Mixtures of two or three spring wheat cultivars (Tähti/Kadett; Tähti/Kadett/ Tapio) were grown on experimental plots and the resulting crops were analyzed by selected procedures to indicate breadmaking quality. The quality tests included tests on the protein content, sedimentation values and rheological properties of doughs. Comparisons between mixtures and the means of pure components did not show any definite variations in terms of major quality characteristics. The quality of mixtures appears to be predictable from the performance of the pure components. The present study suggests that mixtures give equal quality compared with pure stands

H. Salovaara

R. Karjalainen

Agricultural and Food Science

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Maataloustieteellinen AikakauskirjaVol. 59: 51—55, 1987Spring wheat mixtures in northern crop production:Quality characteristicsH. SALOVAARA 1 and R. KARJALAINEN 21 Department of Food Chemistry and Technology2 Departments of Plant Pathology and Plant BreedingUniversity of Helsinki, SF-00710 Helsinki, FinlandAbstract. Mixtures of two or three spring wheat cultivars (Tähti/Kadett; Tähti/Kadett/Tapio) were grown on experimental plots and the resulting crops were analyzed by selectedprocedures to indicate breadmaking quality. The quality tests included tests on the protein con-tent, sedimentation values and rheological properties of doughs. Comparisons between mixturesand the means of pure components did not show any definite variations in terms of majorquality characteristics. The quality of mixtures appears to be predictable from the performanceof the pure components. The present study suggests that mixtures give equal quality comparedwith pure stands.Index words: spring wheat, cultivar mixtures, breadmaking quality.IntroductionThe yield and quality of a wheat crop areboth governed by genetic and environmentalfactors. In a hard climatic region used forwheat production, such as Finland, yearlyfluctuations in the quantity and quality of thecrop are a major problem. Genotype-environ-ment interactions are strongly involved inthese variations. Therefore, there is a hypo-thesis that the use of mixtures of cultivarsmight help in stabilizing the crop in terms ofyield, disease resistance, or end-use properties.Available data (Marshall and Brown 1973,Wolfe 1985) suggest that cultivar mixturescan improve yield stability by reducing thegenotype-environment interaction and by im-proving crop resistance to plant pathogens.However, very little attention has been paidto the assessment of whether mixtures can af-fect crop quality.In the present study we have grown mix-tures of two or three spring wheat cultivarsover two years in small scale field trials inorder to obtain an idea of the potential ofmixed cropping with respect to wheat quality.The purpose of the study was to record wheth-51JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCEIN FINLANDer the quality characteristics of wheat cultivat-ed in mixtures are different from those grownseparately.Materials and methodsThe data presented in this study are basedon field trials carried out at the experimentalfarm of the University of Helsinki (Viikki) inthe years 1984 and 1985. Our test cultivars in-cluded two comparatively new high yieldingcultivars, Kadett and Tapio, and an older,poor yielding and disease susceptible cultivar,Tähti, which in turn is characterized by a highprotein content and good gluten quality(Mustonen et ai. 1986, Salovaara 1986).The field experiment was laid out in arandomized block design with three replica-tions in 1984 and four replications in 1985.Plot size was 10 m 2, and 80 kg N levels perhectare were used. Observations of thegrowing wheats were made and no major dis-ease infection was detected. Two component50/50 mixtures involving Tähti and Kadettwere used in 1984 and 1985. In the latter yearthree components Tähti, Tapio and Kadett,were also grown in equal amounts.Harvested wheat samples were dried to 13—14 % moisture. Hectolitre weight, 1000 ker-nel weight and the falling number of the sam-ples were determined according to standardprocedures applied in Finland (Anon 1979).Results of these measurements and the yieldsobtained are given on a 15 % moisture basis.Subsamples of 200 g were separated andmilled to about 67—70 °7o extraction on theBrabender Junior laboratory mill. This millproduces flours with ash contents of about0.6—0.7 % (dm). The flour samples were usedin sedimentation tests and mixograph mea-surements.Protein content of the samples was deter-minedby the near infra-red reflectance (NIR)procedure (Anon 1983) using an Inframatic8100 apparatus (PerCon Prufgeräte GmbH,Hamburg, FRG). Sedimentation values weredetermined by the standard procedure (Anon1978). SDS-sedimentation volumes were de-termined using the procedure described byAxford et al. (1979).Water absorption capacities of the floursamples were measured using a centrifugemethod described by Sosulski (1962). Hereported on a high correlation between cen-trifuge absorption and farinograph absorp-tion. In the present study, absorption record-ed in the centrifuge test was used in mixographmeasurements. In the present study we haveassumed thatmixogram determinations madewith adjusted water additions would providemore information on rheological properties ofdough than mixograms made with a constantwater addition. Mixograms were determinedby a standard procedure (Anon 1983) usinga 10 mg mixer.All analytical measurements were made induplicate using samples from two replicativetreatments. Means of the four individual mea-surements are given in the tables.Results and discussionThe data reported in this study suggest(Table 1) that most of the agronomical char-Table 1. Quality characteristics of wheats cultivated in combinations and separately.Quality Experiment A 1 (1984) Experiment A 2 (1985) Experiment B (1985)characteristicsof grains Tähti Kadett Mixture Tähti Kadett Mixture Tähti Kadett Tapio Mixture100 % 100 % 50/50 100 % 100 % 50/50 100 % 100 % 100 % 33/33/33exp. obs. exp. obs. exp. obs.Yield kg/ha 4980 6630 5805 5690 2820 3617 3219 3207 2872 3668 3257 3266 34231000 k. weight g 39.741.7 40.738.9 33.738.5 36.137.7 36.439.4 39.638.5 37.6Hectolitre wt kg 78.176.9 77.577.5 78.577.5 76.877.6 78.1Falling number s 282 197 240 214 404 279 342 391 304 275 255 278 25052acteristics in mixtures appear to be close to themean values of their pure components. Inboth series of experiments Kadett was mostand Tähti least productive. Statistically nocharacteristics of the mixtures differed signif-icantly from the means of their pure com-ponents. Thus, the data from Table 1 do notsuggest any definitesynergistic improvementsin yield or quality of mixtures as related to themeans of their pure components.Table 2 shows the inherent quality char-acteristics of the samples from various treat-ments. In accordance with the data shown inTable 1, the quality of mixtures appears to beFig. I. Mixograms of spring wheat cultivars and their two and three component mixtures. Components in equalamounts.53Table 2. Inherent quality characteristics ofwheat and flours from grains cultivated in combinations and separatelyQuality Experiment A 1 (1984) Experiment A 2 (1985) Experiment B (1985)characteristicsTähti Kadett Mixture Tähti Kadett Mixture Tähti Kadett Tapio Mixture100 % 100 % 50/50 100 % 100 % 50/50 100 % 100 % 100 % 33/33/33exp. obs. exp. obs. exp. obs.Seed protein % 13.6 12.4 13.0 13.1 12.7 12.2 12.5 12.5 13.3 12.7 13.3 13.1 13.2Sedim. value ml 33 41 37 30 41 44 43 37 43 43 33 40 36SDS-sedim value ml 59 73 66 68 77 85 81 84 74 85 76 78 79Centrifuge 61.8 57.0 59.4 60.0 63.5 59.2 61.4 61.2 63.8 59.6 60.5 61.3 60.6absorption %MixographcharacteristicsArea u. curve cm/cm2 151 152 152 164 121 133 127 163 136 109 142 129 134Peak time min 3.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 5.0 4.5 4.8 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.3 4.0Peak height mm 59 58 59 65 55 61 58 60 57 62 59 59 63Curve ht at 7 min 52 55 54 59 52 56 54 57 54 59 54 56 59in a range that could be anticipated fromsimple arithmetical calculations, which areconfirmed by mixograms of pure stands andtheir mixtures (Fig. 1). Thus we did not findevidence of any definite quality improvementin mixtures compared with the means of thepure components. These observations supportrecent data by Sammons and Baenziger(1985), who also reported that cultivar mix-tures of winter wheat had no effect on the mil-ling and baking quality in relation to purestands. Furthermore, Wolfe et al. (1981) re-ported that the grain quality of barley mix-tures differs little from the mean of the com-ponents in terms of protein content and maltextract. Consequently, it appears that predic-tion of the grain quality of mixtures on thebasis of pure components is simpler than thatof disease resistance or performance of yield.The present study was carried out in cir-cumstances where experimental plots were notaffected by wheat diseases. Flowever, ourrecent studies (Karjalainen and Salovaara1986) suggest that Septoria nodorum can af-fect wheat quality. As it is well-known (Wolfe1985) that growing mixtures is beneficial par-ticularly under disease stress conditions, moreattention should be paid to studying whethercultivar mixtures could also improve thequality of wheat under disease stress com-pared to pure stands.Acknowledgements. The technical assistance of MissTaina Kuisma and Mr. Petri Jokinen in the analyticalmeasurements is appreciated.ReferencesAnon, 1983. Approved methods of the AACC. Bth ed.,Methods 39—10 and 54—40. American Association ofCereal Chemists, Inc. St. Paul, Minn., USA.Anon, 1978. Standard methods of the ICC. InternationalAssociation for Cereal Chemistry. Vienna. VerlagMoritz Schäfer, Detmold, FRG.Anon, 1979. Viljakauppaopas. Viljantutkimustoimikun-ta. Helsinki.Axford, D.W.E., Macdermott, E.E. & Redman, D.G.1979. Note on the sodium dodecyl sulfate test ofbreadmaking quality: comparison with Pelshenke andZeleny tests. Cereal Chem. 56: 582—584.Karjalainen, R. & Salovaara, H. 1986. Effect of severeinfection with Septoria nodorum on spring wheatquality. (Manuscript 1986).Marshall, D.R. & Brown, A.D.H. 1973. Stability ofperformance of mixtures and multilines. Euphytica 22:405—412.Mustonen, L., Pulli, S. Rantanen, O. & Mattila, L.1986. Virallisten lajikekokeiden tuloksia 1978—1985.54Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus. Tiedote 5/86, Jokioinen,Finland,Salovaara, H. 1986. Wheat and flour quality related tobaking performance in industrial French bread proces-ses. Acta Agric. Scand. 36: 387—398.Sammons, D.J. & Baenziger, P.S. 1985. Performance offour winter wheat cultivars in blended populations.Field Crops Research 10: 135—142.Sosulski, F.W. 1962. The centrifuge method for deter-mining flour absorption in hard red spring wheats.Cereal Chem. 39: 344—350.Wolfe, M.S. 1985. The current status and prospects ofmultiline cultivars and variety mixtures for diseaseresistance. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 23: 251 —273.Wolfe, M.S., Barret, J. & Jenkins, J.E. 1981. The useof cultivar mixtures for disease control. In: »Strategiesfor the Control of Cereal Disease». (Eds. J.F. Jenkyn& R.T. Plumb), pp. 73—80. Oxford, Blackwells.Ms received February 13, 1987SELOSTUSLajikeseoslen viljelyarvo kevätvehnäntuotannossa: LaatuominaisuudetHannu SalovaaraHelsingin yliopiston elintarvikekemian Ja -teknologian laitos00710 HelsinkiReijo KarjalainenHelsingin yliopistonkasvipatologian jakasvinjalostustieteenlaitokset, 00710 HelsinkiHelsingin yliopiston koetilalla tutkittiin vuosina 1984ja 1985 kevätvehnän seosviljelyn vaikutusta vehnän laa-tuominaisuuksiin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittääseosviljelyn mahdollisuuksia parantaa hyvälaatuisen lei-pävehnän tuotantoa. Koelajikkeiksi valittiin kasvuajal-taan myöhäiset Tähti, Hankkijan Tapio jaKadett. Täh-ti valittiin korkean valkuaispitoisuutensa jahyvien sako-lukuominaisuuksiensa perusteella, kun taas HankkijanTapio ja Kadett edustavat uutta satoisaa mutta laadul-taan hieman heikompaa lajiketta. Koeaineistosta tehtiintärkeimmät laatumääritykset Helsingin yliopiston elintar-vikekemian ja -teknologian laitoksella.Tulokset osoittavat, että seosten sadontuotanto oli lä-hellä niiden komponenttien keskiarvoa. Kadett oli satoi-sin, kun taas Tähti oli kaikissa kokeissa selvästi heikko-satoisin. Tähden jaKadettin seokset olivat heikkotasoi-sempia kuin Tähden, Tapion ja Kadettin seokset. Seos-ten laatuominaisuudet eivät poikenneet olennaisesti seos-ten komponenttien keskiarvosta.Valkuaispitoisuus ja valkuaisten laatu olivat seoksissayleensä vähintään lajikkeiden keskiarvojen tasoa, useinhieman näitä parempia. Jauhon Teologiset ominaisuudetolivat samansuuntaiset kuin valkuaisenkin. Tulokset viit-taavatkin siihen, että vehnän laatu ei heikkene seoksessa,mikäli viljaerien sakoluvut ovat hyviä.55

Spring wheat mixtures in northern crop production: Quality characteristics

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Spring wheat mixtures in northern crop production: Quality characteristics

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