University of Zagreb. School of Medicine. Department of Internal Medicine.
Abstract
Posebna stanja u hipertenziji su ona koja zahtijevaju poseban pristup liječenju zbog specifične patofiziologije. Prema smjernicama ESH/ESC za liječenje hipertenzije iz 2013. takvih je stanja 19: hipertenzija bijele kute, maskirana hipertenzija, starije osobe, mlade osobe, žene, šećerna bolest, metabolički sindrom, nefropatija, cerebrovaskularne bolesti, srčana oboljenja, ateroskleroza i bolesti arterija, seksualna disfunkcija, rezistentna hipertezija, hipertenzivne emergencije i urgencije, maligna hipertenzija, perioperativno zbrinjavanje hipertenzije, opstruktivna apneja u spavanju, renovaskularna hipertenzija, primarni aldosteronizam. Najvažnije je pravilno izmjeriti tlak, a danas uz ambulantno mjerenje važno je i kontinuirano te kućno mjerenje tlaka. Od osnovnih pretraga rade se laboratorijske pretrage (koje uključuju krvne pretrage i pretragu urina), a važan je i nalaz elektrokardiograma. Važno je procijeniti da li su već nastupila organska oštećenja izazvana hipertenzijom te koji su još kardiovaskularni čimbenici rizika prisutni u pacijenta. U slučaju dijagnosticiranja hipertenzije većini pacijenata propisuje se mijenjanje životnih navika te medikamentozna terapija. Među promjenama životnih navika najvažnije je smanjenje tjelesne težine te redovita tjelovježba. Od antihipertenzivnih lijekova pet je skupina koje su ravnopravne u upotrebi: diuretici, beta-blokatori, blokatori kalcijevih kanala, inhibitori angiotenzinskog konvertirajućeg enzima te antagonisti angiotenzinskog receptora. Terapija bi se trebala temeljiti na preporukama koje proizlaze iz velikih randomiziranih kontroliranih studija i trebala bi biti individualizirana uzimajući u obzir sve komorbiditete pacijenta. To posebno vrijedi za liječenje hipertenzije u posebnim stanjima.Special conditions in hypertension are those that require a special approach to treatment because of the specific pathophysiology. According to the ESH/ESC guidelines for treatment of hypertension from 2013. there are 19 such conditions : white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, older people, young people, women, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, nephropathy, cerebrovascular diseases, heart diseases, atherosclerosis and arterial diseases, sexual dysfunction, resistant hypertension, hypertensive emergencies or urgencies, malignant hypertension, perioperative management of hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, renovascular hypertension, primary aldosteronism. The most important task is to properly measure the blood pressure, and nowdays with office blood pressure measurement, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement are important as well. When diagnosing hypertension basic laboratory tests (including blood tests and urine analysis) and electrocardiogram are done primarily. It is important to assess whether the organ damage caused by hypertension is existing and to asses all cardiovascular risk factors present in the patient. In the case of diagnosis of hypertension most patients are prescribed with lifestyle changes and pharmacological therapy. Among the most important lifestyle changes is a decrease in body weight and regular exercise. Five groups of antihypertensive drugs are equal in use: diuretics, beta - blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists. Therapy should be based on recommendations arising from large randomized controlled trials and it should be individualized, taking into account all patients' comorbidities. This is particularly true for the treatment of hypertension in special conditions