This study focused on if landscape features around the nest affect levels of anti-predator behavior in different shrub-land birds. Adult behavior was recorded on day 7 post-hatch, when chicks were remover as part of another study. The species studied are American Robins (AMRO), Gray Catbirds (GRCA), Northern Cardinals (NOCA) and Brown Thrashers (BRTH). The behavior between the different landscapes of AMROs and GRCAs was not significantly different. This shows that the energy difference is not significant enough to deter protective behavior. However, the NOCAs in less developed areas had a significantly more aggressive behavior. Also, the BRTHs had a significantly higher behavior score in lower percent grassland/shrub-land areas. This may be due to predation risk and perceived quality of the habitat. Variation in their habitat influenced their behavior.Ope

Baehl, Elizabeth M

Benson, T.J

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi

Crossref

ÇEVRENİN MERKEZLEŞMESİNDE GELENEĞİN ETKİSİ: KARESİOĞULLARI ÖRNEĞİ

Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti, Anadolu’da Türk-İslâm idare anlayışının yerleşmesi ve olgunlaşmasında büyük pay sahibi, Anadolu Türklüğünü büyük ölçüde siyasî çatısı altında toplamış bir devlettir. Bu devletin hâkimiyet devrinde oluşan toplumsal merkezî alanın temel dinamikleri, devletin güç yitimine uğramasıyla beliren Türk Beyliklerine de aktarılmış olmalıdır. Bu noktada Karesioğulları, Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti ile çağdaş ve onun tarafından ilhak edilmiş bulunan Dânişmendliler ile akrabalık temelinde inşa edilen gelenek dolayısıyla ayrı bir konumu işgal eder. Bu çalışmanın amacı Karesioğulları’nın Dânişmendliler soyundan geldiğini red yahut kabul eden görüşleri tartışmak değil; bu türden bir akrabalığa ilişkin salt geleneğin mevcudiyetinin dahi Karesioğulları’nın çevrede yeni bir merkez inşa etmesine olası katkısını tetkik etmektir

Yavuzcan, Gaye

Uşak University Institutional Repository

Öz: Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti, Anadolu’da Türk-İslâm idare anlayışının yerleşmesi ve olgunlaşmasında büyük pay sahibi, Anadolu Türklüğünü büyük ölçüde siyasî çatısı altında toplamış bir devlettir. Bu devletin hâkimiyet devrinde oluşan toplumsal merkezî alanın temel dinamikleri, devletin güç yitimine uğramasıyla beliren Türk Beyliklerine de aktarılmış olmalıdır. Bu noktada Karesioğulları, Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti ile çağdaş ve onun tarafından ilhak edilmiş bulunan Dânişmendliler ile akrabalık temelinde inşa edilen gelenek dolayısıyla ayrı bir konumu işgal eder. Bu çalışmanın amacı Karesioğulları’nın Dânişmendliler soyundan geldiğini red yahut kabul eden görüşleri tartışmak değil; bu türden bir akrabalığa ilişkin salt geleneğin mevcudiyetinin dahi Karesioğulları’nın çevrede yeni bir merkez inşa etmesine olası katkısını tetkik etmektir. Abstract: Rum Seljuqs which played an important role in establishment and development of Turkish-Islamic administration perception in Anatolia has established a state that assembled Anatolian Turks under a political entity. The main dynamics of the social central zone that has been formed under this state’s dominion, should have been transferred to Turkoman Principalities after the state’s dissolution. At this point, Karasids have a privileged position on the grounds of their relations with Danishmendids. This paper does not aim to argue the views supporting or rejecting the Karasid-Danishmendid relations. In this paper, the effect of the tradition relating Karasids to Danishmendids on the construction of a new center on former periphery will be evaluated

Gaye YAVUZCAN

Directory of Open Access Journals

Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository

Elizabeth Baehl1, Loren Merrill2, T.J. Benson2 1Department of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignDoes nest defense behavior vary with differences in landscape features in four species of shrub-nesting birds? AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank my fellow field technician team, Caitlin Elkins, Victoria Lima, Kaity Ripple, Andy Ondrejecht, Ohad Paris, Jason Newton and Eric Peterson for their work of collecting data and finding focal species. Special thanks to Kaity Ripple for doing the GIS data analyses.  References1.Crooks, K. R., and M. E. Soulé. (1999). Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400: 563–566. 2.Chace, J. F., and J. J. Walsh. (2006). Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning 74: 46–69.3.Roux, K. E., and P. P. Marra. (2007). The presence and impact of environmental lead in passerine birds along an urban to rural land use gradient. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53: 261–2684.Kilpatrick, A. M. (2011). Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile Virus. Science 334: 323–327.5.Doherty, P. F., and T. C. Grubb. (2002). Survivorship of permanent— resident birds in a fragmented forested landscape. Ecology 83: 844–857.6.Ryder, T.B., Reitsma, R., Evans, B., and Marra, P.P. (2010). Quantifying avian nest survival along an urbanization gradient using citizen- and scientist-generated data. Ecological Applications. 20: 419-426.7.Wilcove, D. S. (1985) Nest predation in forest tracts and the decline of migratory songbirds. Ecology 66: 1211–1214.IntroductionAvian reproductive investment can be reflected in the level of nest-defensive behaviors that adult birds exhibit in response to an attempted predation event. Aspects of the nesting habitat may influence parental investment decisions. Habitat value in each area may change due to predation risk and resource availability. The predation risk in higher developed areas is higher than lower developed areas due to higher amounts of small sized mammalian predators1. Also mortality rates are higher in higher developed areas due to automobile and building collision2 pollutants3, and disease transmission4. Resource availability in higher developed areas are higher due to anthropogenic effects such as bird feeders and ornamental landscapes. This increases their survival especially for overwintering birds5Differences in aggression between species in similar habitats can be due to species diet and species predation risks. Species differ in their food requirements. AMROs, BRTHs, and GRCAs rely heavily on insects while NOCAs rely mostly on seeds. Also, species have different predation risks. In higher developed areas, AMROs and GRCAs have a higher survival rate where as NOCAs have a lower survival rate6. The increase in canopy cover in GRCAs and NOCAs had a negative effect on nest survival where canopy cover had no effect on AMROs6.Grassland/shrub-land habitat is characterized as a combination of long-stemmed grasses and shrubby vegetation that is presumed to provide high quality nestling habitat for the four focal species. . SummaryThis study focused on if landscape features around the nest affect levels of anti-predator behavior in different shrub-land birds. Adult behavior was recorded on day 7 post-hatch, when chicks were remover as part of another study. The species studied are American Robins (AMRO), Gray Catbirds (GRCA), Northern Cardinals (NOCA) and Brown Thrashers (BRTH).  The behavior between the different landscapes of AMROs and GRCAs  was not significantly different. This shows that the energy difference is not significant enough to deter protective behavior. However, the NOCAs in less developed areas had a significantly more aggressive behavior. Also, the BRTHs had a significantly higher behavior score in lower percent grassland/shrub-land areas. This may be due to predation risk and perceived quality of the habitat. Variation in their habitat influenced their behavior. MethodsFrom May 5th to July 31st, active shrub-land bird nests were found and monitored at seven locations around Central Illinois. Once located nests were checked every three days until chicks reached seven days of age or the nest failed. On day seven, chicks were removed from the nest as part of another study, and at the time of the first chick removal, adult behavior was recorded. As one person went to collect the nestlings, another person recorded the behavior of the adults. The behavior was categorized by the distance the adult was from the nest (Table 1). We calculated the proportion of the landscape that was developed (human structures) and grassland/shrub-land within 500 meters of the nest using the USDA NRCS geospatial data gateway in GIS. Statistical AnalysesWe ran a Tukey-Kramer test comparing mean aggression scores to examine whether the four species differ in their level of aggression. To assess whether landscape type was related to nest defense, we ran logistic regressions for each species individually. Before doing so, we ran simple linear models to examine whether date and number of chicks in the nest were important variables to include as covariates. We found no support for date, but did find a significant positive effect of number of chicks (P=0.035). We included number of chicks as a covariate in each model, and ran models with proportion of developed habitat within 500m radius of the nest and proportion grassland/shrub-land habitat within a 500m radius of the nest. For species in which landscape features were significant, we ran simple linear regression using behavior as a continuous variable to allow for easy visual interpretation of the results. ResultsA total of 88 nests were observed for this study. Of the 88, there were 26 American Robins, 23 Brown Thrashers, 23 Gray Catbirds, and 16 Northern Cardinals. We found that BRTHs and GRCAs were significantly more aggressive in defense of their nests than AMROs and NOCAs (Fig. 1). We found no effect of habitat on the behavior of AMROs (p>0.23) or GRCAs, although there was a nonsignificant trend for GRCAs to behave less aggressively in landscapes with higher proportion of grassland/shrub-land (p=0.06). For BRTHs we found a significant negative effect of grassland/shrub-land on aggression scores (Chi Sq = 4.92, p=0.027), but no effect of developed habitat (Chi Sq = 2.13, p=0.144), whereas for NOCAs we found a significant negative effect of proportion developed habitat (Chi Sq = 5.75, p=0.017), but no effect of grassland/shrub-land habitat (Chi Sq = 0.52, p=0.47).DiscussionBetween Species Differences AMROs and NOCAs have a significantly lower overall behavior score than GRCAs and BRTHs. These species aggression difference may be due to differences in food requirement or predation risk. BRTH and GRCA nests may be more likely to be depredated by predators that the adults could successfully drive away compared to AMRO and NOCAs. Or it may be that GRCAs and BRTHs have shorter nesting periods, and therefore value each nest more highly than NOCAs and AMROs which have longer nesting periods and are therefore willing to take on greater risk to themselves. BRTH and GRCAs are in the same family (Mimidae) so they may exhibit similar behavior because they are phylogenetically closely related.Landscape features and nest defense behaviorPrevious research has demonstrated that NOCAs in highly developed areas experience higher rates of nest-predation compared to NOCAs nesting in less developed areas7. Adult NOCAs in more developed areas may invest less in each nest attempt, and therefore exhibit reduced nest-defensive behaviors compared to NOCAs nesting in less developed areas. In place of nest defense, birds in high proportional developed land may invest more in replacement clutchesOverall, the aggression is based upon the investment in the eggs. NOCAs in lower developed areas put more investment into their current eggs while NOCAs in lesser developed areas put more investment in keeping themselves alive to produce in the future. BRTH’s behavior was significantly higher in low percentage grassland area due to their perceived level of quality of the habitat. BRTHs in these lower quality nestling habitats may have to invest more energy for their offspring to survive. GRCA had an almost significant correlation between high anti-predator behavior and low percentage grassland area. This may be genetically influenced since GRCAs and BRTHs are from the same family. Table 1. Distance of Bird from nest compared to Behavior Score.Behavior Score Distance Away6 Touching5 >1m4 1-3m3 3-5m2 5-10m1 >10m0 not presentMale Northern Cardinal (NOCA) At Middle Fork River Forest Preserve on July 20, 2015Brown Thrasher (BRTH) at the University of Illinois Pollinatrium on April 26, 2015American Robin chick, age 7 days at Kennekuk County Park on May 27, 20150.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5AMRO BRTH GRCA NOCASpeciesMean Aggression Score012340 0.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.4Proportion Land Developed 500 m BufferNOCA Aggression Score by Proportion Developed HabitatAggression ScoreR2=0.26N=16P=0.04*012345670 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6Proportion Grassland/Shrub-land500 m BufferBRTH Aggression Score by Proportion Grassland/Shrub-land HabitatAggression ScoreR2=0.19N=23P=0.04*HypothesisAnti-predator behavior will be different between species of shrub-land birdsIf landscape features change then the anti-predator behavior for each species will change. American Robin (AMRO)Gray Catbird (GRCA)Figure 1. Average aggressionscores for AMROs, BRTHs,GRCAs, and NOCAsFigure 2. NOCA aggression scoreby proportion developed habitatFigure 3. BRTH aggression score by proportion grassland/shrub-land habitat