This study aims to determine: 1) Differences in the effect a combination of exercises, 2) Differences in swimming speed. 3) Effect interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This study used an experimental method with a factorial 2 x 2 design. The sample of the study was 270 people. Sampling in the study using random quota purposive sampling. The collection technique uses test and measurement techniques. Analysis of the data in this study includes a prerequisite test for the analysis and testing of hypotheses.

	The results of this study are: (1) There is no significant effect of the combination training method on improving swimming abilities. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.116> 0.05. (2) There is no significant difference in age categories to increase swimming ability. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.142> 0.05. (3) There are interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.00

M. Furqon Hidayatullah

Sugiyanto Sugiyanto

Ulya Mardiani

Journal of Education Health and Sport

Directory of Open Access Journals

497  Mardiani Ulya, Sugiyanto, Hidayatullah M. Furqon. Difference in the effect of technical - physical exercise combination on the speed of 25 free meter style (crawl) reviewed from age group. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(5):497-507. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3235363 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6965      The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7  © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.  The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.  Received: 01.03.2019. Revised: 15.03.2019. Accepted: 30.05.2019.    DIFFERENCE IN THE EFFECT OF TECHNICAL - PHYSICAL EXERCISE COMBINATION ON THE SPEED OF 25 FREE METER STYLE (CRAWL) REVIEWED FROM AGE GROUP  Ulya Mardiani1, Sugiyanto2, M. Furqon Hidayatullah3  1) Master Program in Sport Science, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 2)3)Department of Sport Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia ulya_hckeeper77@ymail.com1, sugiyantoprobo@gmail.com2, furqon@uns.ac.id3  ABSTRACT  This study aims to determine: 1) Differences in the effect a combination of exercises, 2) Differences in swimming speed. 3) Effect interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This study used an experimental method with a factorial 2 x 2 design. The sample of the study was 270 people. Sampling in the study using random quota purposive sampling. The collection technique uses test and measurement techniques. Analysis of the data in this study includes a prerequisite test for the analysis and testing of hypotheses.  The results of this study are: (1) There is no significant effect of the combination training method on improving swimming abilities. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.116> 0.05. (2) There is no significant difference in age categories to increase swimming ability. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.142> 0.05. (3) There are interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.000 <0.05. The form of interaction in the form of combination exercise 1 concludes that the increase in swimming ability of the age group 8-10 years is better than the age group 11 - 12 years with a difference in average value of 0.06560 and a probability of 0.025 <0.05. Whereas in combination with exercise 2, it was concluded that the increase in swimming ability of the 11 - 12 year age group was better than the age group 8 - 10 years with a difference in the average value of 0.12880 and probability of 0.037 <0.05.  Keywords: Combination of Exercise, Speed, Swimming  498  INTRODUCTION  Sport is a tool to stimulate physical and spiritual growth and development. Anatomical-anthropometric structures and their physiological functions, emotional stability and intellectual intelligence as well as their ability to socialize with their environment are actually superior to people who actively participate in sports activities than someone who is not actively participating in sports activities (Renstrom & Roux 1988).  As stated by Cholik Motohir (2004: 47) explained that "sports carried out systematically, regularly and terararh will greatly help our efforts to create a healthy lifestyle that is healthy and of good quality. As where explained by Ichsan (1991: 80) that: "Sports basically contain activities that are oriented to motion, their implementation depends on the abilities and goals to be achieved by the culprit".  Swimming is one of the sports that has developed in Indonesia. This inspires the school to participate in advancing student achievement by directing students to participate in swimming clubs in their respective regions or by forming swimming extracurricular activities in schools. The development of early athletes targets students through physical education. In its development, ages 6-12 years are a group of large children, where at this age children can begin to carry out intensive training. At this age children begin to have bodily functions that begin to run well. At this stage, the child starts doing specialization exercises.  According to Nenggala (2006: 75) swimming is '' the best sport for sports activities, because swimming is an activity that involves the movement of all body organs for both physical and mental health growth in the form of endurance, ability and speed. Referring to the book entitled Learning 100 More Swimming Drills, compiled by Blythe Lucero (2013), the forms of technical training given are forms of exercise that function to increase muscle strength so that it can increase freestyle swimming speed: 1. Long swim 2. Kick drills 3. Kick FR and Stoke BR 4. Invisible kick board 5. Scull and kick 6. Single arm stroke  In its development swimming exercises are not only done in the water. Currently swimming pool exercises have been developed by providing ground physical training to improve athletes' ability to swim. Ground training is given to increase muscle strength and 499  muscle tone, increasing the ability of body muscles is very supportive for increasing swimming speed: 1. Burpies 2. Crabwalk 3. Crawling 4. Speed walking 5. Cherry picker 6. Jumping jack 7. Running / running 8. Plank 9. High plank 10. V Oops 11. Leg lift 12. Water kicking  Training and training in swimming needs a program that can be used as a reference or guideline in implementing it in order to succeed as planned. The coaching factor concerns the problem of coaching itself such as the teacher, the trainer, then the training method and system. The success of a coach, teacher, coach, in improving students' performance, among others, depends on the use of facilities and infrastructure and the application of the theory of improving the physical condition of their students.  METHODOLOGY  This research was carried out in swimming associations in the Madiun Residency area from March to April. The population in this study were all swimming athletes in swimming associations in the Residency area of Madiun. Sampling in the study used random quota purposive sampling with a sample of 40 female athletes, consisting of 20 athletes aged 8-10 years, 20 athletes aged 11-12 years. The research method used in this study is an experimental method with a factorial 2 x 2 design (Brog and Gall, 1983: 685).  Data collection techniques used to obtain data in this study with test and measurement techniques. There are two kinds of data collected, namely: 1) Age group data obtained from collecting data on birth dates and birth years of athletes. 2) Freestyle swimming data results are freestyle swimming speeds measured using the 25 meter freestyle swimming speed test. 500  Analysis of the data in this study includes a prerequisite test for the analysis and testing of hypotheses. RESULT AND DISCUSSION  1. Descriptive Statistics a. Combination of Exercises Table 1 Descriptive Statistics combination exercises  Combination  Pre test Post test diff combination exercise 1  N 20 20 20 Mean 1.2151 1.2520 .0369 Std. Deviation .29020 .25228 .05451 Minimum .84 .93 -.05 Maximum 1.72 1.69 .16 combination exercise 2 N 20 20 20 Mean 1.2870 1.2900 .0030 Std. Deviation .18106 .21420 .10458 Minimum .73 .76 -.22 Maximum 1.60 1.67 .13  b. Age group Table 2 Descriptive statistics based on age groups  Age Pre test Post test diff age of 8-10 years  N 20 20 20 Mean 1.1065 1.1106 .0042 Std. Deviation .20181 .16202 .10960 Minimum .73 .76 -.22 Maximum 1.42 1.49 .16 age 11 - 12 years N 20 20 20 Mean 1.3956 1.4314 .0358 Std. Deviation .18703 .17287 .04445 Minimum 1.02 1.05 -.05 Maximum 1.72 1.69 .13  c. Interaction Combination Exercise and Age Group Table 3 Descriptive statistics combined exercise and age group   501  Join Pre test Post test diff combination of 1 age group 8-10 years  N 10 10 10 Mean .9889 1.0586 .0697 Std. Deviation .13296 .11408 .05115 Minimum .84 .93 .02 Maximum 1.22 1.27 .16 combination of age groups 8-10 years  N 10 10 10 Mean 1.2240 1.1626 -.0614 Std. Deviation .19390 .19077 .11486 Minimum .73 .76 -.22 Maximum 1.42 1.49 .13 combination of 1 age group 11-12 years  N 10 10 10 Mean 1.4413 1.4454 .0041 Std. Deviation .21542 .19551 .03558 Minimum 1.02 1.05 -.05 Maximum 1.72 1.69 .06 combination of 2 age groups 11-12 years N 10 10 10 Mean 1.3499 1.4173 .0674 Std. Deviation .15101 .15628 .02605 Minimum 1.18 1.23 .04 Maximum 1.60 1.67 .13   Data to be analyzed must meet the requirements for normality and homogeneity. Therefore, the data to be analyzed are tested for normality and homogeneity.                502  2. Data Normality Test Table 4 tests of normality  Join  Shapiro-Wilk   Statistic df Sig. Conclusion Difference combination 1 age  (3-4) & (7-8) .854 10 .065 Normal combination of 2  age (3-4) & (7-8) .913 10 .302 Normal a combination of 1  age class  5-6 elementary  school namely age  11-12 years .955 10 .729   Normal a combination of 2  age classes  5-6 elementary  school namely age  11-12 years .857 10 .070   Normal 1. *. This is a lower bound of the true significance. 2. a. Lilliefors Significance Correction  3. Data Homogeneity Test Table 5 Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variancesa F df1 df2 Sig. 6.407 3 36 .001   Based on the two test results the requirements analysis above gives the conclusion that the analysis requirements needed for further analysis in looking at the differences in the effect of the training approach and the age group on swimming ability.  The results of homogeneity testing turned out to be concluded that the assumption of homogeneity between observation cells was not fulfilled. Nevertheless a 2 way ANOVA analysis can still be done and there is a possibility of bias in the analysis. So that to compare cell treatments with advanced tests, it is better to use alternative tests that have been provided by SPSS. In this case the author uses the Tamhane test.    503  4. Hypothesis testing  Table 6 Anava 2 Road Test Results Tests of Between-Subjects Effects  Dependent Variable:   diff  Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. conclusion Corrected Model .116a 3 .039 8.708 .000  Intercept .016 1 .016 3.587 .066  combination .011 1 .011 2.589 .116 Not significant Age .010 1 .010 2.250 .142 Not significant combination * age .094 1 .094 21.286 .000 Not significant Error .160 36 .004    Total .292 40     Corrected Total .276 39     a. R Squared = .421 (Adjusted R Squared = .372)   (a) Comparison between combination training methods Table 7 comparison between combination training methods   statistics Pre test Post test difference F count P exercise 1 mean 1.215 1.252 0.037 2.589 0.116  sd 0.290 0.252 0.055   exercise 2 mean 1.287 1.290 0.003     sd 0.181 0.214 0.105      (b) Comparison of Swimming Ability Between Age Groups Table 8 comparison between age groups   Statistics Pre test Post test difference F count P Age group 8-10 years Mean 1.106 1.111 0.004 2.25 0.142  Sd 0.202 0.162 0.110   Age group 11 - 12 years Mean 1.396 1.431 0.036   Sd 0.187 0.173 0.044       Based on the table above, the average increase in the age group 8-10 years is 0.004 while in the age group 11-12 years the average increase is 0.036. The results of testing on the 2 way Anava obtained F count value in the training method of 2.25 with a probability value 504  (sig.) Of 0.142. A probability value of more than 0.05 means that there is no difference in the increase in swimming ability between the ages of 8-10 years with the age group 11-12 years. It can be concluded that the age group 11-12 years has an initial value that tends to be higher than the age group 8-10 years. After being given treatment in the 11 - 12 year age group, it was seen to increase compared to the 8-10 year age group. However, statistical testing concluded that there were no significant differences between the two.  (c) Comparison of Interactions between Combination of Exercises and Age Groups  Table 9 interaction test Treatment Statistic Pre test Post test difference F count P combination 1 & Mean 0.989 1.059 0.070 21.286 0.000 Age group 8-10 years Sd 0.133 0.114 0.051   combination 2 & Mean 1.224 1.163 -0.061   Age group 8-10 years Sd 0.194 0.191 0.115   combination 1 & Mean 1.441 1.445 0.004   Age group 11 - 12 years Sd 0.215 0.196 0.036   combination 2 & Mean 1.350 1.417 0.067   Age group 11 - 12 years Sd 0.151 0.156 0.026     Based on the two-way variance analysis as summarized in the ANAVA Table in table 4.8 obtained F-count from the interaction variation source (AXB) of 21,286 with a probability value of 0,000. Probability value <0.05. This means that there is an interaction effect between the combination of exercises with the age category. The form of interaction is described below. Testing the comparison between cells is done by Tamhane statistical test because the assumption of homogeneity is not fulfilled.  Table 10 Comparison of results of combination 1 exercises by age category Treatment Statistic Pre test Post test difference mean difference P combination 1 & Mean 0.989 1.059 0.070 0.06560 0.025 Age group 8-10 years Sd 0.133 0.114 0.051   combination 1 & Mean 1.441 1.445 0.004   Age group 11 - 12 years Sd 0.215 0.196 0.036   505   Based on the table above, it is known that in combination exercises 1 athlete aged 8-10 years tends to have a higher increase than athletes aged 11-12 years, namely the average difference between them at 0.06560. Statistic testing also obtained a probability value of 0.025 <0.05. This means that there are significant differences in combination 1 exercises between the age group 8-10 years with the age group 11-12 years. Based on this information, it can be concluded that combination 1 exercises provide better results in the age group 8-10 years.  Table 11 Comparison of results of combination exercises based on age categories Treatment Statistic Pre test Post test difference Mean difference P combination 2 & Mean 1.224 1.163 -0.061 0.12880 0.037 Age group 8-10 years Sd 0.194 0.191 0.115   combination 2 & Mean 1.350 1.417 0.067   Age group 11 - 12 years Sd 0.151 0.156 0.026    Based on the table above, it is known that in combination exercises 2 athletes aged 8-10 years tend to have a lower increase and even have a negative value (decreased ability) compared to athletes aged 11-12 years, namely the average difference between 0.12880. Statistic testing also obtained a probability value of 0.037 <0.05. This means that there are significant differences in combination 2 exercises between the ages of 8-10 years with the age group 11-12 years. Based on this information it can be concluded that combination 2 exercises provide better results in the age group 11-12 years. Clear interaction test can be seen from the picture means plot. If there are intersections between 2 lines, then there is an interaction between 2 types of treatment  506   Based on the picture above, it can be seen that there are 2 lines intersection so it can be concluded that there is an interaction between the combination of exercises with the age group. Namely in the combination of exercises 1 age group 8-10 years is better than the age group 11-12 years while in combination training 2 age groups 11 - 12 years tend to be better than the age group 8-10 years.  CONCLUSION The results of this study are: 1. There is no significant influence on the combination training method on improving swimming abilities. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.116> 0.05 2. There is no significant difference in age category with increasing swimming ability. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.142> 0.05. 3. There are interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.000 <0.05. The form of interaction in the form of combination exercise 1 concludes that the increase in swimming ability of the age group 8-10 years is better than the age group 11 - 12 years with a difference in average value of 0.06560 and a probability of 0.025 <0.05. Whereas in combination with exercise 2, it was concluded that the increase in swimming ability of the 11 - 12 year age group was better than the age group 8 - 10 years with a difference in the average value of 0.12880 and probability of 0.037 <0.05.              507  REFERENCE Borg W.R. and Gall, M.D. 1983. Education Research: An Introduction. 4 th ed. London: Longman Inc. Cholik Mutohir, T. 2002. Gagasan-gagasan tentang Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga. Unesa University Press: Surabaya. Ichsan, M. 1991. Seri Bahan Kuliah Olahraga di ITB Manusia dan Olahraga. ITB dan FPOK IKIP Bandung. Lucero, Blythe. 2013. 101 Swimming More Drills. Oxford: Meyer & Meyer Sport (UK) Nenggala, Asep Kurnia. 2006. Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan. Jakarta: Grafindo Media Pratama. Renstrom & Roux. 1988. Children in Sport dalam Bloomfield, J, Fricker P.A. and Fitch,K.D.   

Difference in the Effect of Technical - Physical Exercise Combination on the Speed of 25 Free Meter Style (Crawl) Reviewed From Age Group

This study aims to determine: 1) Differences in the effect a combination of exercises, 2) Differences in swimming speed. 3) Effect interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This study used an experimental method with a factorial 2 x 2 design. The sample of the study was 270 people. Sampling in the study using random quota purposive sampling. The collection technique uses test and measurement techniques. Analysis of the data in this study includes a prerequisite test for the analysis and testing of hypotheses.
	The results of this study are: (1) There is no significant effect of the combination training method on improving swimming abilities. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.116> 0.05. (2) There is no significant difference in age categories to increase swimming ability. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.142> 0.05. (3) There are interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.00

Mardiani, Ulya

Sugiyanto, Sugiyanto

Hidayatullah, M. Furqon

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

English

Mardiani Ulya, Sugiyanto, Hidayatullah M. Furqon. Difference in the effect of technical - physical exercise combination on the speed of 25 free meter style (crawl) reviewed from age group. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(5):497-507. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3235363

http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6965

https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/914850

 

 

 

 

The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017).

1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7

 

© The Authors 2019;

This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland

Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.

 

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

 

Received: 01.03.2019. Revised: 15.03.2019. Accepted: 30.05.2019.

 

 

 

DIFFERENCE IN THE EFFECT OF TECHNICAL - PHYSICAL EXERCISE COMBINATION ON THE SPEED OF 25 FREE METER STYLE (CRAWL) REVIEWED FROM AGE GROUP

 

Ulya Mardiani1, Sugiyanto2, M. Furqon Hidayatullah3

 

1) Master Program in Sport Science, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
2)3)Department of Sport Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia

ulya_hckeeper77@ymail.com1, sugiyantoprobo@gmail.com2, furqon@uns.ac.id3

 

ABSTRACT

            This study aims to determine: 1) Differences in the effect a combination of exercises, 2) Differences in swimming speed. 3) Effect interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This study used an experimental method with a factorial 2 x 2 design. The sample of the study was 270 people. Sampling in the study using random quota purposive sampling. The collection technique uses test and measurement techniques. Analysis of the data in this study includes a prerequisite test for the analysis and testing of hypotheses.

            The results of this study are: (1) There is no significant effect of the combination training method on improving swimming abilities. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.116> 0.05. (2) There is no significant difference in age categories to increase swimming ability. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.142> 0.05. (3) There are interactions between combinations of exercises with age groups. This can be seen from the probability value of 0.000 <0.05. The form of interaction in the form of combination exercise 1 concludes that the increase in swimming ability of the age group 8-10 years is better than the age group 11 - 12 years with a difference in average value of 0.06560 and a probability of 0.025 <0.05. Whereas in combination with exercise 2, it was concluded that the increase in swimming ability of the 11 - 12 year age group was better than the age group 8 - 10 years with a difference in the average value of 0.12880 and probability of 0.037 <0.05.


 

Keywords: Combination of Exercise, Speed, Swimmin

Sugiyanto

NEUROSURGERY ENTHUSIASTIC WOMEN SOCIETY

Difference in the effect of technical - physical exercise combination on the speed of 25 free meter style (crawl) reviewed from age group

http://www.ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/download/6965/8686

Difference in the Effect of Technical - Physical Exercise Combination on the Speed of 25 Free Meter Style (Crawl) Reviewed From Age Group

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