Hendriksen, Peter Vang

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystemHendriksen, Peter VangPublication date:2012Link back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Hendriksen, P. V. (2012). Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem [Lyd og/eller billed produktion(digital)]., Kgs.Lyngby, Danmark, 20/11/2012Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystemPeter V. Hendriksen, DTU EnergikonverteringÆndringer i Energisystemet, drivende faktorer•Hensyn til klima, minimering af emissioner.• Forsyningssikkerhed•Økonomi, Pris på konventionelle fossile brændsler•Erhvervspolitik•Accept/manglende accept af atomkraft  •Geopolitiske, strategiske hensyn•Forøget forbrug, befolkningstilvækst• ..•Ressourceknaphed• store fossile ressourcer• store vind/sol ressourcerDTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark2Dansk Målsætning•2020: 50 % El forbrug dækket af VE •2035: 0  %  Fossil energi i el og varme -produktion•2050: 100 % VEUdfordringerØ d l f fl k d d k1. get an e a u tueren e pro u tion2. Biomasse er en begrænset ressource !3. Flydende brændstoffer (Fly, tung transport) hvorfra ?30003500400045003000350040004500”Breaking the Biomass bottleneck of the fossil freesociety”. H. Wenzel, CONCITO 22/9 2010.50010001500200025005001000150020002500• 4 times more crops needed to replace fossil fuelsAt maximum we can double croplandOnly a 30 % increase would be sustainableDK West January 2008 Demand and Wind power January 2008 + 3,000 MW0Wind power Demand0Wind power DemandSource: Energinet.dk• Biomass residues < 20% of energy consumption“The role of fuel cells and electrolysers in future efficient energy systems”Peter Vang Hendriksen, DTU Energy Conversion, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Allan S. Pedersen and Søren Linderoth, DTU Energy Conversion; Ch13 DTU Energy Report. Enabling technologiesBrændselsceller og Elektrolyse kan bidrage til løsning !0.8 V 1.4 VChemical energy Electricity + Heat Brug af brændselsceller i fremtidens energisystem•Hvorfor ? •Høj el-virkningsgrad•God del-last karakteristik (virkningsgrad)• FleksibleåL k l CHP h  b d l ll ~6 % i DK p  el-siden (Ref 1)~20% på fjernvarme (Ref 2) • o a v a. ræn se sce er• Minimerer transmissionstabStørre indpasning af varmepumper mulig (=brændselsbesparelse) , Ref 3:•Systemstudier viser at decentral FC-CHP er mere fordelagtigt• Transport; FC-vehicles  DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of DenmarkRef.3  B. V. Mathiesen, “Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems”, Ph.D. Thesis, Aalborg University, 2008Ref. 2 http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/denmark/electric-power-transmission-and-distribution-losses Ref. 1 http://www.skfj.dk/showpage.php?pageid=847Typer af Brændselsceller/(Elektrolyseceller)AFC PEMFC SOFCElectrolytePotassium h d idPolymer bSolid oxide y rox e mem raneCatalyst Nickel Platinum Perovskites/NiOperating temp. 40–100°C 60–200°C 600 – 900 °CFuel(s) H2 H2 or CH3OHH2, CO, NH3,HydrocarbonsI t l t t CO CO CO S NH Sn o eran  o , 2 , , 3Electric efficiency ~ 45 % 40 – 55 % 50 – 60 %Mobile units Mobile units CHP from micro-Applications , space, military , micro-CHP  to large-scale• R&D fokus: PEMFC, HT-PEM og SOFC  F d l  l f  llDTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark6• or e e og u emper or a e• Forskning og udvikling på alle spor på DTU (AEC elektrolyse)SOFC Ni-YSZ supporteret celleNi/YSZ supportNi/YSZ electrodeLSM-YSZ electrode• Skalerbare fremstillingsmetoderDTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark7 5 March 2012Samarbejde; DTU  - Haldor Topsøe indenfor SOFC siden1989HTASDTU, RISØDatterselskab af Haldor Topsøe A/S Dannet 2004751001500020000x12  (%) -lined  -TOFC0255005000100002002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Success rate for 12xm2cells producedDTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark8Year#  12x12 cmTeknologioverførsel fra DTU til TOFCStack test statusII2004Stack with 2.5G cellsDegradation:< 8 mV/ 1000 hr20112 533,544,55oltI IIIife0.60.70.80.9tage [V]00,511,52,0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000Voend of lFuel: H2 + H2O0 20.30.40.5Average cell voltFuel: Pre-reformed NG, O/C = 2725 oCHours00.1.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000Time (hr)0.220 A/cm23% H2O in airTest status:14.000 hours20 thermal cycles  Degradation steady/leveling offSource: Niels Christiansen, TOFC, Presented at 10 SOFC Forum 2012, Lucerneμ-CHP PowerCorePre-reformer PowerCore Gen 2 Gen 3DC power 1.4 kW 1.5kWDC eff. (LHV) 52%(80V, 18A)61%(59V, 25A)Water evaporatorinternal externalHEX Burner Stack moduleStart-up burnerinternal externalVolumen 148 L 40L626364[A] 202530 Weight 90 kg 30 kg6061Voltage [V] or Current 1015585919:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00 09:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00StartTime : 05-03-2012 23:59:00  EndTime : 06-03-2012 23:59:0005PowerCore load cyclesPowerCore®Source: Niels Christiansen, TOFC, Presented at 10 SOFC Forum 2012, LucerneKeramiske brændselsceller på markedet• Japan: Kyocera, Osaka Gas, Toyota, mfl.– system til mikrokraftvarme introduceret april 2012– 700 W el, 42% virkningsgrad– pris ¥ 2.751.000 (ca. 200.000 kr.); offentligt tilskud ¥ 1.000.000• USA: Bloom Energy– decentral kraftproduktion til fx datacentre– 100 kW eller 200 kW el, ca. 50% virkningsgrad– alternative forretningsmodeller: købe strømmen,men ikke anlæggetDTU Energikonvertering, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet11Brug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystem, SNGCH42050;  (100 % VE)MetaniseringEnergi 2050, Vindsporet, Energinet.dk +17GW Vind, +5 GW sol/bølge, BM; 200 PJ/årLagring; • Gas: 11TWh, behov; 3.5 TWhå• EV. : 50 GWh, 1.5 mill EV, f timerround_trip = electrolyse  brændselscelle =  95 * 55  ~  50 %         (Via metan ~ 40-45 %)Brug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystemSyntetiske brændstof til transportBrug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystemSyntetiske brændstof til transportSyntetiske brændstof til transportBrug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystemOpgradering af biomasseEl+VarmeØkonomisk analyseSOEC t  t 0 3 €/ 210Andre antagelserElektricitetspris100$/kW*sys em cos . cmHeat 0.23 ¢/kWh Cell voltage (H2O) 1.3 V (Vtn)C ll lt  (CO ) 1 5 V (Vt )68(¢/kWh)e vo age 2 . nCurrent density 1.5 A/cm2Expected life time 10 yearsI t t t  5% 4Electricityprice DK Electricity Price in 2010Average Pricen eres ra eExpected CO2 cost 23€/tonExpected H2O cost 2.3 €/ton020 2000 4000 6000 8000EHoursSource; S. H. Jensen, S. Ebbesen, K. V. Hansen, A. H. Pedersen#and M. Mogensen, ”Cost Estimation of H2 and CO Produced by Steam and CO2 Electrolysis”,  2011, (Unpublished).*J. Thijssen, U.S. DOE/NETL 2007Økonomisk analyse2(€/kg) 0.3 €/cm20 15 €/cm218¢/Nm3)barrel)861ductioncost( .9uctioncost(¢1%12%2%HeatI t tWater43crude oil(€/b00 2000 4000 6000 8000H2prodH2produ085%Electricitynves menEquiv. 0Electrolysis activity (hours) Source; S. H. Jensen, S. Ebbesen, K. V. Hansen, A. H. Pedersen#and M. Mogensen, ”Cost Estimation of H2 and CO Produced by Steam and CO2 Electrolysis”,  2011, (Unpublished).• Dagens oliepris ~ 85 $/barrel• 1.5 A/cm2• 10  års levetid,                 kræver fortsat udvikling !• 0.3 €/cm2Økonomisk analyse, Metanol fra træ“G  S F l ”  Fi l P j t R t  EUDP 64010 0011• reen yn ue s , na ro ec epor , - .CO + 2H2 = CH3OH                + 91 kJ/mol                CO2 + 3H2 =   CH3OH+H2O     + 41 kJ/molDTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark18Direkte fra BM SOEC assisteret (hydrogenering) Økonomisk analyse, Metanol fra træDirekte + SOECTræ 207 MW 207 MWEl 141 MWSynergi• Justering af C/H-forhold• Termisk integration  Metanol 121 MW 243 MWEffektivitet 59,2 % 70,8 %,Eksoterm+Endoterm procesKap. 6 John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/SØkonomisk vurdering• Break even: 120 US$/barrelKap  3  Anders Korsgaard  Serenergy A/SSource: Green SynFuels”, Final Project Report, EUDP 64010-0011John Bøgild Hansen, Mogens Mogensen, Allan Schrøder Petersen, Aksel Hauge Pedersen, Ivan Loncarevic, Martin Wittrup Hansen, Claus Torbensen, Jacob Bonde, Per Sune Koustrup, Anders Korsgaard, Jesper Lebæk, Svend Lykkemark Christensen, Project manager: Hans Over Hansen, Danish Technological Institute. . ,Biomasse opgradering, Hydrogenering, CCR• Biomasse er en begrænset ressource (~20% of behov)• 100 PJ Biomass  20 PJ Solid fuel + 50 PJ Liquid fuel, • 100 PJ Biomass100 PJ Solid fuel + 130 PJ Liquid fuelFermenteringCCRRisø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet20+ 150 PJ HydrogenSource; H. Wenzel; “Breaking th  biomass Bottleneck  of the  fossil free society”, CONCITO, 2010 Olah G.A. “Beyond Oil and Gas: The methanol Economy”, Angw. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2636SOEC, Teknologistatus!World record S. H. Jensen et al. ,  International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,Volume 32, Issue 15, 2007, P. 3253Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske UniversitetStatus på stak niveau13.0 0 50 A/cm2 0 75 A/cm212.5ge (V)- .  - .  11.512.0Stack voltag11.00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Electrolysis time (h)• Ydelsen er stabil ved moderat strømtæthed (I ~ -0.75 A/cm2 at 850 ºC)• Standard TOFC stack , H2O og co-electrolyse• Reversible moduler (?), Produktionskapacitet eksisterer i DK, The Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation’s advanced technology platform“Development of 2nd generation bioethanol process and technology”,S. Ebbesen et al. Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy 36, 2011Elektrolyse, AEC, PEMEC, SOECType LargestsystemCommercialsuppliers Danish companiesNorsk Hydro Green HydrogenAEC 3.5 MW HydrogenicsIht,…. Siemens Corp. Tech. (DK)LT-PEM 45 kW H-TEC systemsHydro,… IRDSOEC 15 kW Haldor Topsøe A/STOFCHT-PEM W Første fuld skala Power2Gas anlæg (2MW, Hydrogenics) er under opførsel(E.ON.) i Falgkenhagen, Tyskland (Lagring i naturgasnettet, 2013).Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet23Resultater af systemanalyse, CEESAHvornår bliver der behov for elektrolyse ?•25 % Vindenergi kan indpasses uden forandringer•> 25 % Varmepumper, varmelagre [1] • 40 – 45 % El til transport, EV   [2]• >50 – 60 % Syntetisk brændstof (transport) [1]Referencer[1] B. V. Mathiesen, “Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems”, Ph.D. Thesis, Aalborg University, 2008.DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark[2] Henrik Lund, Anders N. Andersen, Poul Alberg Østergaard, Brian Vad Mathiesen, David Connolly, Energy, 42, June 2012, P. 96Resultater af systemanalyse, CEESAKilde: B.V. Mathiesen et al. “CEESA 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios towards 2050”. Aalborg University, 2011. http://www.ceesa.plan.aau.dk. (to be published 2012).• 100 % Fossilfrit 2050 system, eksempel:• 70 PJ Produceres ved elektrolyse2 lDTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark• ~ 40 PJ Biomasse ia t• “Lager”: 1 uges brintResumé, brændselsceller og elektrolyse i energisystemet1. Øget andel af fluktuerende produktion2. Biomasse er en begrænset ressource !3 Flydende brændstoffer (Fly  tung transport) hvorfra ? . ,Brændselsceller:•Høj virkningsgrad (også del-last) mere effektivt system  El kt l  S t ti k b d l (Vi d t t) e ro yse, yn e s e ræn s er n ranspor• Bedre udnyttelse af biomasse syn-fuel syntese, CCR• Infrastruktur eksisterende• Nærmere økonomisk anlyseElektrolyse, (Power2Gas) Syntese gas, SNG  DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark• Lagring af store mængder energi• Infrastruktur eksisterende, flytning af store mængder energiAcknowledgementsSponsorsDanish Energy Authority• Energinet dk.• EU• Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S• Danish Programme Committee for Energy and Environment• Danish Programme Committee for Nano Science and Technology, Biotechnology and IT    Colleagues:M. Mogensen, A. Smith, S. Højgaard Jensen, S. EbbesenDTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of DenmarkThermodynamics250300ol)1.301.55(Volt)H2O  H2 + ½O2Total energy demand (Hf) Ecell = Etn150200mand (KJ/mo0.781.04rgy demand (LiquidGasElectrical energy demand (Gf)50100Energy dem0.260.52/(2·n·F) · EnerLHeat demand (TSf)00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Temperature (ºC)0.001/ Energy (“volt”) = Energy (kJ/mol)/2F E = H/2Fi Ecell - G/2F Price 1/i [A/cm2]tn    ,H/G  > 1     ,     at E = Etn (no heat loss)

Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem

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Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem

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