Suppression of pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea in grapevine with beneficial fungi Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma vinelandii

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea danas predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih bolesti koja uvelike smanjuje prinos, a problemi se nastavljaju i u procesu vinifikacije. Napada sve zelene dijelove, posebno ako je vlažna ili kišovita sezona. Kemijsko suzbijanje ove gljivice se nije pokazalo naročito uspješnim jer je Botrytis cinerea poznata po brzom razvoju rezistentnosti. U svijetu raste potreba za ekološkim proizvodima, pa se u zaštiti sve više koriste korisni mikroorganizmi. Biološka kontrola, odnosno upotreba biopreparata, ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke. U prednosti ubrajamo ekološku prihvatljivost, praktičnost, sigurnost, primjenjivost u integriranim sustavima zaštite bilja, u ekološkoj proizvodnji dovodi do smanjenja potrošnje kemijskih pesticida. Nedostaci se odnose na ograničen interes za upotrebu, kompleksnu porizvodnju, slabiji učinak, nemogućnost eradikativnog djelovanja, kao i uži krug djelovanja. U zaštiti vinove loze od Botrytis cinerea najčešće se koriste Trichoderma vrste, a najpoznatiji biopreparat je Trichodex WP. Gljivica roda Trichoderma sveprisutne su u tlu. Za razliku od bojnih kemijskih sredstava što se koriste u poljoprivredi za zaštitu od štetnika, promociju rasta biljaka ili nečeg drugog, ove gljivice su u potpunosti bezopasne kako za okoliš tako i za čovjeka. Kroz godine korištnja kemijskih sredstava u konvencionalnoj poljoprivredi došlo je do ozbiljnog zagađenja okoliša i trovanja tla, a gljivice roda Trichodema svojom brzom kolonizacijom u tu pomažu ponovnom uspostavljanju ravnoteže u tlu u kojem je biodiverzitet ozbiljno narušen.Botrytis cinerea stands for one of the most important diseases that affect yield negatively, while problems in the process of vinification continue. It attacks the green parts of the plant, especially in humid or rainy seasons. Botrytis cinerea is known for its fast development of resistance, hence the chemical control of this fungus has not been successful. On the other hand, there is a great need for ecological products in agriculture and that is why helpful microorganisms are more and more in use. Biological control, i.e. the usage of bioproducts, has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are: environmental friendliness, practicality, safety, applicability in integrated plant protection systems, reduction of pesticide usage. The disadvantages are: low interest for usage, complex production, weaker effect, no eradicative activity. In grapevine protection from Botrytis cinerea, the most commonly used are Trichoderma spp, and the best known bioproducts is Trichodex WP. Different strains of Trichoderma fungi are found in all kinds of soil. Difference between them and chemicals that are used in conventional agriculture for prevention of pathogens, growth promotion or else is that these are completely safe for humans and the environment. Throughout the years of using chemicals in conventional agriculture, our environment became much more poisoned and field thogh, but different strains of fungi Trichoderma are colonizing very fast and thus helping to establish balance in the environment that is needed because of disrupted biodiversity