A laboratory experiment was conducted in Jinnah University for women, Karachi to evaluate the manural potential of farmyard manure (FYM), vis-a-vis 25%, 50% and 100% doses of commercial rate NPK (i.e 120:60:30) to find out the most productive cropping system at various strength of chemical fertilizers and organic manures with respect to the growth of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Experiment comprised NPK @ 120:60:30 kg ha-1, and NPK @ 100:50:50 kg ha-1 along with FYM @ 5 t ha-1. NH4NO3, CaHPO4. 2H2O, KCL were used as sources of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively. All the growth parameters including Shoot length, Root length, Shoot fresh weight, Shoot dry weight, Root fresh weight and Root dry weight of Black gram was recorded highest at 25% NPK (1/4th strength). Application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 was favored at both strength 1/4th and 1/2th NPK and produced significantly higher growth than all the other single treatments. Therefore, it has been realized that the integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers could produced sustainability in intensive production system and improve crop yield and productivity

Nayab Bashir

Saima Ibrahim

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INTRODUCTIONNow a day an intensive cropping systems andunbalanced fertilization results in severe depletionof soil fertility with continuous removal of nutrients(Ghosh et al., 2004). Most important factorsresponsible for the low yield are low soil fertilityand poor availability of nutrients in soluble formmainly in the arid and semi-arid soil. In addition,high costs of inorganic fertilizers are making itdifficult to use them extensively in developingcountries. Researches proved that organic matter isan excellent fertilizer containing N, P, K and othernutrients. It improves soil structure, aeration,moisture-holding capacity, water infiltration andsupply sufficient nutrients for optimum plant growth(Reddy et al. 2002). It has been suggested that organicmanure should be used along or in place of chemicalfertilizers to avoid long term negative effects ofchemical fertilizers on the soil (Parr et al., 1990). The integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizerscan play a vital role to achieve sustainable productivesystems, (Ghosh et al., 2004). Ahmed et al. (1998)also indicated that wheat yield increased significantlyby the combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers.Hati et al. (2001) also found that balanced fertilizersrate in combination with organic manure improvesoil physical condition and sustain higher cropproductivity. Similar results were obtained by Mandaland Sinha (2004). In the given research, theperformance of organic fertilizer for compromisingwith the expensive inorganic fertilizers was studiedwith respect to the growth of black gram (Vignamungo  L.). The policy led to the minimal usage ofexpensive commercial fertilizer with the output ofquality production. Therefore, higher cropCompromising with Expensive NPK Fertilizer by Cheapest Farmyard Manurewith respect to the Yield Components of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) HepperSaima Ibrahim1*and Nayab Bashir11Department of Botany Jinnah University for Women Karachi Pakistan.ABSTRACTA laboratory experiment was conducted in Jinnah University for women, Karachi to evaluatethe manural potential of farmyard manure (FYM), vis-a-vis 25%, 50% and 100% doses ofcommercial rate NPK (i.e 120:60:30) to find out the most productive cropping system atvarious strength of chemical fertilizers and organic manures with respect to the growth ofblack gram (Vigna mungo L.). Experiment comprised NPK @ 120:60:30 kg ha-1, and NPK@ 100:50:50 kg ha-1 along with FYM @ 5 t ha-1. NH4NO3, CaHPO4. 2H2O, KCL were usedas sources of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively. All the growth parameters including Shoot length,Root length, Shoot fresh weight, Shoot dry weight, Root fresh weight and Root dry weightof Black gram was recorded highest at 25% NPK (1/4th strength). Application of FYM @ 5t ha-1 was favored at both strength 1/4th and 1/2th NPK and produced significantly highergrowth than all the other single treatments. Therefore, it has been realized that the integrateduse of organic and inorganic fertilizers could produced sustainability in intensive productionsystem and improve crop yield and productivity.Keyword: Inorganic fertilizer; farmyard manure; commercial rate NPK.*Corresponding author: ibrahim4sept@hotmail.com27Vol 3 (1), January 2012; 27-30productivity could be obtained when inorganicfertilizer was combined with organic manures.Laboratory Experiment: In this experiment, Petridish method was used to study the effects of differentdoses of NPK rate (100%, 50% and 25%), alone andalong with FYM extract (i.e.5ton/ha) on the growthparameters of black gram. Ten healthy, chemicallysterilized seeds of black gram (Vigna mungo L.)were placed in Petri dishes with temperature rangingfrom 21-250C. Five ml of each treatment was addeddaily to three replicate of each treatment plate. Theexperiment was completely randomized. Distilledwater was applied to the control level. The growthparameters including germination rate, shoot length,root length, shoot fresh and dry weight and root freshand dry weight were recorded after six days ofgrowth. Seedling dry weight was determined bydrying the material in an oven at 750C for 48 hours.Inhibitory Percentage (I): The percentage ofinhibitory effect on shoot and root growth (length,fresh weight, dry weight) in comparison to controlwas calculated by Surendra and Pota, (1978) formula:I = 100- T/C   x 100  Where, ‘I’ is the percentageof inhibition, ‘T’ is the treatment reading and ‘C’ isthe control plant reading.Data Analysis: The data of all the above mentionedparameters were individually subjected to the analysisof variance techniques (Steel et al., 1997) and theanalysis of standard deviation statistically to evaluatethe treatment effects through Duncan’s MultipleRange Test (DMRT)Result and Discussion:  Fertilizers improves themorphological, physiological and biochemical statusof the plant. In the given research, all the growthparameters including SL, RL, SFW, SDR, RFW andRDW of Black gram was recorded highest at 25%NPK (1/4th strength). Application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1, to compensate the low strength of NPK, was favoredat both 25% and 50% NPK and produced significantlyhigher growth in gram than all other single treatments.Beneficial effects of combined use of organic andinorganic fertilizer in increasing the crop yields as wellas maintaining the soil fertility on long-term basis hadalso been reported by Mishra et al. (1990). Similarfindings were also reported by Tiwari & Parihar (1992),Ramesh et al., (1999), Gorttappeh et al., (2000), andSaeed et al., (2002), who also observed that organicmanure alone or in combination with synthetic fertilizerssignificantly increased the crop yield. Similarly, adistinguishable result was also observed by Ghosh etal., 2004 who applied FYM @ 5 t ha-1 along with 75%NPK for wheat and soybean crops.Shoot length (cm): Table-1 showed that the 25%strength of 120:60:30 NPK dose was more effectiveShoot length (cm)8.83  f**(0)10.6  e(+20.04)*11.4  d(+29.10)11.5  c(+30.23)12.5  a(+41.56)11.9  b(+34.76)T0T1T2T3T4T5TREATMENT Shoot fr.wt (gm)0.742  d(0)0.67  e(-9.7)0.6  f(-19.1)1.15  b(+54.9)0.97  c(+30.7)1.24  a(+67.1)Root fr.wt (gm)0.12  c(0)0.11  d(-16.6)0.09  f(-25)0.13  b(+8.3)0.10  e(-16.6)0.2  a(+66.6)Shoot dry wt. (gm)0.102  d(0)  0.1  e(-1.96)0.05  f(-50)0.12  b(+17.6)0.11  c(+7.84)0.16  a(+56.8)Root dry wt. (gm)0.0223  c(0)0.0218  d(-2.01)0.0204  f(-8.52)0.0253  b(+13.4)0.0215  e(-3.58)0.027  a(+21.97)Root length (cm)5.1  f(0)6.1  c(+19.6)5.53  e(+8.43)5.9  d(+15.6)7.2  a(+41.1)6.5  b(+27.4)Control100% NPK50% NPK25% NPK50% NPK + FYM25% NPK + FYMTable:  Effects of NPK 120:60:30 (alone or along with FYM) on Black gram*Values in parenthesis indicate percent increase (+) or decrease (-) over control.**Means followed by different letters show significant result at the level of Standard deviation.28Vol 3 (1), January 2012; 27-30T R E AT M E N T ST 0 =  C o n t r o lT 1 =  N P K  1 0 0 %T 2 =  N P K  5 0 %T 3 =  N P K  2 5 %T 4 =  N P K  5 0 %  + F Y MT 5 =  N P K  2 5 % + F Y M(+30.23%) for SL than full i.e. 100% (+20.04%) andhalf i.e. 50% strength (+29.10%) over control. Butthe addition of FYM at 25% strength was lesssupportive (+34.76% over control) than at 50%strengths which gave the maximum SL over alltreatments i.e (+41.56%).Root length(cm): Table-1 showed that, the increasein RL was more at 25% strength (+15.6) than 50%strength (+8.43), although full strength gave themaximum increased (+19.6) over the both lowstrength. The addition of FYM at both strengthimproved RL over NPK alone i.e (+41.1 % at ½thstrength and +27.4 % at ¼th strength).Shoot fresh weight (gm): SFW was maximum at25% strength (i.e 54.9%), which was more than halfstrength and the effect was probably due to the morewater absorption from surrounding dilute solution.The substitution with FYM supported both NPKstrengths (table-1), markedly at 25% strength andincreased the SFW up to + 67.1%.Shoot dry weight (gm): SDW was also maximumat 25% strength ( i.e 17.6 %) over half  & full strengthof NPK dose similarly,  addition of FYM along withboth low strength was beneficial and increased theSDW from +17.6 % to +56.8 % at 25 % strength &+7.84 % at 50% strength over control.Root fresh weight (gm): The value of RFW at 25%NPK dose (i.e +8.3 % over control) was significantlyhigher than 50% NPK dose (table-1) which was dueto more absorption of water from the surroundingsolution with less amount of soluble solute. Theaddition of FYM was also significant along bothstrength and enhanced the RFW from + 8.3 5 to +66.6% at 25 % strength and to reduce the inhibitoryeffects from -25.5% to -16.6% at 50 % strength.Root dry weight (gm): Table-1  showed that the25% strength was again beneficial for root dry weightup to +13.4 % over control and the value was raisedto +21.97% with FYM addition. This addition ofFYM was also useful at half strength NPK treatmentto reduce the decrease in root dry weight from -8.52% over control to -3.58% % over control.REFERENCESAhmed, F.F.; A.A. Ahmed and M.A. Ragab(1998). The effect of spraying calcium chlorideon reducing pre harvest fruit drop and improvingthe productivity of Anna apple trees (Malusdomestica L.) Proc. Symp. "Foliar Fertilization:A Technology to Improve Production andDecrease Pollution", 10-14 Dec. 1995, CairoEgypt. Eds. M.M. El-Fouly, F.E. Abdalla andA.A. Abdel-Maguid, Publ. NRC, Cairo (1998),pp. 101-108.Ghosh P. K.  , P. Ramesh, K. K. Bandyopadhyay, A.K. Tripathi, K. M. Hati, A. K. Misra and C. L.Acharya, 2004. Comparative effectiveness of cattle &poultry manure, phosphocompost andfertilizer-NPK on three cropping systemsin vertisols of semi-arid tropics crop yield ands y s t e m  p e r f o r m a n c e ,  B i o r e s o u r .Technol.95:7883Gorttappeh, A.H., A. Ghalavand, M.R. Ahmady andS.K. Mirnia. 2000. Effect of organic, inorganicand integrated fertilizers on quantitative andqualitative traits of different cultivars ofsunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in westernAzarbayjan. Iran. J. Agric. Sci., 6(2): 85-104.Hati, K.M., K.G.Mandal, A.K. Misra, P.K.Ghosh, C.L. Acharya, 2001. Effect of irrigationregimes and nutrient management on soil waterdynamics, evapotranspiration and yield of wheatin vertisol. Ind.  J. Agric.Sci. 71(9), 581–587.Mandal, K.J. and A.C. Sinha. 2004. Nutrientmanagement effects on light interception,photosynthesis, growth, dry-matter productionand yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.).J. Agron. Crop Sci., 190:119-129.Mishra, R.C., P.K. Sabu, S.K. Uttaray,1990.Response of soybean to nitrogen and phosphorusapplication. J. Oilseed Res. 7, 6–9.29Vol 3 (1), January 2012; 27-30Parr, J.F. and B.A. Stewart, 1990. Improvingrainfed farming for semi-arid tropics.Implications  for soil &  water conservation.Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny,Iowa, USA.Reddy, S. S., Shivaraj, B., Reddy, V. C., Ananda,M. G. 2002, : Direct effect of fertilizers andresidual  effect of organic manures on yield andnutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) ingroundnut-maize cropping system. Departmentof Agronomy, University of AgriculturalSciences, Bangalore - 560 065 (Karnataka),India.Ramesh, S., S. Raghbir and S. Mohinder. 1999.Effect of phosphorus, iron and FYM on yieldand quality of sunflower. Annals Agri. Biol.Res., 4(2): 145-150.Surendra, M.P. and K.B. Pota, 1978. Theallelopathic potentials from root exudates fromdifferent ages of Celosia argenta Linn. NaturalAcademy of Sci. Letters, 1: 56-58.Saeed, N., M. Hussain and M. Saleem. 2002.Interactive effect of biological sources andorganic amendments on the growth and yieldattributes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 39(2): 135-136.Steel, R.G. and J.H. Torrie. 1997. Principlesand Procedure of Statistics, 2nd Ed. McGrawHillBook International Co. Singapore. pp. 172-177.Tiwari, R.B. and S.S. Parihar. 1992. Effect ofnitrogen and variety on grain yield and net profitof sunflower. Advances in Plant Sciences, 5(1):173-175.30Vol 3 (1), January 2012; 27-30“RADS” publishes articles within the wholefield of physical science. Generally these articleswill be in or related to need of the country.Manuscripts or data will be considered that havenot been previously published or submittedelsewhere for publication. However, re-analysisof previously published data can be accepted.1. All articles submitted for publication willbe reviewed by referees. Submit three copies ofthe article / manuscripts along with a floppydiskette (IBM Computer) containing themanuscript in duplicate. While submittingdiskette it should only the latest version of themanuscript.Name the file clearly, label the diskette with theformat of the file and the file name. Provideinformation of the hardware and software used.2. Manuscript should be type double spacethroughout, and print on one side of the A-4 sizepaper with clear margins on the both sides.Tables as well as illustrations should be typedand drawn on separate paper. Only black &white photo graphs can be submitted.3. RADS will accepta) Guests Editorials on important subjectsof current interest.b) Original papers / articles.c) Review articles.d) Short Communications ande) Letters to the Editor.4. The manuscript except short communication& Guest Editorials should contain the following.a. Title page:The complete title of the manuscript, the nameof all the authors with their highest qualifications,the department or institution to which they areattached, address for correspondence with telephonenumbers, email & fax number.b. Abstract:All original articles must accompany a structuredabstract up to 150 words. It should state objectiveof the study, design, setting, main outcome measures,results & conclusions.c. Key Words:Below the abstract give few words not more thanfive.d. Text:It should include Introduction, Materials &Methods, and Results & Discussion.e. Tables:Should be separate from the text, numbered andwith explanatory caption.f. Acknowledgement:If desired, it should be included after thediscussion and before references.g. References:References within the text should be cited by theauthor’s name followed by the year e.g. (Riaz, 1990).When two authors, e.g. (Riaz and Ali, 2003). In caseof three or more than three authors the referenceshould be cited as e.g. (Kamran, et al. 1995). Allreferences should be arranged alphabetically. Thereference should provide the following information:Author’s name with initials, year of thepublication, full title of the cited article, nameof the journal in which the article appeared (inabbreviated form), journal’s volume,number andfinally first and the last page number such asCarling D.E & M F. Brown. 1980. Relativeeffect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungion growth and yields of soybeans. Soil sciencesociety of American Journal, 44, p. 528-532.5. The manuscript should be accompanied bya covering letter signed by corresponding authors.INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS

Compromising with Expensive NPK Fertilizer by Cheapest Farmyard Manure with respect to the Yield Components of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) Hepper

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Compromising with Expensive NPK Fertilizer by Cheapest Farmyard Manure with respect to the Yield Components of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) Hepper

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