The uniqueness of karsttopography in Kinta Valley lies with the spectacular shape of the steep-sided limestone

towers. However, theinstability ofthese hillslopes may affect the vulnerability of the surrounding area. Thus, this

study was conducted with the objective to investigate the failure modes of 9 slopes in the vicinity ofnorthernKinta

Valley, Ipoh, Perak. There were two types of failure modes identified in the study area,which are planar and wedge

failures. Planar failures were identified on slope GL3of Gunung Lang and slope GR3of Gunung Rapat with the

dip direction and dip angle of 280⁰/79⁰ and 004⁰/ 64⁰ respectively. Two wedge failures were identified on slope

QXL1of Qing Xing Ling, Taman Saikat with dip direction and dip angle of 252⁰/82⁰ and 302⁰/74⁰ respectively. A

wedge failure was identified on slope GL3 for Gunung Lang, slope GR1, slope GR3 for Gunung Rapat and slope QXL2

for Qing Xing Ling,Taman Saikat. The dip direction and dip angle for the respective wedges failure were 345⁰/65⁰,

036⁰/ 49⁰, 006⁰/ 64⁰ and 025⁰/60⁰. No failure was identified on slope GL1, and slope GL2,forGunung Lang and

slope GR2, and slope GR4forGunungRapat

ABDUL GHANI RAFEK,

AILIE SOFYIANA SERASA

AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB

GOH THIAN LAI

LEE KHAI ERN4AND TUAN RUSLI MOHAMED

NORAINI SURIP

NORBERT SIMON

NUR AMANINA MAZLAN,

Geological Behavior

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Geological Behavior (GBR) 1(1) (2017) 22-26Contents List available at RAZI PublishingGeological Behavior (GBR)  Journal Homepage: http://www.razipublishing.com/journals/geological-behavior/ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACTArticle history:Received 27 September 2016Accepted 13 December 2016Available online 10 January 2017Keywords:Limestone, failure modes, rock slope stability assessmentThe uniqueness of karsttopography in Kinta Valley lies with the spectacular shape of the steep-sided limestone towers. However, theinstability ofthese hillslopes may affect the vulnerability of the surrounding area. Thus, this study was conducted with the objective to investigate the failure modes of 9 slopes in the vicinity ofnorthernKinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak. There were two types of failure modes identified in the study area,which are planar and wedge failures. Planar failures were identified on slope GL3of Gunung Lang and slope GR3of Gunung Rapat with the dip direction and dip angle of 280⁰/79⁰ and 004⁰/ 64⁰ respectively. Two wedge failures were identified on slope QXL1of Qing Xing Ling, Taman Saikat with dip direction and dip angle of 252⁰/82⁰ and 302⁰/74⁰ respectively. A wedge failure was identified on slope GL3 for Gunung Lang, slope GR1, slope GR3 for Gunung Rapat and slope QXL2 for Qing Xing Ling,Taman Saikat. The dip direction and dip angle for the respective wedges failure were 345⁰/65⁰, 036⁰/ 49⁰, 006⁰/ 64⁰ and 025⁰/60⁰. No failure was identified on slope GL1, and slope GL2,forGunung Lang and slope GR2, and slope GR4forGunungRapat.1. INTRODUCTIONKarst topography in Kinta Valley is characterised by the steep- sided limestone hills and decorated with many limestone morphological features such as caves and dolines. Kinta Valley has been proposed to be developed as one of the national geoparks in Malaysia due to its impressive beautiful landscape (Leman, 2013).A literature study revealed that less research studies have been conducted on limestone hill’s rock slope stability assessment. The local researchers were focused more on rock mass classification (Norbert et al. 2016), landslide (Norbert et al. 2013,Norbert et al. 2014, Norbert et al. 2015a), rock fall (Norbert et al. 2015b) and prediction of uniaxial compressive strength using ultrasonic (Goh et al. 2016, Goh et al. 2015a, Goh et al. 2015b, Goh et al. 2014b). Ghani Rafek et al. (2012), Ghani et al. (2011) and Goh et al. (2012a, 2014a) characterized the roughness of discontinuities surface by established a polynomial relationship between JRC with peak friction angles schist and granite. Goh et al. (2012b) investigated the influenced of conditions of weathering to the Geomechanical strength of Granites and Schists. Abdul Ghani Rafek et al. (2015) assessed the Kinta limestone based on slope mass rating.Geohazard incidents like rock slab detachment and rock falls might occur as a result of weathering processes and discontinuity factors characterised mainly by geological structure conditions such as jointing, fractures and daylighting of discontinuities.These geological hazards will affect the vulnerability of development in the encompassing areas(Shu & Lai, 1974). The impact of a rockfall can also affects its surrounding in which the air blast resulting from the fallen rock debris can be felt at a distance that is much further from the catastrophe area which could affect nearby buildings (Lai, 1974, Shu & Lai, 1974).As stated by Shu and Lai (1973), reports on the instability of limestone hills such as at Gunung Cheroh in the Kinta Valley have been a subject of investigations by the Geological Survey of Malaysia in early1927. One of the incidents of rockfall tragedy had occurred at Gunung Cheroh, Ipoh, Perak which caused the demise of 40 people in October, 1973 (Shu & Lai 1974). Rock fall incident at Gunung Pondok, Perak were also reported by Shu and Razak (1984).Structural failure has been reported as the main causal factor of the rockfall events. Chemical weathering process also contributes to the decomposition of the rock mass.According to Chow and Sahat (1988) chemical weathering from water dissolution and quarry activities were reported to be the main causal factors of rockfalls such as the incident which occurred at Gunung Tunggal. It was reported that the cohesive strength along joints and fractures had decreased due to chemical weathering which possibly caused the rockfall.With regard to these issues, this research was conducted to investigate the failure modes of eight limestone hills in the Kinta Valley by using kinematic analysis as recommended by Hoek and Bray (1981). The examples of rockfall events in the Kinta Valley that had caused a number of fatality and damages to vehicles and civil structures are shown in Table 1.MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYGeology of Study AreasThe study area is located in the Kinta Valley, Perak as shown in Figure 1. The study areas covered the massive limestone bodies that are heavily jointed and fractured. As stated by Simon et al. (2015), there arenumerous massive limestone hills with an average size of 1.08 Cite this article as: GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERA-SA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli MohamedRock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Geo. Behav.. 1(1)(2017) 22-26Rock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, MalaysiaGOH THIAN LAI1*, , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB1,NUR AMANINA MAZLAN1, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK2, AILIE SOFYIANA SERASA3, NORBERT SIMON1, NORAINI SURIP3, LEE KHAI ERN4AND TUAN RUSLI MOHAMED51School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia2Department of Geosciences, UniversitiTeknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak DarulRidzuan, Malaysia3Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia 4Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.5Department of Mineral and Geoscience Malaysia Perak, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia *Corresponding author: gdsbgoh@gmail.comISSN: 2521-0890  (Print) ISSN: 2521-0491 (Online)https://doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2017.22.26This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited23GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERASA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli Mohamed / Geological Behavior 1(1) (2017) 22–26Cite this article as: GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERA-SA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli MohamedRock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Geo. Behav.. 1(1)(2017) 22-26km2with maximum elevation of these hills reaching 546 m based on the topographic map.The localized, highly weathered schist was found at the bottom of a massive limestone bodywhich can be observed in a cave located at Gunung Rapat. This limestone bodies were named by Foo (1983) as Kinta Limestone Formation with age of Silurian to Permian.MethodologyDiscontinuity surveys wereconducted by using the scan line method as suggested by Priest and Hudson (1976) and ISRM (1978) where 10 discontinuity parameters were considered. The parameters are dip direction, dip angle, discontinuity length (persistence), aperture, surface roughness, infilling, weathering, groundwater conditions, number of joint sets and block size.  The kinematic analysis was conducted by using Stereo32 software (Ruhr University Bochum, 2016). The results were interpreted to identify types of failure mode based on Hoek and Bray (1981). According to them, the possible major types of block failures on slopes and structural geology conditionsare plane failure, wedge failure, toppling failure and  circular failure.The joint roughness coefficient values were used for the determination of peak friction angle as recommended by Ghani Rafek et al. (2012). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total of 9 slopes at the Northern Kinta Valley were assessed and labeled as GL1, GL2, and GL3 for Gunung Lang, GR1, GR2, GR3 and GR4 for Gunung Rapat and QXL1 and QXL2 for Qing Xing Ling, Taman Saikat as shown in Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11, respectively. The locations of respective slopes are shown in Figure 2. The stereographs of respective slope were shown in Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19 and Figure 20, respectively. GL1, GL2, and GL3of Gunung Lang are composed of 5 major joint sets. GR1, GR2, GR3 and GR4 for Gunung Rapat were composed of 4 major joint sets. 4 major joint sets were identified on slope QXL1 and QXL2 for Qing Xing Ling, Taman Saikat. The orientation of major joint sets and slope face of the respective slope are shown in Table 2.24GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERASA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli Mohamed / Geological Behavior 1(1) (2017) 22–26Cite this article as: GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERA-SA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli MohamedRock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Geo. Behav.. 1(1)(2017) 22-26The peak friction angles for respective slopes used in kinematic analysis were determined based on the tilt test method suggested by Abdul Ghani Rafek and Goh (2012). The peak friction angle for slope GL1, GL2, and GL3 for Gunung Lang was 43⁰. The peak friction angles for slope GR1, GR2, GR3 and GR4 for Gunung Rapat were 43⁰, 70⁰, 33⁰ and 49⁰ respectively. The peak friction angle for slope QXL1 and QXL2 for Qing Xing Ling was 49°.Figure 21, Figure 22, Figure 23, Figure 24, Figure 25, Figure 26, Figure 27, Figure 28 and Figure 29 shows the results of kinematic analysis for respective slopes. Table 3 shows the summary of kinematic analysis for the respective slopes. Wedge and planar failures were identified on slope GL3 for Gunung Lang. The dip direction/dip angle for respective wedge and planar failures were 345⁰/65⁰ and 280⁰/79⁰. No mode of failure was identified on slope GL1 and GL2 for Gunung Lang. 25GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERASA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli Mohamed / Geological Behavior 1(1) (2017) 22–26Cite this article as: GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERA-SA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli MohamedRock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Geo. Behav.. 1(1)(2017) 22-26A wedge failure was identified on slope GR1 with the respective dip direction/ dip angle of 036⁰/49⁰.A wedge failure and planar failure was identified on slope GR3 for Gunung Rapat with the respective dip direction/dip angle of 004⁰/64⁰ and 006⁰/64. No mode of failure was identified on slope GR2 and GR4 for Gunung Rapat. There were two wedge failures identified on slope QXL1 and one wedge failure on slope QXL2 for Qing Xing Ling, Taman Saikat. The respective dip direction/dip angle of wedge failures were 252⁰/82⁰, 302⁰/74⁰ and 025⁰/60⁰.26GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERASA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli Mohamed / Geological Behavior 1(1) (2017) 22–26Cite this article as: GOH THIAN LAI , AINUL MARDHIYAH MOHD RAZIB, NUR AMANINA MAZLAN, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK, AILIE SOFYIANA SERA-SA, Norbert Simon, Noraini Surip, Lee Khai Ern and Tuan Rusli MohamedRock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Geo. Behav.. 1(1)(2017) 22-26CONCLUSIONFrom the kinematic analysis assessment,a wedge failure was identified at on slope GL3, for Gunung Lang. The dip direction and dip angle of the wedge failureswas 345⁰/65⁰.There are no modes of failureson slope GL1 and GL2 for Gunung Lang. A wedge failure was identified onslope GR1 for Gunung Rapat with the dip direction and dip angle of 036⁰/ 49⁰. No modes of failure were identified on slope GR2 for Gunung Rapat. A wedge and planar failure were identified on slope GR3 for Gunung Rapat. The dip direction and dip angle for the respective wedge and planar failure were 006⁰/ 64⁰ and 004⁰/ 64⁰. No modes of failurewere identified on slope GR4 for Gunung Rapat. Two wedge failures were identified on slope QXL1 for Qing Xing Ling, while a wedge failure was identified on slope QXL2 for Qing Xing Ling. The dip direction and dip angle for the respective wedge failures were 252⁰/82⁰, 302⁰/74⁰ and 025⁰/60⁰. AcknowledgementThis publication is based on work supported by the Government of Malaysia under grant Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS/1/2016/STG08/UTP/01/1, e-Science fund grant scheme 06-01-02-SF 1140, and GUP-2016-024. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the staffand facilities at Geology Program and Faculty of Science and Technology,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.REFENCESAbdul Ghani Rafek and Goh, T.L., 2012. Correlation of joint roughness coefficient (JRC) and peak friction angles of discontinuities of Malaysian Schists. Earth Science Research; 1(1):57-63Abdul Ghani Rafek, Goh T. L., Askury A. Kadir, Chow, W. S., Choong, C. M., & Norbert, S. 2015. Application of slope mass rating for quantification of rock slope stability: case studies of Kinta Limestone, Ipoh, Perak. Proceeding of International Conference on Slopes, Malaysia 2015 : 79-85.Chow, W. S., & Majid Sahat.1988. BatuRuntuh di Gunong Tunggal, Gopeng, Perak. Geological Survey Report. 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Rock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia

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Rock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Hills in Northern Kinta Valley, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia

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