Arseenko, M.Y.

Kovaleva, M.G.

Prozorova, M.C.

Tyurin, Y.M.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II              369  PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM POWDER COATINGS  DEPOSITED ON A SUBSTRATE OF STEEL-1030 Maria Y. Arseenko1, Marina G. Kovaleva1, Maya C. Prozorova1, Yurii N. Tyurin2  1 Belgorod State University, Joint Research Center "Diagnostics of structure and properties of nanomaterials", 308015, Belgorod, Russia 2 Paton Electric Welding Institute NASU, 03650, Kyiv, Ukraine   ABSTRACT Composite coatings of titanium powder were deposited on steel-1030 samples by using the cumulative-detonation equipment. The dense layer from lamellas and deformed titanium particles is formed on the sample surface. A mean of lamellas hardness is 1500 HV0,01. Scratch-test has shown that the coating has the high adhesive strength.  Key words: the cumulative-detonation technology, nanocomposite, lamellas, hardness, adhesive strength  INTRODUCTION In view of high physical-mechanical properties of titanium and its com-pounds, it is of interest to deposit a coating of titanium-base composite materi-als on steel. At present, coatings of titanium powder obtained using a modern-ized HVOF [1], using the technology of cold coating [2] and the use of plasma generators and wires. A new energy-efficient design of cumulative-detonation devices for deposition of coating of titanium was used. This provides the for-mation of coating of high-quality at a lower cost of electricity in 20 times and the components of the combustible gas mixture of 5 - 6 times than the known HVOF devices [3]. The purpose of this study is to develop a power-saving technology and equipment for deposition of protective titanium powder coat-ings on surfaces of steel parts. The main problem is to provide a high adhesion of thin coatings to the steel substrate. METHODS OF SAMPLE MANUFACTURING AND ANALYSIS Specimens of steel-1030 consisting of Fe as a base, 0.3% C and 0.7% Mn were used as a substrate. Coating was deposited on the specimen surface by the cumulative-detonation device. Productivity 0.5÷1 kg/hour, gas mixture consump-tion (ɋ3ɇ8Ɉ2) – 2.84 m3/hour, frequency – 20 Hz, distance to surface – 30 mm, coating thickness ~ 100÷150 ȝm. It is used titanium powder (Raymor Industries Inc.) with fraction 50 ȝm and the powder consisted of 100 wt. % Ti (Fig. 1).                                                 e-mail: ytyurin@i.com.ua tel: (+38)0442052514 370                  Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II               Morphological and compositional characterization of titanium powder and coating surface were performed using electron ion microscope Quanta 200 3D equipped with integrated microanalysis system Pegasus 2000 (SEM-EDS). The Vickers hardness was measured by means of a microhardness tester under loads of 10-50 g. Adhesive, cohesive strength and the mechanism of coating destruction are defined by the scratch-tester REVETEST (CSM Instru-ments). Coating was deformed by a spherical diamond indenter of the “Rock-well C” type with a rounding radius of 200 Pm at a continuously growing load in a range of 0.9-200 N. Results of the element analysis and defects in the de-formed coating were studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The coating (0.1-0.2 mm thickness) is uniform, dense, with a good adhe-sion to the substrate (Fig. 3a). A thickness of lamellas in the coating is 2÷3 ȝm. Pore  size  is  similar.  Apparently,  the  pores  are  formed  during  hot  pressing  of  titanium powder. The study of morphology of the coating-substrate boundary is established that the visible boundary has no defects and fixed penetration of the coating  to  the  substrate  (Fig. 3b, e). High-speed deformation of dispersed particles of titanium leads to fragmentation of them into smaller particles with characteristic sizes smaller than 146 nm (Fig. 3c, d). It was established that all the coating consists of nano-dispersed fragments of titanium and titanium compounds with nitrogen, oxygen and carbon. Results of the analysis confirm the presence of the substrate material and coating in the transition area. Results of hardness measurements are also indirect evidence of the interpenetration of the substrate material in the coating. The hardness of the border area of coverage is 3-4 times higher than the hardness of the substrate material and coating it was found. Hardness of thin lamellas in the coating is 1500 HV0,01, which corresponds to the hardness of the intermetallic “titanium-iron” (Fig. 4).  Fig. 1 – (a) Morphology and (b) elemental composition (energy dispersive spectrum) of titanium powder (SEM) Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II              371   Fig. 3 – Morphology (a-d) and elemental composition (e) of titanium coating (SEM)  In this study, adhesive strength was determined by critical load of LC,  which  led  to  the  destruction  of  the coating and the changing curves of the coefficient of friction and acoustic emission of the load (Fig. 5), optical microscope and SEM (Fig. 5b).  Figure  5  shows  that  with  the  increase  of  the  load  cover  is  pressed into the substrate material (stage IV), which is accompanied by multiple chevron (transverse) cracks in the bottom of scratches and heavy cohesive failure of the material that  Fig. 4 – The microstructure of the surface of the transverse sections of the titanium coating on steel with hardness measurement points 372                  Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II              forms the border sintering (Fig. 5a). However, the elemental analysis of a trace of deformation was showed that at the maximum possible load on scratch-tester about 190 N was not a delamination of coating. Elemental analysis of traces of deformation of the diamond indenter showed the same content of titanium and iron in the deformed parts of the coating and the coating (Fig. 5b).   Fig. 5 – Results of adhesion tests (a). Morphology and elemental composition (b) of system of “coating – substrate” at the point of contact with indenter  CONCLUSIONS The cumulative-detonation technology and equipment is created for depo-sition of nanocomposite titanium powder coatings on the steel samples. The gas mixture consumption (propane-oxygen-air) is up to 6.3 m3 per 1 kg of powder. The dense layer from lamellas and deformed titanium particles is formed on the sample surface. The technology provides high quality face-boundary between coating and substrate due to the interpenetration of the materials. Formed coat-ing has high adhesive and cohesive strength, density and the presence of na-nosized structures.  Acknowledgements Work is carried out by Joint Research Center of Belgorod State University in the framework of the federal target program under Grant application No 14.740.11.1017. REFERENCES [1] J. Kawakita, S. Kuroda, T. Fukushima et al. Surface Coating Technology, 2006, 201(3–4), P. 1250-1255. [2] Rezaeian, R. Chromik, S. Yue et al. ITSC 2008, The Netherlands, Maastrich, June 2-4, 2008, P. 32. [3] Y.N. Tyurin, O.V. Kolisnichenko, I.M. Duda, Journal hardeners and coatings technology, 2009, No5, P. 27-33.   

Properties of titanium powder coatings deposited on a substrate of steel-1030

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II              369 
 
PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM POWDER COATINGS  
DEPOSITED ON A SUBSTRATE OF STEEL-1030 
Maria Y. Arseenko1, Marina G. Kovaleva1, 
Maya C. Prozorova1, Yurii N. Tyurin2 
 
1 Belgorod State University, Joint Research Center "Diagnostics of structure and properties of 
nanomaterials", 308015, Belgorod, Russia 
2 Paton Electric Welding Institute NASU, 03650, Kyiv, Ukraine  
 
ABSTRACT 
Composite coatings of titanium powder were deposited on steel-1030 samples by 
using the cumulative-detonation equipment. The dense layer from lamellas and 
deformed titanium particles is formed on the sample surface. A mean of lamellas 
hardness is 1500 HV0,01. Scratch-test has shown that the coating has the high adhesive 
strength. 
 
Key words: the cumulative-detonation technology, nanocomposite, lamellas, 
hardness, adhesive strength 
 
INTRODUCTION 
In view of high physical-mechanical properties of titanium and its com-
pounds, it is of interest to deposit a coating of titanium-base composite materi-
als on steel. At present, coatings of titanium powder obtained using a modern-
ized HVOF [1], using the technology of cold coating [2] and the use of plasma 
generators and wires. A new energy-efficient design of cumulative-detonation 
devices for deposition of coating of titanium was used. This provides the for-
mation of coating of high-quality at a lower cost of electricity in 20 times and 
the components of the combustible gas mixture of 5 - 6 times than the known 
HVOF devices [3]. The purpose of this study is to develop a power-saving 
technology and equipment for deposition of protective titanium powder coat-
ings on surfaces of steel parts. The main problem is to provide a high adhesion 
of thin coatings to the steel substrate. 
METHODS OF SAMPLE MANUFACTURING AND ANALYSIS 
Specimens of steel-1030 consisting of Fe as a base, 0.3% C and 0.7% Mn 
were used as a substrate. Coating was deposited on the specimen surface by the 
cumulative-detonation device. Productivity 0.5÷1 kg/hour, gas mixture consump-
tion (ɋ3ɇ8Ɉ2) – 2.84 m3/hour, frequency – 20 Hz, distance to surface – 30 mm, 
coating thickness ~ 100÷150 ȝm. It is used titanium powder (Raymor Industries 
Inc.) with fraction 50 ȝm and the powder consisted of 100 wt. % Ti (Fig. 1). 
                                               
 e-mail: ytyurin@i.com.ua tel: (+38)0442052514 
370                  Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II             
 
 
Morphological and compositional characterization of titanium powder and 
coating surface were performed using electron ion microscope Quanta 200 3D 
equipped with integrated microanalysis system Pegasus 2000 (SEM-EDS). 
The Vickers hardness was measured by means of a microhardness tester 
under loads of 10-50 g. Adhesive, cohesive strength and the mechanism of 
coating destruction are defined by the scratch-tester REVETEST (CSM Instru-
ments). Coating was deformed by a spherical diamond indenter of the “Rock-
well C” type with a rounding radius of 200 Pm at a continuously growing load 
in a range of 0.9-200 N. Results of the element analysis and defects in the de-
formed coating were studied. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The coating (0.1-0.2 mm thickness) is uniform, dense, with a good adhe-
sion to the substrate (Fig. 3a). A thickness of lamellas in the coating is 2÷3 ȝm. 
Pore  size  is  similar.  Apparently,  the  pores  are  formed  during  hot  pressing  of  
titanium powder. The study of morphology of the coating-substrate boundary is 
established that the visible boundary has no defects and fixed penetration of the 
coating  to  the  substrate  (Fig. 3b, e). High-speed deformation of dispersed 
particles of titanium leads to fragmentation of them into smaller particles with 
characteristic sizes smaller than 146 nm (Fig. 3c, d). It was established that all 
the coating consists of nano-dispersed fragments of titanium and titanium 
compounds with nitrogen, oxygen and carbon. Results of the analysis confirm 
the presence of the substrate material and coating in the transition area. 
Results of hardness measurements are also indirect evidence of the 
interpenetration of the substrate material in the coating. The hardness of the 
border area of coverage is 3-4 times higher than the hardness of the substrate 
material and coating it was found. Hardness of thin lamellas in the coating is 
1500 HV0,01, which corresponds to the hardness of the intermetallic “titanium-
iron” (Fig. 4). 
 
Fig. 1 – (a) Morphology and (b) elemental composition (energy dispersive 
spectrum) of titanium powder (SEM) 
Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II              371 
 
 
Fig. 3 – Morphology (a-d) and elemental composition (e) of titanium coating 
(SEM) 
 
In this study, adhesive strength 
was determined by critical load of 
LC,  which  led  to  the  destruction  of  
the coating and the changing curves 
of the coefficient of friction and 
acoustic emission of the load (Fig. 
5), optical microscope and SEM 
(Fig. 5b).  Figure  5  shows  that  with  
the  increase  of  the  load  cover  is  
pressed into the substrate material 
(stage IV), which is accompanied by 
multiple chevron (transverse) cracks 
in the bottom of scratches and heavy 
cohesive failure of the material that 
 
Fig. 4 – The microstructure of the 
surface of the transverse sections of the 
titanium coating on steel with hardness 
measurement points 
372                  Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 1, Part II             
 
forms the border sintering (Fig. 5a). However, the elemental analysis of a trace 
of deformation was showed that at the maximum possible load on scratch-tester 
about 190 N was not a delamination of coating. Elemental analysis of traces of 
deformation of the diamond indenter showed the same content of titanium and 
iron in the deformed parts of the coating and the coating (Fig. 5b). 
 
 
Fig. 5 – Results of adhesion tests (a). Morphology and elemental composition (b) 
of system of “coating – substrate” at the point of contact with indenter 
 
CONCLUSIONS 
The cumulative-detonation technology and equipment is created for depo-
sition of nanocomposite titanium powder coatings on the steel samples. The gas 
mixture consumption (propane-oxygen-air) is up to 6.3 m3 per 1 kg of powder. 
The dense layer from lamellas and deformed titanium particles is formed on the 
sample surface. The technology provides high quality face-boundary between 
coating and substrate due to the interpenetration of the materials. Formed coat-
ing has high adhesive and cohesive strength, density and the presence of na-
nosized structures. 
 
Acknowledgements 
Work is carried out by Joint Research Center of Belgorod State University 
in the framework of the federal target program under Grant application 
No 14.740.11.1017. 
REFERENCES 
[1] J. Kawakita, S. Kuroda, T. Fukushima et al. Surface Coating Technology, 2006, 
201(3–4), P. 1250-1255. 
[2] Rezaeian, R. Chromik, S. Yue et al. ITSC 2008, The Netherlands, Maastrich, June 
2-4, 2008, P. 32. 
[3] Y.N. Tyurin, O.V. Kolisnichenko, I.M. Duda, Journal hardeners and coatings 
technology, 2009, No5, P. 27-33. 
  


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