa, a danas imamo Hrvatsko stomatološko društvo i niz specijalističkih društava u sklopu Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, te od 1995. Hrvatsku stomatološku komoru. Nakon osnutka samostalnog Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu (1962.) bitno je poboljšana struktura visokoškolovanih kadrova u stomatologiji u Hrvatskoj, a šezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća nastao je i veći “izvoz” stomatologa u europske zemlje (npr. SR Njemačku, Švicarsku). Danas se, na žalost, još uvijek ne možemo pohvaliti bitnim smanjenjem rasta zubnoga karijesa i njegovih posljedica u hrvatskom pučanstvu.The roots of modern dental medicine, as a scientific medical branch, go back to 1728, when Pierre Fauchard published his paper entitled “Le chirurgien dentists où traité des dents”. Diseases of the oral cavity, particularly diseases of the teeth, have plagued man from his very beginning, as have attempts to treat diseases of the mouth and teeth. Dental medicine in Croatia developed in a similar way to other European countries, and in accordance with the social and material conditions in the country. As early as the 13th century coastal towns had services with permanent physicians physics, surgeons, pharmacists and barbers (lower surgeons). In 1777 Dubrovnik was first to establish a dental-medical service as a separate branch of general health protection. Dental medicine developed later in the interior of Croatia. For example, in Zagreb at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century one could come across people engaged exclusively in dentistry, and in the 19th century a town dentist was appointed. At that time foreigners carried out the work of educated dentists, and it was individual, independent and based on profit. With effect from the 1920s the public service of dental medicine rapidly developed (school, town and national polyclinics). In large centres (Osijek, Split, Rijeka and Zagreb) polyclinics were founded, and in Zagreb, in 1931, a Dental Clinic. In 1959, it was possible to specialise in two branches of dental medicine in Croatia. Today dentists can specialise in eight branches. The need for permanent training should be stressed, which is included in the Law on Health. The prevalence of diseases of the mouth, oral cavity, teeth and jaws in Croatia is high. At the beginning of 1979 International Classification of Disease in Dental Medicine (ICDD) was introduced in Croatia for a determined number of diseases (dental caries, periodontopathy, orthodontic anomalies, malignant tumours of the mouth, cleft palate ...) Education in dental medicine commenced in 1922 with the establishment of the Department of Dental Medicine and Dentistry at the Medical School in Zagreb, with the first teacher, Eduard Radoπević. Although founded in 1931 the Dental Clinic actually opened in 1939 in a newly erected building at Široki brijeg, Šalata, with Ivo Čupar as Head. He was Head of the Dental Clinic for thirty years. In 1945 the Higher Dental School was founded in Split and in 1947 a similar school in Zagreb. In 1948 the Odontological Section was established at the School of Medicine in Zagreb, which later became the independent School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb in 1962. The first Dean of the School was Živko Bolf. In 1973 the study of dental medicine was established within the framework of the Medical Faculty in Rijeka. Scientific-research in dental medicine has continued for more than 100 years. Initially by individuals, today the increased number of investigators has created a critical mass for the establishment of a Centre for Interdisciplinary Activity in Dental Medicine. The written word has been present for decades in journals (Folia stomatologica, which sadly ceased to be published in 1950, Acta Stomatologica Croatia, with effect from 1966 and the Croatian Dental Herald since1993) and in numerous scripts, manuals, textbooks and more recently the Internet pages. The social organisation of the profession started in 1903 with the founding of the Society of Croatian Dentists. Today we have the Croatian Dental Society and several specialist societies within the framework of the Croatian Medical Association, and with effect from 1995 the Croatian Dental Chamber. Following the founding of the independent School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb in 1962 the structure of highly educated staff in dental medicine improved in Croatia, and during the 1960s and 1970s there was a significant “export” of dentists to European countries (e.g. Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland). Today, unfortunately, we still cannot claim a significant reduction in dental caries and its consequences in the population of Croatia