Unity – national unity to be precise – is always in the mind of the nation since the dawn of Merdeka when Malaysia (formerly Malaya) gained her independence from the British in 1957. The newly born nation inherited a mélange of various races, religions, cultures and ethnic backgrounds - predominantly Malays, Chinese and Indians; and a wide ethnic diversity from Sabah and Sarawak such as Kadazan, Iban, Bidayuh, Dayak, Melanau and Bajau. From that moment on, the entire diverse communities are expected to understand, accept, appreciate, respect, and enjoy each other’s culture and existence; as a result of which there is a desired state of ‘oneness’ – unity in diversity. This study explores the role of televisions, both public (first launched in 1963) and private (first launched in 1984) in fostering the spirit of national unity amongst the multifarious society in the critical period from 1963 to 1998 – a long span of 35 years – uncovering a rich historical tapestry of the broadcasting era

Zakaria, Badariah

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INSTITUTE of GRADUATE STUDIES
L e a d i n g  Y o u  To  G r e a t e r  H e i g h t s ,  D e g r e e  b y  D e g r e e
THE
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS
Volume: 4, Issue 4 Nov 2013
FO
UR
TH
 IS
SU
E
DOCTORAL
I PS i s  B iannua l  Pub l i ca t ion
I n s t i t u t e  o f  G r a d u a t e  S t u d i e s  ( I G S )
* (MS) = Main Supervisor
   (CS) = Co Supervisor
14
Name :
Sharkawi Che Din
Title
Correlations Between 3D Animation Test Score, 
Spatial Ability And Computer Experiences 
Amongst Multimedia Major University Students
Faculty : 
Education
Supervisor : 
Prof. Dr. Hj Fattawi Bin Mokhtar (MS)
15
Deficits in spatial abilities, particularly Spatial 
Visualization and Spatial Rotation affect the performance 
of 3D Computer Animation among Multimedia major 
university students. Lacking of necessary spatial 
ability factors may affect students’ performance in 3D 
Computer Animation. Some students experienced 
greater difficulties in performing a complicated 
visualization task required in creating three-dimensional 
(3D) objects and animation. The purpose of this study 
was to examine the relationship between Spatial 
Ability, Computer Experiences and the 3D Computer 
Animation performance among Multimedia major 
undergraduate students at Malaysian public university. 
In addition, this study also examined whether Spatial 
Ability could be used to predict students’ performance 
in 3D Computer animation course. Specifically the study 
attempted, 1) to investigate the correlation between 
Spatial Rotation test score and students’ performance 
in 3D Computer Animation test score among multimedia 
major undergraduate students, 2) to investigate the 
correlation between Spatial Visualization test score 
and students’ performance in 3D Computer Animation 
test score among multimedia major undergraduate 
students, 3) to investigate the correlation between 
Computer Understanding and Experience Scale (CUE) 
and performance in 3D Computer Animation course 
among multimedia major undergraduate students, 4) to 
determine whether Spatial Ability is the possible predictors 
of successful performance of 3D Computer Animation 
course among multimedia major undergraduate students 
and, 5) to examine significant differences between 
Spatial Ability test score and a CUE test score based 
on demographics with their performance in 3D Computer 
Animation. The participants of this study were 188 (male 
= 52 and females = 136) Multimedia major students from 
six public universities. Five instruments were utilized 
in this study namely, 1) demographic questionnaire, 
2) Spatial Ability psychometric test was adapted from 
the Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests (1976), 
3) Computer Understanding and Experience Scale 
questionnaire, 4) 3D Computer Animation test score 
and, 5) STPM and SPM academic transcripts. Analyzing 
the data using Pearson Correlations, it was found that 
there was a significant relationship between Spatial 
Rotation and Spatial Visualization with the performance 
of 3D Computer Animation. The Multiple Regression 
analysis revealed that Spatial Ability is a significant 
predictor for 3D Computer Animation performances. 
Overall, Spatial Ability was found to be predictive of 3D 
Computer Animation performance among Multimedia 
major students. Additionally, gender, race and academic 
backgrounds were found to be highly significant for 
successful comprehension of 3D Computer Animation 
course. The coefficient of determination R² of the Spatial 
Ability showed 47.4% of the variance in the 3D Computer 
Animation test score.
Name :
Badariah Bt Zakaria
Title
The Role Of Television In Fostering National Unity Amongst Multiethnic Society Of Malaysia (1963 - 
1998) 
Faculty : 
Communication & Media Studies
Supervisor : 
Prof. Dr. Darussalam Hj Abu Bakar (MS)
16
Unity – national unity to be precise – is always in the mind of the nation since the dawn of Merdeka when Malaysia 
(formerly Malaya) gained her independence from the British in 1957. The newly born nation inherited a mélange of 
various races, religions, cultures and ethnic backgrounds - predominantly Malays, Chinese and Indians; and a wide 
ethnic diversity from Sabah and Sarawak such as Kadazan, Iban, Bidayuh, Dayak, Melanau and Bajau. From that 
moment on, the entire diverse communities are expected to understand, accept, appreciate, respect, and enjoy each 
other’s culture and existence; as a result of which there is a desired state of ‘oneness’ – unity in diversity. This study 
L e a d i n g  Y o u  T o  G r e a t e r  H e i g h t s ,  D e g r e e  b y  D e g r e e
* (MS) = Main Supervisor
   (CS) = Co Supervisor
15
explores the role of televisions, both public (first launched 
in 1963) and private (first launched in 1984) in fostering 
the spirit of national unity amongst the multifarious 
society in the critical period from 1963 to 1998 – a long 
span of 35 years – uncovering a rich historical tapestry 
of the broadcasting era. Through in-depth interviews, 
the researcher solicits the expert testimonies from 
seventeen (17) informants, who are highly experienced 
senior officials from the broadcasting industry (retired 
or still in service), based on a set of four (4) research 
questions in terms of: i) ownerships, policies and 
regulations, ii) programming strategies, iii) socialisation 
and social networking, and iv) language utilisation. 
The data gathered from the informants were, in turn, 
examined and analysed by using constant comparative 
method of data analysis and peer validation. The data 
were then validated by applying the theoretical sampling 
process to arrive at the findings in the form of themes 
that really shape the answers to the research questions. 
The researcher is mindful and ensures the validity (both 
internal and external) and reliability of the findings by 
following the basic rules in qualitative research. Finally, 
the study reveals that indeed televisions have succeeded 
in contributing to these positive findings (i.e. fostering 
national unity) by observing the guidelines of the Federal 
Constitution and Broadcasting Act, adhering to the 
sets of government policies and regulations, guided by 
Broadcasting Code of Ethics, relying on the elements of 
Rukunegara and promoting the spirit of Muhibbah, to cite 
a few. The findings, judging by the number and variety of 
themes that have emerged; clearly infer that televisions 
(both public and private) have taken sustained serious 
efforts in fostering the spirit of national unity amongst the 
multi-ethnic society in the period of study from 1963 to 
1998. The informants further opine that though television 
audience is inevitably segmented by the arrival of the 
private television (starting with TV3 in 1984 after a long 
broadcasting monopoly by RTM from 1963 to 1983), the 
degree of national unity remains ‘fairly strong’. The study 
is guided by two relevant theories, namely: a) Media 
Development Theory, and b) Agenda Setting Theory. At 
the conclusion of the study, the theories themselves are 
in turn further refined by ‘theoretical contributions’ and 
the research enriched with ‘practical contributions’.
Name :
Amirah Binti Muhamad Nor
Title
Accountability In Malaysian Federal Statutory 
Bodies:influence Of Organizational Culture, 
Integrity, Ethical Climate, Leadership And Audit 
Committee
Faculty : 
Accountancy
Supervisor : 
Associate Prof. Dr. Asmah Abdul Aziz (MS)
Prof. Dr. Syed Noh Syed Ahmad (CS)
17
The research examined the concept, need and 
requirements for accountability in Malaysian Federal 
Statutory Bodies (FSBs) and how the independent 
variables such as organizational culture, ethical climate, 
transformationalleadership, integrity and existence 
of the Audit Committee affect accountability in the 
FSBs. This research adopts both a quantitative and 
qualitative approach to understand the three types 
of accountability such as Managerial Accountability, 
Fiduciary Accountability and Public Accountability. 
Questionnaires were posted to 118 FSBs in Malaysia. 
Five Face-to-face interviews were also conducted 
with the President of Malaysian Institute of Integrity, 
three senior management of Malaysian National Audit 
Department and Deputy Director General of Ministry 
of Higher Learning to gauge their perceptions relating 
to the research area.  Four, structured interviews with 
four respondents from three FSBs were conducted.  Out 
of 118 FSBs, only 68 (57.6%) FSBs responded to the 
survey by returning the questionnaires. The number 
of questionnaires returned to the researcher were 266 
(45%) out of 590 questionnaires that were mailed or sent 
by hand. Data was analysed using Statistical Package 
for Social Science (SPSS Version 14).  Suggestions 
and comments made by respondents on ways to 
improve accountability, integrity, organizational culture, 
ethical climate, leadership and audit committee were 
summarised.  A summary of the Auditor General’s Annual 
Reports on FSBs from year 2002 to 2009 was carried out. 
Triangulation was done to ensure that all the information 
from the various sources were well supported.  The 
findings showed that FSBs must address the various 
challenges in order to remain relevant in promoting 
accountability in the public sector.  There is an increasing 
expectation that the FSBs should,through concerted 
action, play an effective role in promoting a culture that 
values honesty, responsibility and accountability in the 
exercise of authority.The occurrence of mismanagement, 
fraud and benefit of trust among staff entrusted to carry 
out managerial responsibilities and non-compliance in 
Federal Statutory Bodies is on the rise.  Public resources 
or funds are either misused or misappropriated.  It is 
believed that corporate governance and risk management 
practices, will minimize the weaknesses that are still 
occurring in FSBs.  Lastly, recommendations were made 
to policymakers, FSBs and board of directors on some 
of the ways to improve accountability of FSBs.  It was 
concluded that transformational leadership, integrity, 
organizational culture, ethical climate and presence of 
audit committee can affect accountability in FSBs.


The role of television in fostering national unity amongst multiethnic society of Malaysia (1963 - 1998) / Badariah Zakaria

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The role of television in fostering national unity amongst multiethnic society of Malaysia (1963 - 1998) / Badariah Zakaria

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