P. Manandhar-Sasaki

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A n n a l s o f G l o b a l H e a l t hª 2 0 1 7 I c a h n S c h o o l o f M e d i c i n e a t M o u n t S i n a iV O L . 8 3 , N O . 1 , 2 0 1 7I S S N 2 2 1 4 - 9 9 9 6 / $ 3 6 . 0 0SATURDAY , A PR I L 8 , 2 0 1 7GOVERNANCE AND POL I T I CA L D EC I S I ON MAK INGInvolvement of Men in Childcare: National Policy Efforts ofCroatia, India, and MexicoS. Kasymova, K. Walsemann, J. Thrasher, D. Billings; University ofSouth Carolina, Columbia, USABackground: Since ratification of the International Conference ofPopulation and Development (ICPD) Programme of Action, theimportance of promoting men’s participation in childcare has beenrecognized globally as an important approach for achieving genderequality in all spheres of life. This research documents the nationalpolicy efforts that have been implemented in Croatia, India, andMexico to increase men’s participation in childcare during theICPD Programme of Action timeframe: 1995-2014.Methods: We analyzed 33 policies from these three countries,which were chosen given their diverse policies on paternal childcare.The selected policies were evaluated according to whether theyincluded statements of intent and/or action related to promotingmen’s involvement in childcare.Findings: Results suggest that in Croatia, India, andMexico, policyefforts significantly focused on three axes: child wellbeing, work-family conflict, and gender equality. While paternal involvementwas referenced in the majority of policy documents (27 of 33), overhalf of the policy documents from Croatia (9 of 11 policies) had thepotential to affect men’s involvement in childcare. Most policy docu-ments fromMexico (9 of 13) and India (7 of 9) included only a state-ment of intent or had no reference to paternal involvement and, thus,had little potential to affect men’s participation in childcare.Interpretation: Results suggest that concrete policies that focusboth on intent and action will have to be developed and imple-mented in India and Mexico as one set of mechanisms to increasemen’s involvement in childcare in these countries. In addition,results of this research set the stage for future assessment of theeffectiveness of national policy efforts in Croatia, India, and Mexicoin increasing the level of men’s involvement in childcare.Source of Funding: None.Abstract #: 2.001_GOVInternational Research Funded by the US National Institutesof Health (NIH): A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications withNIH Funding and Non-US Authors e 2014P. Kilmarx1, A. Livinski2; 1National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,MD, USA, 2National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USABackground: Background: NIH is the largest funder of biomedicalresearch worldwide. We characterized NIH’s international collabo-ration by analyzing publications in 2014 that were funded by NIHand included at least one non-U.S. author.Methods: Methods: The Web of Science (Thompson Reuters eNew York, NY) database was searched for publications in 2014that listed NIH funding. Further analysis identified publicationswith at least one author with a non-U.S. affiliation.Findings: Results: Out of a total of 84,478 papers withNIH funding,27,850 (33%) had at least one non-U.S. author. The top three journalsmost published in were PLoS One (1,645), Proc Natl Acad Sci (597),and J Biol Chem (417). The top journal subject categories, which arebased on the journal in which the article appears and which may havemore than one category per article, were biochemistry & molecularbiology (3,316), multidisciplinary sciences (3,082), and cell biology(2,450). Excluding the USA, China was the country most represented(4,795 publications), followed by theUnitedKingdom (4,409),Canada(3,449), Germany (3,098), Australia (2,166), and France (1,948). Themost represented middle-income countries after China were Brazil(838), India (649), South Africa (528), Mexico (372), and Thailand(324); and low-income countries were Uganda (191), Tanzania(109), and Malawi (71), Zimbabwe (42), and Nepal (32).Interpretation: Conclusions: One-third of scientific papers pub-lished in 2014 with NIH funding included at least one non-U.S. co-author. Authors published in high-impact journals in a variety ofsubject areas which included basic sciences and specific health disci-plines. With the exception of China, higher-income countries hadmore publications with NIH funding than lower-income countries.This analysis does not include publications where NIH funding mayhave been present, but was not acknowledged, where non-U.S. authorsdid not list a foreign affiliation, or where NIH-funded internationalresearch did not include a non-U.S. co-author. Future analyses willexamine temporal trends aswell as subject categories by country incomeclassification. Bibliometric analysis provides insight into the interna-tional scope of NIH-funded research and, together with other formsof evaluation, help assess NIH’s collaborations and global impact.Source of Funding: None.Abstract #: 2.002_GOVTranslating Political Commitment to Action: WHO, AMR, andthe One Health ApproachP. Manandhar-Sasaki; Macaulay Honors College at CUNY HunterCollege, New York, USAProgram/Project Purpose: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is anurgent global concern, extending beyond the human and animalhealth sector. Rendering previously treatable conditions fatal, AMRhas the potential to severely hinder attainment of Sustainable Devel-opmentGoals (SDGs) adopted by the 70thUNGeneral Assembly. Ifaction is not taken, an estimated 10 million people will die annuallydue to AMR in 2050. The World Health Organization (WHO)was established in 1948 to ensure the highest possible level of physical,A n n a l s o f G l o b a l H e a l t h , V O L . 8 3 , N O . 1 , 2 0 1 7 Governance and Political Decision MakingJ a n u a r y eF e b r u a r y 2 0 1 7 : 1 1 0 – 1 1 6111mental, and social health by all peoples. At the request of the WorldHealth Assembly, the WHO, with the World Organization forAnimal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) (tripartite), developed a Global Action Plan (GAP) adoptedin 2015 to ensure successful treatment and prevention of infectiousdiseases with effective, safe, and quality medicines accessible to all.Cases of AMR, guidelines established by the tripartite, and actionstaken by the international community were investigated to assessthe progress made in preventing the progression of AMR.Structure/Method/Design: Efforts to combat AMR throughgarnering collective action across countries and sectors were sup-ported in high-level meetings at the UN, preparation of reports,and analysis on publicly available materials on AMR.Outcome & Evaluation: Due to factors such as the misuse anddisposal of antibiotics for human illnesses, use of antibiotics in livestockas growth promoters and medicine to prevent illness, and poor hygienepractices in medical facilities, drugs against malaria and tuberculosis,among others, are becoming increasingly ineffective. AddressingAMR is crucial not only in the realization of SDG 3 on health andwell-being, but all SDGs, particularly those concerning maternal andchild health, universal health coverage, poverty, and food security.The WHO and other institutions have published detailed guidelineson how states, communities, and individuals can prevent the spreadof AMR using a One Health multisectoral approach. Following adop-tion of the GAP in 2015, member states have been urged to have inplace national action plans on AMR by 2017.Going Forward: With continued efforts to improve health infra-structure, policies, and cooperation in the international community,the fundamental human right of health and well-being can be betterrealized by populations across the globe.Source of Funding: Howard Hughes Medical Institute.Abstract #: 2.003_GOVCollective Action among Non-Governmental OrganizationsWorking in Maternal and Child Health in HaitiS. McCool; Arizona State University, Erie, USABackground: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) providemuch needed social services to the people of Haiti, where abjectpoverty and inadequate infrastructure means the government reliesheavily on NGOs to provide such services. Haiti has the secondhighest number of NGOs per capita in the world, second only toIndia. Despite the high number of NGOs, Haiti still experiencesdismal health outcomes. Global public goods (such as health) arebest provided when people and entities work together. It is thereforeimportant to study collective action/cooperation among NGOs inorder to gain a deeper understanding of the barriers to collectiveaction/cooperation and how these barriers might be addressed.Methods: This research involved interviewing a total of 18managers or executives of NGOs working in maternal and childhealth in Haiti. The interview protocol consisted of 24 semi-struc-tured questions. Results were analyzed using thematic analysis.Findings: Four broad themes emerged:1) Cooperation is beneficial2) Cooperation is difficult3) There is a need to cooperate in Haiti4) There are consequences to not cooperatingAll participants agreed that there was a strong need to cooperatein Haiti, but the majority felt that cooperation was not occurring dueto resource constraints, competition/egos, and infrastructural issues.The majority of participants felt that cooperation should be requiredby donor agencies or by the Haitian government. Consequences tonot cooperating included fragmentation, incomplete information,resource misallocation and inefficiencies and duplication of services.One broad, potentially transformative collective action networkemerged that could have positive impacts on maternal and childhealth throughout Haiti.Interpretation: Broader implications of this research point to theneed to design effective incentives to entice organizations to worktogether. Donors perhaps need to require collective action as a fund-ing contingency. The need for collective action in global health isonly becoming more urgent, and this research helps to outlinesome of the problems inherent in collective action among NGOs,as well as sheds light on policy considerations that should beaddressed.Source of Funding: None.Abstract #: 2.004_GOVAn Approach to Partnership Assessment for Global Health inResource-limited SettingsT. Napier-Earle1, A. Gibson2, M. Mizwa3, D. Nguyen4,C. Daskevich1; 1Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, USA, 2TexasChildren’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA, 3Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, USA, 4Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USAProgram/Project Purpose: Designing global health programs anddetermining the appropriate partners to engage can be difficult.Program/project implementers often have limited time, fundingand human resources to implement their project, making it neces-sary and convenient to partner with local, in-country or externalpartners to leverage resources.While partnerships can be mutually beneficial, if not properlyassessed they can cause financial, reputational or legal risks thatcould be detrimental to the implementation of a project/program.To mitigate these risks, a U.S. Academic Medical Center(USAMC) designed a partnership assessment tool to evaluatepotential partnership strengths and weaknesses.Structure/Method/Design: To determine partnership feasibility,areas of assessment include: organizational alignment, existingpartner program capacity and needs, USAMC resources and capa-bilities, and logistical complexity for implementation. Partnersself-select by reaching out to the USAMC and via USAMC’s exist-ing in-country programs. USAMC staff with necessary expertiseand experience conduct the partnership assessment.Partnership assessments are carried out via desktop review of thepotential partner and meetings with potential partners both in theU.S. and in-country. To collaboratively test program feasibility,USAMC faculty, trainees and staff also work shoulder-to-shoulderwith the potential partner team to determine gaps and opportunities.

Translating Political Commitment to Action: WHO, AMR, and the One Health Approach

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Translating Political Commitment to Action: WHO, AMR, and the One Health Approach

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