Human hair and sheep wool are the natural protein fibres of complex structure, composed of Į-keratin chains are analyzed as basic components for the fabrication of nanomaterials. After carrying out some successful experiments in which we demonstrate 
that silver nanoparticles can be immobilized on the surface and inside hair and wool fibers [1, 2], we attempted to use another type of metal-containing nanoparticles and unite in one composite material such properties as superparamagnetism of iron oxide and nonmagnetism of natural protein fiber. The hair fibers, immersed in a reductant solution in order to break their surface disulfide groups, were placed in a  Į-Fe2O3 – nanoparticle suspension while synthesis. After some time, the fiber surface took on a brown tinge. Hematite-containig nanoparti
cles were found to penetrate not only into the hair cuticle but also into melanin granules inside the fibre volume. Electron magnetic resonance data (Varian Spectrometer, 9.1 GHz) indicates that the nanoparticles produced in the matrix are upeparamagnetic at room temperature. This interesting finding suggests that such a carrier can be associated with a magnetic bubble. The observed line width and effective g-factor are comparable to those reported for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a nonmagnetic matrix.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2065

Arshakuni, A.A.

Gubin, S.P.

Koksharov, Yu.A.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

158                   Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I             MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES COMBINED WITH NATU-RAL PROTEIN FIBRES Andreas A. Arshakuni1*, Sergey P. Gubin1, Yu. A. Koksharov2  1 Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia 2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia  ABSTRACT Human hair and sheep wool are the natural protein fibres of complex structure, composed of Į-keratin chains are analyzed as basic components for the fabrication of nanomaterials. After carrying out some successful experiments in which we demonstrate that silver nanoparticles can be immobilized on the surface and inside hair and wool fibers [1, 2], we attempted to use another type of metal-containing nanoparticles and unite in one composite material such properties as superparamagnetism of iron oxide and nonmagnetism of natural protein fiber. The hair fibers, immersed in a reductant solution in order to break their surface di-sulfide groups, were placed in a Į-Fe2O3 – nanoparticle suspension while synthesis. After some time, the fiber surface took on a brown tinge. Hematite-containig nanoparti-cles were found to penetrate not only into the hair cuticle but also into melanin granules inside the fibre volume. Electron magnetic resonance data (Varian Spectrometer, 9.1 GHz) indicates that the nanoparticles produced in the matrix are supeparamagnetic at room temperature. This interesting finding suggests that such a carrier can be associated with a magnetic bubble. The observed line width and effective g-factor are comparable to those reported for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a nonmagnetic ma-trix.  Key words: nanocomposite, magnetic nanoparticles, natural fibers.  INTRODUCTION Functional metal oxide nanocrystals have been extensively investigated in the recent decade for their outstanding new properties suitable for a broad spec-trum of downstream applications. Iron oxide is one of the most widely investi-gatednanomaterials for both biological and industrial applications. Iron oxides (Fe2O3) have four phases: Į-Fe2O3 (hematite); ȕ-Fe2O3; Ȗ-Fe2O3 (maghemite); İ-Fe2O3. Magnetic nanocrystals of Ȗ-Fe2O3 have  been  applied  in  information  storage, magnetic refrigeration, bioprocessing, controlled drug delivery, and ferrofluids, while Į-Fe2O3 is environmentally friendly and of great interest for potential applications as a gas sensor, lithiumion battery and pigment.                                                * e-mail: arshakuni.andreas@yandex.ru, tel: + 7 (495) 222 47 28  Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I                   159  The immobilization of metal-containing nanoparticles on microcarriers of various compositions is a rapidly growing area of nanomaterials research. The advantages of spheroidal microgranules as carriers for nanoparticles are well-known [3-5]. In contrast, essentially the only one dimensional (1D) carriers described in the literature are carbon nanotubes, with various nanoparticles attached to their surface. Proteins form linear structure, such as hair, wool and silk and in contrast to carbon nanotubes, such raw materials are readily availa-ble and sufficiently well studied. Wool is among the most important subjects of research for textile manufactures. Ⱥvery limited number of studies have been concerned with the fabrication of  nanoparticles  inside  or  on  the  surface  of  hairs  or  wool  fibres.  They mainly  addressed  the  accumulation  of  toxic  metal  ions  in  hair,  the  poisoning  of  the  human organism with such ions, and techniques for identifying them. A  human  hair  and  sheep  wool  are  composite  protein  fibers  of  natural  origin consisting mainly of water-insoluble Į-keratincomprising hydrophobic amino acid residues (phenylalanine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, alanine) and, correspondingly, numerous functional groups including S- and N- contain-ing ones. The surface layer of a hair, cuticle, contains thehighest amount of cystine and consists of planar hornycells of amorphous keratin applied onto one anoth-erin a tile pattern and containing four layers with different contents of disulfide bonds: epicuticle on the very surface, which is a ~ 5 nm thick hydrophobic membrane; mechanically most stable Į-layer; exocuticleconnected to the Į-layer; endocuticle with a low cystine content (3 %). The hydrophobicity of thesurface layer, in particular, the epicuticle is caused bythe presence of an outer ȕ-layer (2.4 nm) of acovalently bonded lipid, presumably, 18-methylarachidonic acid (18-MEA).  The natural color of the hair is caused by the granules of the pigment mel-anin present in its corticallayer. Melanin is insoluble in water but is rather read-ilysoluble in alkali or concentrated acids and consists of conjugated polymers with S- and N-containinggroups. Melanin is deposited as granules, each being astructurised body forming spheres 70 – 500 nm in diameter. The destruction of melanin occurssupposedly as separation of the disc-like granules intolayers under the action of an oxidant (which preferablyinteracts with melanin rather than with the hair keratin) accompanied by elimination of oligomer residues. The ability of melanin to reduce a solution of silver nitrate to silver metal (Masson–Fontana stain) dueto the presence of unpaired electrons is also knownfrom medical sources. METHODS OF SAMPLE MANUFACTURING AND ANALYSIS For binding of the obtained nanoparticles toligands within biofibers, the hair and wool were pretreated with a solution of a reducing agent (such 160                   Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I             asNaBH4) to activate the disulfide ligands on their surface, then washed with water to remove NaBH4, andplaced into solutions of nanoparticles for a week. Hematite nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitating Fe2+and Fe3+ ions in aqueous ammonia solution. To 200 mL of water containing ferric chloride and chlorouschloride in molar ratio 1:1, was dropped 1.5 M NH4OH solution under room atmosphere while the solution was stirred rapidly. The resulting precipitate was stirred for 2 h.After triple washes with water and ethanol the-precipitates were re-suspended in water. Themagnetic nanoparticles were iso-lated from the solution bya magnet bar. The fibers were placed into the reaction solution directly at the beginning of the experiment. While the experiment, the solution color gradually changed from black to brown as a result of absence of an inert atmosphere in the reactor and the surface of the fibres also became brown. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The samples treated in the nanoparticle suspensionduring the reaction were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on LEO 912 AB microscope. Cross-sectional TEM specimens were prepared using a Reichert-Jung ultramicrotome. It follows from the TEM micrograph in Figure 1 and Figure 2 that the nanoparticles are formed not only in the cuticle of the fibre, but locally in the volume of melanin granules. The particles areless than 10nm. Electron diffraction patterns of agglomerates correspond to Į-Fe2O3.  Thus, treatment of the hair with a reducing agent resulted in partial cleav-age of cystine disulfide S–S bonds on the hair surface or (partially) in the hair bulk, some of cystine being converted to cycteine containing thiol groups S–H. These groups are known to be efficiently coordinated by Fe-containing nano-particles to form strong bonds.   Fig. 1 – Presence of Fe-containing nanoparticles in the cuticule of the hair (on the left: the fiber before the experiment; on the right: the fiber after the experiment)  Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I                   161   Fig. 2– Presence of Fe-containing nanoparticles in the melanine granule of the hair (on the left: the granule before the experiment; on the right: the granule after the experiment)  As for the melanine granules, we can suppose that the coordination of Fe-nanoparticles inside them occur apparently in the way of their passing through the micro and nanopores in the fibrillar structure of the protein after the treat-ment of a hair with a reducing agent (the cuticle flakes are partly opened). The S- and N-containing functional groups of melanin coordinate the nanoparticles thus stabilizing them and preventing them from agglomeration. The samples also have been investigated by a method of an electronic magnetic resonance with use of the computerized spectrometer “Varian” (work-ing frequency of 9.1 GHz). Measurements were spent at room temperature. The sample fastened on the quartz holder thus that it was possible to spend meas-urements at its various orientations concerning an external magnetic field. Be-sides, EMR spectrum in the conditions have been written down, allowing to find out a hysteresis of microwave absorption and residual magnetization of the sample [6]. As the hysteresis hasn't been found out, particles are superparamag-netic at room temperature. EMR spectrum for two orientations of the magnetic field (a field perpen-dicularly and in parallel hair) are shown on Figure 3a.  Values  for  width  of  a  line (970/910 A / ||) and the effective g-factor (1.9/2.1 A / ||) are close to the data received for superparamagnetic nanoparticles of Fe-oxides inside not mag-netic matrix [7, 8].  Value change of g-factor at turn of the sample can be explained as fol-lows. The magnetic field operating on nanoparticles in hair,  is the sum of two contributions: fields of a magnet of a spectrometer and a field caused by mag-netization of the sample. In the elementary model of infinitely long homogene-ously magnetized cylinder (Fig. 3b) in a case when hair is parallel to an exter-nal field, intensity in it is the same, as intensity of a field of magnet H0 in ab-sence of the sample. In the cylinder the magnetic field induction increases by size P0M, where M–magnetization of the cylinder. In a case when an external 162                   Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I             field of perpendicularly axis of the cylinder, increase in a magnetic field in the cylinder for the account magnetization twice is less (Fig. 3b). As the resonant field registered in experiment, is the electromagnet field (equal P0H0), in the second case will shift EMR spectrum to the right concerning a spectrum for parallel orientation of the sample (Fig. 3a).    a     b Fig. 3– a. EMR spectrum of the samples for two orientations of the magnetic field; b. Diagram illustrating the difference in values of the magnetic field inside the hair with nanoparticles in two orientations: (A) – the external field is parallel hair removal, (B) – the external field perpendicular to the hair (M magnetization, H – is the magnetic field, B – induction of a magnetic field)  For  the  investigated  samples  the  size  of  shift  in  terms  of  intensity  of  a  magnetic field is equal 0.03 T (in terms of an induction). It is 10 times less, than magnetization of a magnetite (0.6 T) or magemite (0.47 T). It is necessary to consider, however, that magnetization is a dipolar magnetic moment on vol-ume unit, and nanoparticles occupy only insignificant part of hair. For a mag-netization estimation of nanoparticles it is necessary to increase 0.03 T by a volume fraction of nanoparticles in hair. The increase in width of EMR line approximately on 10 % at turn of the sample from parallel to perpendicular orientation is caused, basically, heteroge-neity of the field caused by magnetization of the sample which smoothly de-creases from the center to edge of the sample. Thus, nanoparticles in the center of hair and on its edges are in various fields (at the same current of an electro-magnet of a spectrometer), and their resonant fields are displaced rather each other. It leads non-uniform widening total of EMR spectrum. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that the polyfunctional properties of hair and wool fibers can be successfully used to immobilize metal-containing nano-particlesnanoparticles with various compositions and physicochemical proper-Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I                   163  ties (such as hematite and silver nanoparticles) on the surface and in the bulk of the fibres.  Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (program no. 08_03_00681) and the Presidium of the RussianAcademy of Sci-ences (basic research programs no. 20P10 and OKh2.3). REFERENCES [1] A. A. Arshakuni, S. P. Gubin,Inorg.Mater., 2010, Vol. 46, No7, P. 734–742. [2] Nanoparticles. A. A. Arshakuni and S. P. Gubin, Russ. J. of Coord. Chem., 2010, Vol. 36, No4, P. 249–253. [3] H. Zhang, I. Hussain,M. Brusta andA.I. Coopera, Chem. Commun., 2006, Vol. 10,P. 2539–2541. [4] X.D. He, X.We. Ge, H.R. Liu, et al., Chem. Mater., 2005, Vol. 17, P. 5891–5892. [5] M. Agrawal,A. Pich, N.E. Zafeiropoulos, et al.,Chem. Mater., 2007, Vol. 7, P. 2589–2593. [6] Yu. A. Koksharov, L.A. Blyumenfel'd,A. N. Tikhonov, A. I. Sherle,Russ.J.Phys.Chem.(Engl.Transl.), 1999,Vol. 73,No10, P. 1671–1675. [7] N. Guskos, J. Typek, M. Maryniak, Phys. stat. sol.,2007, Vol. 244, No3, P. 859–865. [8] Yu. A. Koksharov, D. A. Pankratov, S. P. Gubin, I. D. Kosobudsky, M. Beltran, Y. Khodorkovsky, A.M. Tishin, J. Appl. Phys.,2001,Vol. 89, P. 2293.    

Magnetic nanoparticles combined with natural protein fibres

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

158                   Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I            
 
MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES COMBINED WITH NATU-
RAL PROTEIN FIBRES 
Andreas A. Arshakuni1*, Sergey P. Gubin1, Yu. A. Koksharov2 
 
1 Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 
Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia 
2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia 
 
ABSTRACT 
Human hair and sheep wool are the natural protein fibres of complex structure, 
composed of Į-keratin chains are analyzed as basic components for the fabrication of 
nanomaterials. After carrying out some successful experiments in which we demonstrate 
that silver nanoparticles can be immobilized on the surface and inside hair and wool 
fibers [1, 2], we attempted to use another type of metal-containing nanoparticles and 
unite in one composite material such properties as superparamagnetism of iron oxide 
and nonmagnetism of natural protein fiber. 
The hair fibers, immersed in a reductant solution in order to break their surface di-
sulfide groups, were placed in a Į-Fe2O3 – nanoparticle suspension while synthesis. 
After some time, the fiber surface took on a brown tinge. Hematite-containig nanoparti-
cles were found to penetrate not only into the hair cuticle but also into melanin granules 
inside the fibre volume. Electron magnetic resonance data (Varian Spectrometer, 
9.1 GHz) indicates that the nanoparticles produced in the matrix are supeparamagnetic at 
room temperature. This interesting finding suggests that such a carrier can be associated 
with a magnetic bubble. The observed line width and effective g-factor are comparable 
to those reported for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a nonmagnetic ma-
trix. 
 
Key words: nanocomposite, magnetic nanoparticles, natural fibers. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
Functional metal oxide nanocrystals have been extensively investigated in 
the recent decade for their outstanding new properties suitable for a broad spec-
trum of downstream applications. Iron oxide is one of the most widely investi-
gatednanomaterials for both biological and industrial applications. Iron oxides 
(Fe2O3) have four phases: Į-Fe2O3 (hematite); ȕ-Fe2O3; Ȗ-Fe2O3 (maghemite); 
İ-Fe2O3. Magnetic nanocrystals of Ȗ-Fe2O3 have  been  applied  in  information  
storage, magnetic refrigeration, bioprocessing, controlled drug delivery, and 
ferrofluids, while Į-Fe2O3 is environmentally friendly and of great interest for 
potential applications as a gas sensor, lithiumion battery and pigment. 
                                               
* e-mail: arshakuni.andreas@yandex.ru, tel: + 7 (495) 222 47 28 
 
Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I                   159 
 
The immobilization of metal-containing nanoparticles on microcarriers of 
various compositions is a rapidly growing area of nanomaterials research. The 
advantages of spheroidal microgranules as carriers for nanoparticles are well-
known [3-5]. In contrast, essentially the only one dimensional (1D) carriers 
described in the literature are carbon nanotubes, with various nanoparticles 
attached to their surface. Proteins form linear structure, such as hair, wool and 
silk and in contrast to carbon nanotubes, such raw materials are readily availa-
ble and sufficiently well studied. Wool is among the most important subjects of 
research for textile manufactures. 
Ⱥvery limited number of studies have been concerned with the fabrication 
of  nanoparticles  inside  or  on  the  surface  of  hairs  or  wool  fibres.  They mainly  
addressed  the  accumulation  of  toxic  metal  ions  in  hair,  the  poisoning  of  the  
human organism with such ions, and techniques for identifying them. 
A  human  hair  and  sheep  wool  are  composite  protein  fibers  of  natural  
origin consisting mainly of water-insoluble Į-keratincomprising hydrophobic 
amino acid residues (phenylalanine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, alanine) 
and, correspondingly, numerous functional groups including S- and N- contain-
ing ones. 
The surface layer of a hair, cuticle, contains thehighest amount of cystine 
and consists of planar hornycells of amorphous keratin applied onto one anoth-
erin a tile pattern and containing four layers with different contents of disulfide 
bonds: epicuticle on the very surface, which is a ~ 5 nm thick hydrophobic 
membrane; mechanically most stable Į-layer; exocuticleconnected to the Į-
layer; endocuticle with a low cystine content (3 %). The hydrophobicity of 
thesurface layer, in particular, the epicuticle is caused bythe presence of an 
outer ȕ-layer (2.4 nm) of acovalently bonded lipid, presumably, 18-
methylarachidonic acid (18-MEA).  
The natural color of the hair is caused by the granules of the pigment mel-
anin present in its corticallayer. Melanin is insoluble in water but is rather read-
ilysoluble in alkali or concentrated acids and consists of conjugated polymers 
with S- and N-containinggroups. Melanin is deposited as granules, each being 
astructurised body forming spheres 70 – 500 nm in diameter. The destruction of 
melanin occurssupposedly as separation of the disc-like granules intolayers 
under the action of an oxidant (which preferablyinteracts with melanin rather 
than with the hair keratin) accompanied by elimination of oligomer residues. 
The ability of melanin to reduce a solution of silver nitrate to silver metal 
(Masson–Fontana stain) dueto the presence of unpaired electrons is also 
knownfrom medical sources. 
METHODS OF SAMPLE MANUFACTURING AND ANALYSIS 
For binding of the obtained nanoparticles toligands within biofibers, the 
hair and wool were pretreated with a solution of a reducing agent (such 
160                   Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I            
 
asNaBH4) to activate the disulfide ligands on their surface, then washed with 
water to remove NaBH4, andplaced into solutions of nanoparticles for a week. 
Hematite nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitating Fe2+and Fe3+ ions 
in aqueous ammonia solution. To 200 mL of water containing ferric chloride 
and chlorouschloride in molar ratio 1:1, was dropped 1.5 M NH4OH solution 
under room atmosphere while the solution was stirred rapidly. The resulting 
precipitate was stirred for 2 h.After triple washes with water and ethanol the-
precipitates were re-suspended in water. Themagnetic nanoparticles were iso-
lated from the solution bya magnet bar. The fibers were placed into the reaction 
solution directly at the beginning of the experiment. 
While the experiment, the solution color gradually changed from black to 
brown as a result of absence of an inert atmosphere in the reactor and the surface of 
the fibres also became brown. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The samples treated in the nanoparticle suspensionduring the reaction 
were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on LEO 912 AB 
microscope. Cross-sectional TEM specimens were prepared using a Reichert-
Jung ultramicrotome. It follows from the TEM micrograph in Figure 1 and 
Figure 2 that the nanoparticles are formed not only in the cuticle of the fibre, 
but locally in the volume of melanin granules. The particles areless than 10nm. 
Electron diffraction patterns of agglomerates correspond to Į-Fe2O3.  
Thus, treatment of the hair with a reducing agent resulted in partial cleav-
age of cystine disulfide S–S bonds on the hair surface or (partially) in the hair 
bulk, some of cystine being converted to cycteine containing thiol groups S–H. 
These groups are known to be efficiently coordinated by Fe-containing nano-
particles to form strong bonds. 
 
 
Fig. 1 – Presence of Fe-containing nanoparticles in the cuticule of the hair (on the left: 
the fiber before the experiment; on the right: the fiber after the experiment) 
 
Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I                   161 
 
 
Fig. 2– Presence of Fe-containing nanoparticles in the melanine granule of the hair (on 
the left: the granule before the experiment; on the right: the granule after the experiment) 
 
As for the melanine granules, we can suppose that the coordination of Fe-
nanoparticles inside them occur apparently in the way of their passing through 
the micro and nanopores in the fibrillar structure of the protein after the treat-
ment of a hair with a reducing agent (the cuticle flakes are partly opened). The 
S- and N-containing functional groups of melanin coordinate the nanoparticles 
thus stabilizing them and preventing them from agglomeration. 
The samples also have been investigated by a method of an electronic 
magnetic resonance with use of the computerized spectrometer “Varian” (work-
ing frequency of 9.1 GHz). Measurements were spent at room temperature. The 
sample fastened on the quartz holder thus that it was possible to spend meas-
urements at its various orientations concerning an external magnetic field. Be-
sides, EMR spectrum in the conditions have been written down, allowing to 
find out a hysteresis of microwave absorption and residual magnetization of the 
sample [6]. As the hysteresis hasn't been found out, particles are superparamag-
netic at room temperature. 
EMR spectrum for two orientations of the magnetic field (a field perpen-
dicularly and in parallel hair) are shown on Figure 3a.  Values  for  width  of  a  
line (970/910 A / ||) and the effective g-factor (1.9/2.1 A / ||) are close to the 
data received for superparamagnetic nanoparticles of Fe-oxides inside not mag-
netic matrix [7, 8].  
Value change of g-factor at turn of the sample can be explained as fol-
lows. The magnetic field operating on nanoparticles in hair,  is the sum of two 
contributions: fields of a magnet of a spectrometer and a field caused by mag-
netization of the sample. In the elementary model of infinitely long homogene-
ously magnetized cylinder (Fig. 3b) in a case when hair is parallel to an exter-
nal field, intensity in it is the same, as intensity of a field of magnet H0 in ab-
sence of the sample. In the cylinder the magnetic field induction increases by 
size P0M, where M–magnetization of the cylinder. In a case when an external 
162                   Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I            
 
field of perpendicularly axis of the cylinder, increase in a magnetic field in the 
cylinder for the account magnetization twice is less (Fig. 3b). As the resonant 
field registered in experiment, is the electromagnet field (equal P0H0), in the 
second case will shift EMR spectrum to the right concerning a spectrum for 
parallel orientation of the sample (Fig. 3a).  
 
 
a     b 
Fig. 3– a. EMR spectrum of the samples for two orientations of the magnetic field; b. 
Diagram illustrating the difference in values of the magnetic field inside the hair with 
nanoparticles in two orientations: (A) – the external field is parallel hair removal, (B) – 
the external field perpendicular to the hair (M magnetization, H – is the magnetic field, 
B – induction of a magnetic field) 
 
For  the  investigated  samples  the  size  of  shift  in  terms  of  intensity  of  a  
magnetic field is equal 0.03 T (in terms of an induction). It is 10 times less, 
than magnetization of a magnetite (0.6 T) or magemite (0.47 T). It is necessary 
to consider, however, that magnetization is a dipolar magnetic moment on vol-
ume unit, and nanoparticles occupy only insignificant part of hair. For a mag-
netization estimation of nanoparticles it is necessary to increase 0.03 T by a 
volume fraction of nanoparticles in hair. 
The increase in width of EMR line approximately on 10 % at turn of the 
sample from parallel to perpendicular orientation is caused, basically, heteroge-
neity of the field caused by magnetization of the sample which smoothly de-
creases from the center to edge of the sample. Thus, nanoparticles in the center 
of hair and on its edges are in various fields (at the same current of an electro-
magnet of a spectrometer), and their resonant fields are displaced rather each 
other. It leads non-uniform widening total of EMR spectrum. 
CONCLUSIONS 
The present results demonstrate that the polyfunctional properties of hair 
and wool fibers can be successfully used to immobilize metal-containing nano-
particlesnanoparticles with various compositions and physicochemical proper-
Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties (NAP-2011). Vol. 2, Part I                   163 
 
ties (such as hematite and silver nanoparticles) on the surface and in the bulk of 
the fibres. 
 
Acknowledgements 
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research 
(program no. 08_03_00681) and the Presidium of the RussianAcademy of Sci-
ences (basic research programs no. 20P10 and OKh2.3). 
REFERENCES 
[1] A. A. Arshakuni, S. P. Gubin,Inorg.Mater., 2010, Vol. 46, No7, P. 734–742. 
[2] Nanoparticles. A. A. Arshakuni and S. P. Gubin, Russ. J. of Coord. Chem., 2010, 
Vol. 36, No4, P. 249–253. 
[3] H. Zhang, I. Hussain,M. Brusta andA.I. Coopera, Chem. Commun., 2006, 
Vol. 10,P. 2539–2541. 
[4] X.D. He, X.We. Ge, H.R. Liu, et al., Chem. Mater., 2005, Vol. 17, P. 5891–5892. 
[5] M. Agrawal,A. Pich, N.E. Zafeiropoulos, et al.,Chem. Mater., 2007, Vol. 7, 
P. 2589–2593. 
[6] Yu. A. Koksharov, L.A. Blyumenfel'd,A. N. Tikhonov, A. 
I. Sherle,Russ.J.Phys.Chem.(Engl.Transl.), 1999,Vol. 73,No10, P. 1671–1675. 
[7] N. Guskos, J. Typek, M. Maryniak, Phys. stat. sol.,2007, Vol. 244, No3, P. 859–865. 
[8] Yu. A. Koksharov, D. A. Pankratov, S. P. Gubin, I. D. Kosobudsky, M. Beltran, 
Y. Khodorkovsky, A.M. Tishin, J. Appl. Phys.,2001,Vol. 89, P. 2293. 
 
  


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Magnetic nanoparticles combined with natural protein fibres

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