This chapter provides an overview of recent Australasian research on number learning in the primary years - that is, research pertaining to the number learning of 5- to 12-year old children. The research has been categorised using the headings of (a) developmental frameworks in number, (b) counting, (c) place value and the number system, (d) addition and subtraction, (e) multiplication and division, (f) mental computation, (g) number sense, and (h) fractions and decimals