The role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant production

Abstract

Mikoriza omogućava uzgoj bilja u teškim uvjetima neprilagođenog tla i čini opstanak održivim. Štiti od suše, bolesti, soli i teških metala. Gljive luče hormone rasta koji potiču korijenje na rast i grananje te enzime koji omogućavaju uzimanje minerala iz organskih oblika. Proizvode i antibiotike te štite biljke od patogenih gljiva i bakterija u tlu. U simbiotskoj zajednici, gljiva pomaže biljci kako bi brže i efikasnije usvojila vodu i minerale iz tla, a gljiva od biljke uzima gotovu organsku hranu koju biljka stvara u procesu fotosinteze. Da bi se hife gljiva izgradile i rasle, potrebno im je manje energije nego što je to potrebno biljci za izgradnju korijenovih dlačica. Dvije su osnovne vrste mikorize: ektomikoriza i endomikoriza te nekoliko prijelaznih oblika. Ektomikoriza prisutna je isključivo na drvenastim vrstama, kako šumskog drveća tako i uzgajanih voćki (šljiva, kruška), međutim ustanovljena je i kod nekih jednosupnica, te kod papratnjača. Hife gljiva ne ulaze u same stanice, ali često oko njih čine tzv. Hartigovu mrežu. Ona uglavnom olakšava apsorpciju fosfata. Endomikoriza se odlikuje rjeđim hifama koje rastu i oko i unutar korijena. Hife ulaze u pojedine stanice gdje mogu tvoriti jajaste ili mjehuraste i razgranjene strukture.Mycorrhiza enables the cultivation of plants in the difficult conditions of inadequate soil and makes survival sustainable. Protects from drought, disease, salt and heavy metals. Fungi secrete growth hormones that stimulate root growth and branching of these enzymes that enable the taking minerals from organic forms. Products and antibiotics and protect plants from pathogenic fungi and bacteria in the soil. The symbiotic community, mushroom helps the plant to quickly and effectively adopt water and minerals from the soil, plants and fungi from taking for granted that organic foods plant produces in the process of photosynthesis. To hyphae of fungi build and grow, they need less energy than is needed to build the plant root hair. There are two basic types of mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza and endo mycorrhiza and several transitional forms. Ectomycorrhiza is present exclusively on woody species, forest trees as well as cultivated fruit trees (plum, pear), however, was established and in some monocotyledons, and with ferns. Hyphae of fungi are not included in the cell, but often around them make up the so-called. Hartigovu network. It mainly facilitates the absorption of phosphate. Mycorrhiza is characterized by a rare filaments that stand away that grow in and around and inside the roots. Hyphae enter the individual cells where they can form ovoid or bladder and branched structures