University of Pula. Department of Interdisciplinary, Italian and Cultural Studies.
Abstract
Etnografija je disciplina koja se vezuje uz istraživanje o životu, običajima, navadama pojedine skupine naroda ili društvene skupine. To uključuje i istraživanje pojedine supkulture, etničke manjine, ruralnog stanovništva ili pojedinaca. Etnografsko istraživanje svakodnevice uključuje raznolikost metodoloških pristupa: etnografija označava proučavanje ljudi u njihovom prirodnom okolišu te omogućava provođenje detaljne studije jedne zajednice ili grupe pri čemu je istraživač uronjen u kulturu istraživane grupe te proučava život zajednice koristeći se raznim tehnikama kao što su intervju, sudioničko promatranje istraživanje orijentirano prema problemu, promatranje iz prve ruke ili izravno promatranje svakodnevnog ponašanja. Razvojem etnografije, filma i različitih snimateljskih tehnikama, razvio se pravac u znanstveno dokumentarnom filmu pod nazivom etnografski film. On označava film sa naglašenim istraživačkim kriterijima kojemu je svrha istraživanje ljudskog ponašanja. Ono što film ili pisani tekst čini etnografskim, jasni istraživački kriteriji, metode i tehnike i tehničke kompetencije među kojima se ističu slika, zvuk i obrada, naracija, točka gledišta i montaža, kontekstualizacija te prisutnost etnografa. U svojim začecima etnografska istraživanja uglavnom su se temeljila na terenskom radu u nekoj geografski udaljenoj i egzotičnoj kulturi, s naglaskom na istraživanju manjih zajednica. Prvi etnografski filmovi snimani su opservacijskom metodom bez upletanja snimatelja. Smatralo se da su tako snimljeni filmovi objektivna svjedočanstva koja su se poslije koristila u svrhu istraživanja različitosti među rasama i kulturama u svijetu. Neki od najznačajnijih redatelja iz početaka etnografskog filma su filmovi John Flaherty, Félix-Louis Regnault, i Rudolf Poech. Tokom razvitka etnografija i snimateljskih tehnika pojavilo nekoliko vrsta postmodernog etnografskog filmskog izričaja. Novonastale forme pojavljuju se pod raznim imenima, ovisno o tematici i subjektu: autoetnografija, ženski etnografski film, kolaborativni film, film zajednice, autohtoni film itd. Kasnije periode razvoja etnografskog filma u svijetu obilježili su redatelji Margareth Mead i Gregory Bateson (znanstveni etnografski film), John Marshall i Timothy Asch, Jean Rouch, David i Judith MacDougall, Sarah Elder (kolaborativni film), i Zacharias Kunuk (Četvrti film). Hrvatski etnografski film obilježava etnografsko proučavanje navada, običaja i mentaliteta lokalnog hrvatskog stanovništva. U to vrijeme redatelj dokumentarist Milovan Gavazzi snima seriju znanstvenopopularnih filmova koji prikazuju tradicijske običaje kao što su scene tamošnje seoske svadbe. Osnivanjem Škole narodnog zdravlja u Zagrebu razvija se filmska proizvodnju namjenskih filmova čija je tematika rad ljudi u prirodnom ambijentu i način njihova života. Branko Belan, Igor Michieliji, Branko Ištvančić te drugi obilježili su hrvatski etnografski film koji se kasnije razvijao kao niz zajedničkih projekata s lokalnim glumcima i ekipom. U Hrvatskoj se može izdvojiti niz festivala na temu etnografskog filma koji upotpunjuju kulturni sadržaj većih gradova i razvijaju kulturni i kreativni turizam. Neki od njih su Studentski etnografski film festival u Zadru, Subversive Film Festival u Zagrebu, Međunarodni Etno Film festival Srce Slavonije u Đakovu te ETNOFILm festival u Rovinju. Pravilnom valorizacijom i očuvanjem te baštinjenjem u etnografskim muzejima, etnografski filmovi ostaju očuvani za buduće generacije.Ethnography is a discipline that is associated with the study of life, customs, and habits of particular groups of people or social groups. This includes research of specific subculture, ethnic minorities, rural populations or individuals. Ethnographic research of everyday life includes a variety of methodological approaches: ethnography means the study of people in their natural environment and conducting a study of a community or group in which the researcher is immersed in the culture of the group. He researches and studies the life of the community using a variety of techniques such as interviews, participant observation research oriented towards the problem, observing firsthand or direct observation of everyday behavior. The development of ethnography, film and various filming techniques developed the course in scientific documentary called ethnographic film. It means the film upon project criteria with the aim of exploring human behavior. What movie or written text makes ethnographic are clear research criteria, methods and techniques and technical competence among which are image, sound and processing, narration, point of view and assembly, contextualization and the presence of the ethnographer. In its initial phase ethnographic studies were mainly based on fieldwork in a geographically remote and exotic culture, with an emphasis on the study of smaller communities. The first ethnographic films were shot in the observational method without interference cameraman. It was felt that such recorded movies objective testimony that were later used for research purposes differences among races and cultures in the world. Some of the most important directors of the origins of ethnographic film are films John Flaherty, Félix-Louis Regnault, and Rudolf Poet. During the development of ethnography and filming techniques appeared several types of postmodern ethnographic cinematic expression. The newly created forms appear under different names, depending on the subject matter and the subject: auto-ethnography, female ethnographic film, a collaborative film, community, indigenous film and so on. Later periods of development of ethnographic film in the world marked the directors such as Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson (scientific ethnographic film), John Marshall and Timothy Asch, Jean Rouch, David and Judith MacDougall, Sarah Elder (collaborative movie), and Zacharias Kunuk (fourth film). Croatian ethnographic film marks the ethnographic study of usage, customs and mentality of the local Croatian population. At that time, documentary director Milovan Gavazzi shoots science popular films showing traditional customs such as the scene carried on the rural weddings. The establishment of the School of Public Health in Zagreb developed film production whose themes work people in a natural environment and way of life. Branko Belan, Igor Michieli, Branko Ištvančić and others marked the Croatian ethnographic film which later evolved as a series of joint projects with local cast and crew. In Croatia, there is a lot of festivals on the topic of ethnographic film to enrich cultural content of major cities and developing cultural and creative tourism. Some of them are Student Ethnographic Film Festival in Zadar, Subversive Film Festival in Zagreb, International Ethno Film Festival Heart of Slavonia in Đakovo and ETNOFILm Festival in Rovinj. With proper assessment and conservation in ethnographic museums, ethnographic films remain preserved for future generations
