エチオピア高原の農牧複合民における近年の家畜頭数の減少とその原因 : ティグライ州東部ゾーンキルテ-アウラエロ郡の南部の事例から

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to study in the Tigray highland of Ethiopia 1) to understand the change in the land utilization, the grazing patterns, and the change in the number of livestock, in light of the recent natural and social environmental changes, 2) to analyze the decrease in the number of livestock and its contributing factors, and 3) to discuss that the decrease in the number of domestic animals has a negative influence to the nutrition intake of local farmers. The field research while staying with a total of eight households and the survey questionnaire on a total of 14 households were conducted in September 2016 and July 2017, and the study on the farmer\u27s nutrition was also performed in March 2015 in the study area. From the imperial era through the socialist era, most of the land was still made up of grasslands and forests, which were available for grazing and logging. Each household raised from 10 to 30 cattle, making them rich financially and nutritionally. With the increase in population in the democratic era, however, there was a shortage of farmlands, and the grasslands and forests rapidly shrunk as more and more those communal lands was developed into farmlands. The grasslands and forests that had been used for grazing year-round shrunk even more when the government expanded the areas of seasonally-closed grazing land, prohibited grazing lands and protected forest lands. Furthermore, there was a shortage of herd boys who are in charge of grazing once schooling began in the villages. As a result, the number of livestock raised by a household began to dwindle. Since the farmers were only able to raise a few cattle, they could no longer obtain milk throughout the year, which led to a decreased consumption of milk products. The milk product\u27s contribution to their nutrition has become limited. The decrease in the amount of feed resources and the shortage of herd boys limited the number of livestock that could be raised by each household, and will mostly likely continue to be a major contributing factor in limiting the subsistence of the farmers in Tigray.本研究では，エチオピア国ティグライ州高地を対象とし，1）近年の自然・社会環境の変化を鑑みながら，土地利用の変化，放牧パターン，家畜頭数の変化を把握し，2）家畜頭数の減少とその要因について分析するとともに，3）家畜頭数の減少が栄養摂取に負の影響を与えていることを明らかにすることを目的とした．帝政時代から社会主義時代を通じて，大部分の土地はいまだ家畜放牧や薪伐採が自由な自然草地・森林地であった．世帯毎にウシを十数頭から三十頭ほどを飼養し，農牧複合民は資金的にも栄養摂取的にも豊かであった．人口の増加により農耕地の不足が発生し，民主主義時代になって自然草地・森林地での農耕地開拓が進行することになり，自然草地・森林地が急速に縮小していった．また，放牧禁止・森林保護地，季節禁牧地の拡大により，一年を通じて放牧できる自然草地・森林地は更に縮小していった．そして，村落における学校教育が開始され，放牧を担当する牧童が不足するようになっていった．これらの結果から，世帯当たりの飼養家畜頭数は減少していった．家畜を数頭しか飼養できなくなったため，一年を通じて搾乳できず，乳製品を頻繁に摂取できなくなり，乳製品の栄養摂取への貢献度は限定的になっているのが現状となっている．利用可能な飼料資源量の減少と牧童の減少は，世帯当たりの家畜飼養頭数を少ないままに抑制し，今後ともティグライ州の農牧複合民の生業に対して大きな制限要因となり続けていくことであろう