Early prenatal and postnatal factors in a population of pregnant women and newborns from the city of Osijek

Abstract

Trudnoća predstavlja „kritični prozor“ u rastu, razvoju i zdravlju djeteta u kasnijim fazama života. Provedeno je opažajno istraživanje na trudnicama u 3. tromjesečju trudnoće (N=24) s ciljem utvrđivanja povezanosti prenatalnih čimbenika rizika, s naglaskom na prehranu, na postnatalne karakteristike novorođenčadi. Od prenatalnih karakteristika majke potvrđen je utjecaj dobitka na masi tijekom trudnoće, gestacije i statusa željeza s porođajnom masom i duljinom djeteta i ponderalnim indeksom (PI). Značajno kraće trajanje gestacije (p=0,001), manja porođajna masa (p=0,004) i duljina djeteta (p=0,011) te niži PI (p=0,002) su utvrđeni kod trudnica s nekom bolesti trudnoće. Utvrđen je disbalans u doprinosu pojedinih makronutrijenata ukupnom dnevnom energetskom unosu: 45,8 % ugljikohidrati, 39,6 % masti i 14,5 % bjelančevine. Unos zasićenih masti je povezan s dobitkom na masi kroz gestaciju (r=0,415), dok je unos višestrukonezasićenih masnih kiselina (r=-0,401) i linolne kiseline (r=-0,408) povezan s porođajnom masom djeteta. Unos monosaharida je povezan s ukupnim trajanjem gestacije (r=-0,433) i PI-om (r=-0,435). Dodacima prehrani se značajno kompenziraju nedostatni unosi vitamina i minerala prehranom, posebice folne kiseline i željeza. Za neke je nutrijente utvrđen značajno viši unos od maksimalno dopuštenog pa je potreban oprez s dodacima prehrani. Viša razina fizičke aktivnosti pozitivno utječe na ishod trudnoće; povezana je s ukupnim trajanjem gestacije (r=0,468), porođajnom masom (r=0,680) i duljinom djeteta (r=0,673) i PI-em (r=0,470).Pregnancy represents the „critical window“ in the future child's growth, development and health. An observational study was conducted on pregnant women in the 3rd trimester (N=24) with the aim to determine relation between prenatal risks, with emphasis put on nutrition, and postnatal characteristics of newborns. Out of prenatal factors, weight gain during pregnancy, gestation and iron status show significant correlation with birth weight and length and Ponderal index (PI). Women with diseases of pregnancy had significantly shorter gestation (p=0-001), lower birth weight (p=0.004) and length (p=0.011) and lower PI (p=0,002). Disbalance in macronutrient contribution to the total daily energy intake was found: 45.8 % carbohydrates, 39.6 % fats and 14.5 % proteins. Saturated fats correlate with gestational weight gain (r=0.415), while intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (r=-0.401) and linoleic acid (r=-0.408) correlate with birth weight. Monosaccharides correlate with gestation (r=-0.433) and PI (r=-0.435). Supplements compensate inadequate dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals, especially folic acid and iron. For some nutrients, intakes significantly higher from the upper tolerable levels were found so caution is required with supplementation. Higher physical activity level positively affects pregnancy outcomes; correlates with gestation (r=0.468), birth weight (r=0.680) and length (r=0.673) and PI (r=0.470)