Certain cultivars of coriander were tested during 1983—1985 at two locations in Finland, namely Helsinki and Kangasala. Only five cultivars were available for the trials: ‘Kultive’, ‘Hungarian’ l and ll, ‘Coriander’ LD and ‘Lucs’. The seeds germinated in 11—19 days and the vegetation reached a height of 36—115 centimeters by the end of the growing season. The growth period ranged from 108 to 132 days. The fruit yields ranged from 790 to 1900 kg/ha in loamy soil in Helsinki, and from 120 to 390 kg/ha in crusted silt soil in Kangasala. There were no significant differences between the yields of different cultivars in any single trial, despite the considerable annual variation. The amount of volatile oils in the fruit ranged from 0.34 to 1.49 ml/100 g and the proportion of the main compound, linalool, was 48.7—72.7 %.The small-fruited cultivars(‘Hungarian’ I and It, ‘Lucs’) had a higher oil content than those with larger fruits(‘Kultive’, ‘Coriander’ LD) but growth period of the small-fruited cultivars was too long for cultivation in the climatic conditions of the Nordic countries

S. Hälvä

S. Mäkinen

T. Hirvi

Agricultural and Food Science

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Maataloustieteellinen A ikakauskirja
Vol. 58: 169—172, 1986
Yield and glucosinolate of mustard seeds and volatile oils
of caraway seeds and coriander fruit.
11l Yield and volatile oils
of coriander fruit (Conundrum sativum L.)
HÄLYÄ, S. 1, HIRVI, T.2*, MÄKINEN, S. 3 and HONKANEN, E.2
' Dept of Horticulture, University of Helsinki,
SF-00710 HELSINKI, Finland
2 VTT, Food Research Laboratory,
SF-02150 ESPOO, Finland
Dept of Nutrition, University of Helsinki,
SF-00710 HELSINKI, Finland
Abstract. Certain cultivars of coriander were tested during 1983—1985 at two locations
in Finland, namely Helsinki and Kangasala. Only five cultivars were available for the trials:
‘Kultive’, ‘Hungarian’ 1 and 11, ‘Coriander’ LD and ‘Lucs’. The seeds germinated in 11—19
days and the vegetation reached a height of 36—115 centimeters by the end of the growing
season. The growth period ranged from 108 to 132 days.
The fruit yields ranged from 790 to 1900 kg/ha in loamy soil in Helsinki, and from 120
to 390 kg/ha in crusted silt soil in Kangasala. There were no significant differences between
the yields of different cultivars in any single trial, despite the considerable annual variation.
The amount of volatile oils in the fruit ranged from 0.34 to 1.49 ml/100 g and the propor-
tion of the main compound, linalool, was 48.7—72.7 °/o. The small-fruited cultivars (‘Hungarian’
I and It, ‘Lucs’) had a higher oil content than those with larger fruits (‘Kultive’, ‘Coriander’
LD) but growth period of the small-fruited cultivars was too long for cultivation in the cli-
made conditions of the Nordic countries.
Index words: variety, oil yield, fruit yield
introduction
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is not
cultivated in the Nordic countries in signifi-
cant amounts. Finland imports approximate-
￿ Present address: Soil Analysis Service Ltd, Vellikellontie
4, SF-00410 HELSINKI, Finland
ly 20 tonnes coriander seeds (botanically
fruits) annually. There exists a growing inter-
est in the cultivation of special crops such as
coriander in Finland but few varieties are suit-
able for growing in the northern climate. In
most cases, seeds of coriander are sold without
a variety name. Variety studies have been car-
169
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN FINLAND
ried out for instance in the Soviet Union and
India (Jukneviciene 1977, Kumar et al 1977,
Peneva and Krilov 1977).
The only earlier studies on coriander pro-
duction in Finland were carried out almost 30
years ago (Rautavaara et al 1953) and the
research in the other Nordic countries is also
scarce. Knowledge on the current varieties and
growing techniques was therefore needed.
Certain coriander varieties were tested in
1983—1985 as part of a Herb Plant Research
Project, the aim of which was to determine
the feasibility of large-scale herb plant produc-
tion in Finland.
Materials and methods
Coriander varieties were tested during
1983—1985 at two locations in Finland: Hel-
sinki (60°14'N) and Kangasala (61°28'N).
Only a limited number of varieties was avail-
able for the trials. In 1983 the variety ‘Kul-
tive’ and two cultivars from Hungary named
‘Hungarian’ I and II were tested. In the fol-
lowing years ‘Coriander’ LD (Denmark) and
‘Lucs’ (Soviet Union) were also included.
The field experiments were set up according
to the method of randomized blocks with plots
of B—lo m 2. The data was statistically ana-
lysed by the analysis of variance. The means
were separated by the Tukey’s test (Steel and
Torrie 1980).
Coriander seeds were sown at a density of
20 kg/ha. Weeds were controlled by applica-
tion of linuron (20 g/a) before the germina-
tion of coriander seeds. The volatile oil con-
tent of the dried fruit was assayed by steam
distillation (Williams 1984). The fruits were
groundrapidly in a Bamix spice mill and 100
grams of ground fruit were steam distilled for
four hours. After the distillation the amount
of the oil was measured (to the nearest 0.01
ml) from the scale of the side tube of the dis-
tillation apparatus. The results were presented
in ml/100 g. The oil concentrates were ana-
lysed as described previously (Hälvä et al
1986).
Results and discussion
Fruit yield
The coriander seeds germinated in 11—19
days. Germinationof the seeds was uneven in
the crusted silt soil in Kangasala compared
with germination in the humous loamy soil in
Helsinki.
In thefirst year no plant diseases or insects
were recorded whereas in the rainy summer
of 1984 the fungus Cladosporium sp was iden-
tified in the vegetation. Purseglove et al
(1981) also reported that this fungus may
harm coriander. Other plant diseases or in-
sects commonly found in Europe (Heeger
1956, Nemeth et al 1969, Mathur et al 1971,
Purseglove et al 1981) were not found.
The vegetation reached a height of 36 115
cm by the harvest in Helsinki and 79—111 cm
in Kangasala. The only variety which showed
a slight tendency to be flattened down was
‘Kultive’.
The growth period varied between 108 and
133 days, with degree-days between 1210 and
1228 (Table 1). The varieties ‘Hungarian’ I
Table 1. The growth periods of different coriander varieties compared with ‘Kultive’ during 1983—1985 at two
locations. (The ‘Hungarian’ varieties I and II (1983) did not reach full fruit ripening in Finnish conditions.)
Variety Helsinki Kangasala
-83 -84 -85 Mean -84 -85 Mean
‘Kultive’ 108 130 110 116 118 128 123
‘Coriander’LD 130 110 + 4 119 128 +1
‘Lucs’ 133 131 + 16 132 +9
Mean 123 126
170
Table 2. The amount of volatile oils (ml/100 g) in coriander fruit in 1983—85 at two locations.
Volatile oils ml/100 g
Variety 1983 1984 1985
Helsinki , .Helsinki Kangasala Helsinki Kangasala
‘Hungarian’ I 1.33
‘Hungarian’ II 1.48
‘Kultive’ 0.34
‘Coriander’ LD 0.43 0.52 0.46 0.54
‘Lucs’ 0.42 0.46 0.53 0.55
and 11, and ‘Lucs’ had small fruits, the weight
of one thousand seeds being 2.3 —3.4 g. The
growth period required by these varieties was
too long for cultivation in the Nordic coun-
tries: the fruit of the ‘Hungarian’ cultivars did
not reach full ripeness, and the growth period
of ‘Lucs’ was more than 130 days (Table 1).
‘Kultive’ and ‘Coriander’ LD had larger
fruits: the weight of one thousand seeds was
4.6—8.1 g. The growth period of these varie-
ties was 108—130 days.
The coriander fruit yield was 790—1900
kg/ha in Helsinki but only 120—390 kg/ha in
Kangasala (Fig. 1). These figures are smaller
than or as large as those reported earlier
(Rautavaara et ai 1953, Maghami 1979,
Anon 1980). The yields varied annually al-
though there were no significant differences
between the varieties in any single trial.
Volatile oils
The amount of volatile oils in coriander
fruit ranged from 0.34 to 1.49 ml/100 g (Table
2). The proportion of the main component,
linalool, was 48.7—76.6 % (Table 3). The
amount of volatile oils is within the figures re-
ported earlier. The contents of limonene and
linalool proved to be lower, and that of y-
terpinene, camphor, terpineol, geranyl asetate
and geraniol higher than the figures cited in
literature (Furia 1975, Formacek & Kubecz-
ka 1982). There is, however, prominent vari-
ation in the values. The small-fruited varie-
Figure I. Fruit yields of coriander varieties during 1983—85 at two locations.
171
172
Table 3. The variation in the proportional amounts of
the major compounds of the volatile oils in
coriander fruit in 1983—85.
%Compound
48.7—76.6
7.2—16.5
I.l—-
1.9 4.8
1.2 3.9
o.o 2.1
Linalool
7-terpinene
Geranyl asetate
Camphor
Geraniol
Limonene
a-terpineol
ties had higher oil contents (1.2 ml/100 g) than
those with larger fruits (0.4 ml/100 g). A simi-
lar observation has also been reported in sev-
eral studies earlier (Varenzow 1927, Althau-
sen et al 1940, Kolachov 1940). The oil con-
tent of the ‘Hungarian’ cultivars was particu-
larly high and their smell and taste were sig-
nificantly (p<0.01) stronger in comparison
with ‘Kultive’ (Mäkinen et al 1986). The fact
that the fruits were not fully ripe at the end
of the growing season probably influenced the
quantity and composition of the oil. Purse-
glove et al (1981) also reported that the raw
fruits of coriander are more aromatic than the
ripe ones. However, the oil of raw fruit is not
highly valued in Western countries.
According to the results of this study there
is a need to breed and introduce new coriander
varieties with larger yields and higher contents
of volatile oils for cultivation in the Nordic
countries.
Acknowledgements. We would like to express our grati-
tude to the Academy of Finland and the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry and the TIURA-foundation for
financial support.
References
Althausen, D., Boruff, C.S., Camlin, E.R., Koenig,
C.J. & Landes, K.H. 1940. Coriander. The Spice Mill
63: 8: 32—33. (Ref. Purseglove, J.W. et al. 1981).
Formacek, V. & Kubeczka, K.-H. 1982. Essential oils
analysis of capillary gas chromatography and carbon-13
NMR spectroscopy. 372 p. Bristol.
Furia, T.E. & Bellanca, N. (ed). 1975.Fenaroli’s hand-
book of flavor ingredients 1. 551 p, Ohio.
Heeger, E.F. 1956. Handbuch des Arznei- und
Gewurzphlanzenbaues,Drogenwinnung. 776 p. Leipzig.
Hälvä, S., Hirvi, T., Mäkinen, S. & Honkanen, E. 1986.
Yield and glucocinolate of mustard seeds and volatile
oils ofcaraway seeds and coriander fruit. II Yield and
volatile oils in caraway seeds (Carum carvi L.). J. Agr.
Sci. Finl. 58: 163—167.
Jukneviciene, G., Dagyte, S. & Stankeviciene, N. 1977.
Biological properties and ethereality of some spice
plants grown up at the Kaunas Botanical Garden. Lie-
tuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbaj C: 3: 9—16.
Kolachov, P. 1940. Domestic cultivation of coriander.
The Spice Mill 63; II: 34/35. (Ref. Purseglove, J.W.
et al. 1981).
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garian coriander in India and its future prospects in ex-
port trade. Ind Perfumer 21: 11: 34—35. (Ref. Purse-
glove, J.W. et al. 1981).
Nemeth, J., Paizs, L. & Klement, Z. 1969. The flower-
stand blight and seed decay ofcoriander. Acta Phyto-
path. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 4: 57—62.
Maohami, P. 1979. Culture et cueillette des plantes medi-
cinales. 222 p. Hachette.
Mathur, S.C., Anwer, M. & Chandola, R.P. 1971.
Note on screening coriander (Conundrumsativum L.)
varieties against Aphid Hyadaphis coriandri (Das)
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R., Hirvi, T., Ollila, P., Nykänen, I. & Nykänen, L.
1986. Maustekasvitutkimus (SA 01/813). Loppuraport-
ti. Sadon käsittely ja aistinvarainen laatu [Report on
the Herb Plant Research project crop processing and
sensory tested quality.]: 40—65.
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bins, S.R.J. 1981. Coriander. Spices 2: 736—813.
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Ms received October 29, 1986
SELOSTUS
Korianterin sato ja haihtuva öljy
Häivä, S. 1 , Hirvi, T.2*, Mäkinen, S. 3 ,
Honkanen, E. 2
' Helsingin yliopisto, puutarhatieteen taitos,
00710 Helsinki
2 VTT, elintarvikelaboratorio, Biologinkuja I,
02150 Espoo
3 Helsingin yliopisto, ravitsemustieteen laitos,
00710 Helsinki
* Nykyinen osoite: Viljavuuspalvelu, Vellikellonlie 4,
00410 Helsinki
Kun uusia tuotantovaihtoehtoja etsittäessä on kiinnos-
tuttu useiden vähän viljeltyjen kasvilajien tuottamisesta,
on yhtenä vaihtoehtona nähty myös maustekasvien vil-
jely, Yksi maustekasvilajeista on laajamittaiseen pelto-
viljelyyn sopiva korianteri, jonka viljely on ollut vähäis-
tä Pohjoismaissa. Lajikkeita on saatavilla vain muuta-
mia, mikä osoittaa korianterin jalostuksenvähyyttä. Ko-
rianterin viljelyä on selvitetty edellisen kerran Suomessa
yli 30 vuotta sitten (Rautavaara ym. 1953).
Nykyisten lajikkeiden viljelykelpoisuutta ja öljypitoi-
suutta pohjoisissa oloissa tutkittiin Maustekasvien tutki-
musprojektin (SA 01/813) yhteydessä vuosina 1983 —
1985. Hankkeen tarkoituksena oli selvittää laajamittai-
sen maustetuotannon mahdollisuuksia Suomessa.
Kokeessa vertailtiin viittä korianterilajiketta tai vilje-
lymuotoa kahdella koepaikalla, Helsingissä ja Kangasalla.
Siemeniä kylvettiin 20 kiloa hehtaarille. Helsingissä kas-
vualusta oli multavaa hietaa ja Kangasalla hiesumaata.
Keskimääräinen korianterisato oli Helsingissä 790—1900
kg/ha jaKangasalla 120—390 kg/ha. Sadot vaihtelivat
huomattavasti vuosittain, eri lajikkeiden välillä ei kuiten-
kaan ollut merkittäviä eroja missään yksittäisessä kokees-
sa. Tutkituista lajikkeista neuvostoliittolainen ‘Lucs’ ja
‘Unkarilainen’ I ja 11 ovat pienisiemenisiä (kasvitieteelli-
sesti hedelmiä) lajikkeita, jotka eivät ehtineet tuleentua
täysin meidän oloissamme. Suurisiemenisten lajikkeiden
(‘Korianteri’ LD ja ‘Kultive’) kasvuaika oli 108—130 vuo-
rokautta.
Siementen eteerisen öljyn kokonaismäärä oli00.31.49
ml/100 g. Tärkeimmän yhdisteen, linalolin, pitoisuus
vaihteli 48.7 ja 76.6 prosentin välillä. Pienisieraenisten la-
jikkeiden ja viljelymuotojen öljypitoisuus oli korkeampi
kuin suurisiemenisten.
Korianterilajikkeiden jalostustanion edellisen perus-
teella ilmeinen. Mikäli pohjoisilla alueilla, kuten Suomessa
halutaan viljellä korianteria tarvitaan satoisia lajikkeita,
joilla on runsas ja hyvälaatuinen öljy sekä lyhyt kasvu-
aika.
173


Yield and glucosinolate of mustard seeds and volatile oils of caraway seeds and coriander fruit: lll  Yield and volatile oils of coriander fruit (Coriandrum sativum L.) 

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Yield and glucosinolate of mustard seeds and volatile oils of caraway seeds and coriander fruit: lll Yield and volatile oils of coriander fruit (Coriandrum sativum L.)

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