We investigate Josephson flux-flow in annular Josephson tunnel junctions
(AJTJs) under the application of magnetic fields generating finite-voltage
steps in their current-voltage characteristics. Experimental data are presented
for confocal AJTJs which are the natural generalization of the well studied
circular AJTJs for which flux flow effects have never been reported. Displaced
linear slopes, Fiske step staircases and Eck steps were sequentially recorded
at 4.2K with high-quality Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb confocal AJTJs when increasing the
strength of a uniform magnetic field applied in the plane of the junction.
Their amplitude was found to strongly depend not only on the strength, but also
on the orientation, of the external field. Extensive numerical simulations
based on a phenomenological sine-Gordon model developed for confocal AJTJs were
carried out to disclose the basic flux-flow mechanism responsible for the
appearance of magnetically induced steps and to elucidate the role of several
critical parameters, namely, the field orientation, the system loss and the
annulus eccentricity. It was found that in a topologically closed system, such
as the AJTJ, where the number of trapped fluxons is conserved and new fluxons
can be created only in the form of fluxon-antifluxon pairs, the existence of a
steady viscous flow of Josephson vortices only relies on the capability of the
fluxons and antifluxons to be generated and to annihilate each other inside the
junction. This also implies that flux-flow effects are not observable in
circular AJTJs.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figure
