p. 1242-1253This paper describes the design method of long and unique shape membrane structure in
capital Tokyo. The membrane structure, designed to create an impression of Japan's
traditional Washi paper, forms gentle curves of varying size and inclination, to become the
new face of the Yaesu side of the Tokyo Station. To achieve such a light membrane
structure in Japan where many natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons occur frequently, we adopted some ideas in order to solve technical problems.Sadamoto, M.; Yoshie, K.; Kohno, T.; Muraoka, T.; Takanashi, M. (2010). Design of the Grand Roof at Tokyo Station. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/706

KOHNO, Toshihiko

MURAOKA, Taku

SADAMOTO, Miwa

TAKANASHI, Mitsuo

YOSHIE, Keisuke

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 Design of the Grand Roof at Tokyo Station Miwa SADAMOTO*, Keisuke YOSHIEa, Toshihiko KOHNOa, Taku MURAOKAb, Mitsuo TAKANASHIb  * Nikken Sekkei Ltd. Structural Engineering Dept., Tokyo Japan 2-18-3 Iidabashi Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-8117, Japan Email sadamoto@nikken.co.jp  a Nikken Sekkei Ltd. Structural Engineering Dept., Tokyo Japan b Tokyo Construction Office, East Japan Railway Company Abstract This paper describes the design method of long and unique shape membrane structure in capital Tokyo.  The membrane structure, designed to create an impression of Japan's traditional Washi paper, forms gentle curves of varying size and inclination, to become the new face of the Yaesu side of the Tokyo Station.  To achieve such a light membrane structure in Japan where many natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons occur frequently, we adopted some ideas in order to solve technical problems.   Keywords :  Membrane structure, wind resistant design, seismic design  1. Building overview This paper describes redevelopment work on the Yaesu side of the Tokyo Station.  The project involves the construction of high-rise twin towers measuring approx. 200 meters tall on the southern and northern ends of a narrow strip of land, with a plaza outside the train station lying in the middle. The Grand Roof is a roof stretching approx. 240 meters in the north-south direction to bridge the two high-rise buildings.  The membrane structure forms gentle curves of varying size and inclination. Underneath the Grand Roof lies a corridor linking the Tokyo Station and the Yaesu Exit Plaza area, featuring a meeting place for station users, fluid space and various facilities including those associated with the train station.  South Tower and North Tower will be linked with a pedestrian deck, built approx. 7.5 meters above ground, to create a smooth network of traffic within the development area.  The first basement floor mainly features commercial facilities to offer an underground network of pedestrian walkways linked to the underground shopping mall at the Tokyo Station.  The second basement floor and levels below provide parking areas.  (Fig. 1,2) Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures 28 September - 2 October 2009, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, SpainAlberto DOMINGO and Carlos LAZARO (eds.)1242Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures   Figure 1: Perspective view of the Tokyo station         Figure 2: Perspective views of the Grand Roof    Figure 3: Conceptual diagram for the structural plan The South Tower Oil damper system EXP.J EXP.J The North Tower The Grand RoofThe North Tower The Grand Roof The South Tower Tokyo stateion  The Grand Roof The South Tower The North Tower 1243Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures  2. Structural plan 2.1. Overall structural plan of this project This section describes the overall structural plan of this project. The above-ground section of the high-rise twin towers and the Grand Roof will use expansion joints to make them structurally independent.  The Grand Roof will be partially linked to North Tower with an oil damper system to reduce movements in the lengthwise (north-south) direction at the time of an earthquake or strong gusts. As for the underground section, North Tower and the Grand Roof are integrated, while South Tower is a standalone structure, with all of them designed for structural stiffness and strength. (Fig. 3) 2.2. Frame design of the Grand Roof's above-ground This section describes the frame design of the Grand Roof's above-ground section. The above-ground section consists of the pedestrian deck stretching approx. 240 meters in the north-south direction at approx 7.5 meters above ground, and a membrane roof structure that extends above the deck. The pedestrian deck is supported with steel-braced rigid frames with the buckling-restrained braces. (Fig. 4,5) The Grand Roof consists of cantilever columns erected on the pedestrian deck level, thin tilted pillars on the station plaza side, and main girders joining them together. There are a total of 14 frames at the pitch of 18 meters. The following are sectional shapes of main above-ground components: Columns:  Steel (Sectional shape:  Welded oval cross-section, circular sectional shape) Girders and beams:  Steel (Sectional shape:  Welded H-shaped sectional shape, welded semicircular oval sectional shape) Slabs:  Reinforced concrete, PC concrete (with top concrete) (Fig. 5) 2.3. Roof structure of the Grand Roof This section describes the roof structure of the Grand Roof. The membrane roof is made of a PTFE-coated fiberglass fabric, supported by main girders at 18-meter intervals and edge cables.  The short-side component of the membrane's tension (initial tension of 200 kN/m) balances with the tensile force of the edge cables extending in the north-south direction (initial tensile force of 250kN), whereas the long-side component balances with the compressive force of the trusses on the southern and northern ends and the three continuous beams that run through the middle of the main girders.  This means the roof structure forms a self-balanced system by itself. The out of plane deformation of the membrane is contained through binding battens, placed along the lines that divides each membrane's 18-meter span into three equal sections, to 1244Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures  cantilever beams from the main girder and three continuous beams at the center.  Figure 6 shows the self-balanced system, while Figure 7 shows details of the roof structure.                                Figure 4: Frame design of the Grand Roof’s above-ground(1) a-a’ section Pedestrian deck Level Roof Level Pedestrian  deck Level Reinforced concrete slaba a’ @1800x13=234000The North Tower PC concrete slab (with top concrete)The buckling-restrained braceThe North Tower EXP.J GL Roof level 7500Oil danper The North Tower ≒14m ≒32m1245Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures                 Figure 5: Frame design of the Grand Roof’s above-ground(2)                   Figure 6: The self-baranced system of the roof structurecoG81G82Membrane initial tention of 200kN/m Continuous beams Main gerder Edge cable (initial tensile force of 250kN) 18000Oil damper : Tensil force : Compressive force Station plaza Tokyo station Pedestorian deck Membrane roof Main gerder Continuous beams a bContinuous  beams Main gerderSteal columen a-sectionb-sectionThin tilted pillar Cantilever clumn 1246Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures                                    Figure 7 : Details of the roof structure A B C Continuous beamsCantilever beamsCantilever beamsMain gerderEdge cableBattenMembrane Post : binding battens to cantilever beams or continuous beams Edge cable PostBattenEdge cable C A B 1247Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures  3. Wind resistant design 3.1. Wind tunnel test Wind tunnel tests have been conducted to evaluate the wind load.  The model used in the wind tunnel tests was built to the scale 1:400 to reproduce the Grand Roof and surrounding buildings and covering an 800-meter radius area.  Main measurement points on the membrane surface include two in the bottom row, two in the middle row and two in the top row of each span, all on the front and back surfaces.  Measurement was taken for a total of 72 wind directions (5 degree intervals). (Fig 8)       Figure 8: Wind tunnel test model and Measurement point 3.2. Design wind load and criteria The design wind load is evaluated in the unit of frames to examine each membrane span's safety. This wind load is based on the wind-force coefficient, obtained by adding together time-series wind pressure data at measurement points included in each frame's control region.  Level 1 wind load is equivalent to the value associated with return period of 100 years, while Level 2 wind load is equivalent to the value associated with return period of 500 years. These wind load figures and corresponding criteria are as shown in Table 1.  Table 1: Wind load figures and corresponding criteria Load Criteria At Level 1 wind load downward :  997 N/m2 upward : 1676 N/m2 Within the short-term allowable intensity of stress for all materials. Membrane deformation is within 1/15 of the span (ℓ=18000). Membrane's contact not allowed. At Level 2 wind load downward :  1363 N/m2upward : 2291 N/m2 Stress generated in the membrane is within the ultimate allowable intensity of stress. Within the short-term allowable intensity of stress for all the other materials  1248Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures  In addition, to examine membrane safety to the effect of localized wind load or ultimate margin on the membrane, wind load obtained from the highest and lowest peak wind force coefficients at each of the measurement points is evaluated.  3.3. Analysis model Each single-unit span of the roof is modeled for analysis, featuring a membrane surface, cables, continuous beams, and the cantilever beam.  The boundary condition at the main girder's position is rigid joint. The analysis on the membrane roof structure was conducted in the finite element approach, and handled as geometric non-linear analysis. The membrane and cable materials were non-rigid materials with no resistance to compression or bending stress, and regarded as orthotropic materials, to which the Hooke's Law applies. Figure 9 shows the membrane of analysis model.    Figure 9: The membrane of the analysis model (c22 – c24)  3.4. Examination results The analysis for c22 - c24 produced findings described below. It was confirmed that the membrane's tensile strengths all conformed to the criteria. Figure 10 shows the membrane surface's deformation, while Table 2 shows the surface's maximum displacement.  The maximum displacement was approx. 45 centimeters at Level 1 wind load, and approx. 50 centimeters at Level 2 wind load. Figure 10 shows the deformation of the membrane and frames by upward Level 1 wind load, and confirms that there was no contact at any of the examined cross sections.   Allowable tensile force for membrane materials Membrane material specification FGT-800, Type A membrane (PTFE-coated fiberglass fabric)      Allowable intensity of stress fm(N/mm2) Allowable tensile force   FT(N/m)   Membrane thickness t (mm) Fusion width (mm) Fabric direction  Standard strength Fm (N/cm) Long period Short period Ultimate intensity of stress  fmu (N/mm2) Long period   Short period   Ultimate tensile force     FTu   (N/m)   Wart 1470 22.97 45.94 68.91 18375   36750   55125   0.8 75   Weft 1176 18.38 36.75 55.13 14700   29400   44100    cF c24 c22 1249Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures    cF 通りエッジケーブル                      図 エラー! 指定したスタイルは使われていません。-1 レベル 1 風荷重時膜面変位図  16.416.616.817.017.21FLからの高さ(m)17.217.417.617.818.018.21FLからの高さ(m)18.018.218.418.618.819.01FLからの高さ(m)15.816.016.21FLからの高さ(m)18.618.819.019.219.419.619.81FLからの高さ(m)19.419.619.820.020.220.420.61FLからの高さ(m)20.220.420.620.821.021.221.421.61FLからの高さ(m)20.821.021.221.421.621.822.022.222.41FLからの高さ(m)23.023.223.423.623.824.024.224.424.61FLからの高さ(m)21.621.822.022.222.422.622.823.023.21FLからの高さ(m)22.422.622.823.023.223.423.623.824.024.21FLからの高さ(m)G82 G82 G82 c22 c24 c22 c24 c22 c24 前面エッジケーブル cb bbbbbaaab b b b c cFTable 2 : Membrane surface's deformation  At Level 1 wind load At Level 2 wind load  Downward Upward Downward Upward Displacement(mm) X : 2 Y : 117 Z : -306 Vec. : 325 X : 39 Y : -164 Z : 424 Vec. : 456 X : 2 Y : 137 Z : -349 Vec. : 375 X : 46 Y : -191 Z : 476 Vec. : 514 Criteria and Judgment 1/15 600mm OK 1/15 600mm OK ― ―             Figure 10: Deformation diagrams of memblane and frames for wind load level 1  4. Seismic design 4.1. Seismic design This section describes the seismic design for the Grand Roof. Design policy for the seismic design is that each member was designed to have enough strength against assumed seismic force on its supporting area, considering the independent movement of each part at the earthquake due to its long stretching shape. ・ Longitudinal direction  (north-south) Providing structural resistance to seismic force with braced rigid frames stretching in the north-south, and consisting of welded oval cross-section columns, steel tube columns and welded H-shaped cross-section beams on the pedestrian deck level ・ Transverse direction  (east-west) Providing structural resistance to seismic force with 18000-pitch rigid frames consisting of welded oval cross-section columns and welded H-shaped cross-section cF a: Continuos beam.   b: Cantilever beam.    c: Edge cable c22c24 1250Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures  beams on the pedestrian deck level, and rigid frames in-between, consisting of steel tube columns and welded H-shaped cross-section beams on the pedestrian deck level.  Some are braced rigid frames. ・ Roof structure In-plane rigidity of the roof structure is secured with the Vierendeel frame, consisting of 18000-pitch main girders and three continuous beams that run in the long-side direction at the center of the main girder and the cable truss.  The cantilever columns on the west side (on the station side) fully bear the seismic force on the roof. For the long-side direction, the oil damper system, installed at the joint with North Tower, absorbs energy and distributes some of the seismic force to North Tower.                Figure 11: System of structural resistance to seismic force  4.2. Design basis earthquake ground motion and criteria The design basis earthquake ground motions evaluating large earthquake are as follows: ・ Notification wave : The simulated earthquake ground motion defined in the Construction Ministry's notification. ・ Art wave : The simulated earthquake ground motion that prepared to achieve Sv=100cm/sec (when h=5%) in the long period range. ・ Observed wave : Observed seismic motions with the maximum velocity amplitude 50cm/sec.  North Tower Oil damper Cable trussVierendeel frameWest (the station) side Longitudinal directionTransverse direction1251Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures  Table 3: Max acceleration of The design basis earthquake ground motions (Large earthquake level) Notification wave Pase characteristics  HACHINOHE EW TOHOKU U. NS JMA KOBE NSArt waveEL CENTRO CALIF. 1940. 5.18NS TAFT CALIF. 1952. 7.21 EW HACHINOHE 1968. 5.16 NS m/s 3.49  2.93 3.81 2.76 4.90 5.00 3.34 4.3.  Analysis model:  74 lumped masses 3D model The time history response analysis was conducted in the matrix displacement approach.  Since the basement floors have a highly rigid structure with sufficient bearing walls, only the above-ground section was modeled, with the first floor defined as the input point of design earthquake ground motion. (Fig. 12)  Figure 12: 74 lumped masses 3D model for the time history response analysis  ・ Each floor was assumed to be non-rigid, with the in-plate rigidity reflecting the transverse rigidity of floor slab and top concrete. ・ Rayleigh-wave attenuation was assumed as hi = 0.02 through to approximately 20s. ・ Figure 13 shows the history characteristics of the oil damper system, used at the joint with North Tower.      Figure 13: the history characteristics of the oil damper system                図エラー! 指定したスタイルは使われていません。-1 オイルダンパーの設計用復元力特性 速度（m/s）750 600 減衰力（kN）1.C1＝1875 kN･sec/m C2＝127 kN･sec/m 0.32 800kN -800kN F(kN)C1C2V(m/s)C1=1875 kN sec/m C2=127 kN sec/m  RC structure section One mass point distributed per floor in key locations, assuming rigid flooring.  Linking mass points of all the floors with shear panels. Joints between RC structure section and S structure section Examining the slab’s in-plate axial rigidity and shear rigidity Concentrated to the third floor Concentrated to the third floorConcentrated to the third floorConcentrated to the third floor3rd floor levelThe weight of the structure was concentrated to a total of 74 lumped masses, i.e. 3 locations at each of the girders for the Grand Roof, and 2 locations each at columns on the deck level. Roof Two mass points in even-number rows in the Y direction (X, Y, 2 degrees of freedom)  Linked to North Tower 3 mass points at the base, center and edge in even-number rows in the Y direction (X, Y, Z, 3 degrees of freedom)  Oil damper 1252Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009, Valencia Evolution and Trends in Design, Analysis and Construction of Shell and Spatial Structures  4.4. Examination results (1) Natural period Table 3 shows natural period of the Grand Roof. Table 3: Natural period  1st  mode 2nd  mode 3rd mode 4th  mode sec 0.956 0.774 0.734 0.68  (2) Response results at an extremely rare seismic ground motion Longitudinal direction ・ The relative deformation angle of the pedestrian deck level against the ground floor is 81.5mm, 1/92 (TAFT EW) at maximum, and satisfies the criterion of approx 1/100. ・ The maximum deformation of the roof is 232mm (EL CENTRO NS), which is within the criterion of 600mm. Transverse direction ・ The relative deformation angle of the pedestrian deck level against the ground floor is 81.2mm, 1/92 (EL CENTRO NS) at maximum, and satisfies the criterion of approx 1/100. ・ The maximum deformation of the roof is 292mm (EL CENTRO NS), which is within the criterion of 600mm.  5. Conclusion The design method of long and unique shape membrane structure was described. To achieve a light membrane structure, we adopted several ideas.  1) A beautiful steel frames were adopted in the design 2) The membrane structure with a low curvature that almost look like flat was designed. 3) In order to reduce the response displacement of the roof, the oil damper system conecceted to the North Tower was installed.  The Grand Roof is now under construction and the schedule of the completion is in 2013.  1253

Design of the Grand Roof at Tokyo Station

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