Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je konstruirati kvalitetan mjerni instrument za
ispitivanje ekipnih značajki (kohezivnosti, percipirane ekipne efikasnosti i trenerskog
ponašanja) u odbojci.
Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 273 odbojkašice i odbojkaša kadetske i
juniorske dobne skupine. U provedenom pilot ispitivanju sudjelovalo je 147 ispitanika i
ispitanica, na temelju čijih su odgovora selektirane čestice novokonstruiranog upitnika za
procjenu ekipnih značajki (zajedništva – 13 čestica, percipirane ekipne uspješnosti – 14
čestica i percipiranog trenerskog ponašanja – 14 čestica).
S ciljem validacije novokonstruiranog upitnika ekipnih značajki primijenjeni su i već
postojeći upitnici za procjenu ekipnih značajki:
- GEQ (Group Environment Questionnaire), te ljestvica usmjerenosti na ekipu iz PSISY upitnika (Psychology skills inventory for sports – youth version) za procjenu
zajedništva
- LSS (Leadership Scale for Sport), te CBS-S – (Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport) za
procjenu trenerskog ponašanja
Ekipna efikasnost procijenjena je temeljem uspješnosti ekipe (uspjeh ekipe na PH
2011. godine), te uspješnosti pojedinog igrača/igračice (ocjena dobivena procjenom trenera ili
na temelju nastupanja za reprezentativne selekcije).
Faktorizacijom matrice sklopa čestica novokonstruiranog upitnika, te (oblimin)
rotacijom izolirano je devet faktora - dimenzija koje objašnjavaju ukupno 58,44% ukupne
varijance sustava. Utvrđeno je da su mjerena obilježja nehomogena i teško interpretabilna, te
se obrada podataka provela zasebno po svakom od područja - faceta ekipnih značajki.
Analizom metrijskih karakteristika ljestvica novokonstruiranog upitnika utvrđeno je da
se pouzdanost ljestvica nalazi u rasponu od nezadovoljavajućih 0,68 odnosno 0,69 u
ljestvicama socijalnog zajedništva i trenerskog stila, do vrlo dobrih 0,85 u ljestvici
zadovoljstvo trenerom i 0,87 u koheziji zadatka.
Za potrebe analize podataka na ekipnoj razini sve dobivene vrijednosti pouzdanosti
mogu se smatrati prihvatljivima. Iako rezultati K-S testa pokazuju kako se distribucije
rezultata 4 od ukupno 6 mjera ekipnih značajki razlikuju od normalne distribucije, na osnovu
pokazatelja oblika i simetrije distribucije zaključeno je da se na dobivenim ljestvicama mogu
provoditi parametrijski postupci obrade podataka.
Validacijom postojećih mjera GEQ upitnika i PSIS-Y ljestvice za procjenu ekipnih
značajki utvrđeno je da sve ljestvice za procjenu zajedništva (osim socijalne integracije
grupe) imaju pouzdanost nižu od zadovoljavajuće (između 0,60 i 0,70). Validacijom
postojećih upitnika percipiranog trenerskog ponašanja (LSS i CBS-S) utvrđeno je da svih 7
ljestvica CBS-S, kao i 3 od 5 ljestvica LSS upitnika imaju dobru pouzdanost. Jedino u
ljestvicama autokratsko ponašanje i pozitivne povratne informacije nije dobivena
zadovoljavajuća pouzdanost. Mjere zakrivljenosti i spljoštenosti distribucija ukazuju na dobru
osjetljivost svih ljestvica, a nakon provedene selekcije čestica u pojedinim ljestvicama sve
ljestvice imaju dobru homogenost.
Korelacijskom analizom utvrđene su statistički značajne, umjerene do umjereno
visoke povezanosti mjera novokonstruiranog upitnika za procjenu zajedništva, percipirane
ekipne kompetencije i trenerskog ponašanja, što ukazuje na njihovu moguću zajedničku
osnovu. Iako su postupkom faktorizacije utvrđene dvije latentne dimenzije (ekipne značajke i
komunikacijski stil trenera), u inicijalnoj strukturi svojstvena vrijednost druge komponente
tek nešto veća od granične ukazuje na mogućnost da bi se povećanjem broja ispitanika
utvrdila samo jedna jedina latentna dimenzija, komponenta ekipnih značajki odbojkaških
ekipa.
Također su utvrđene pozitivne (umjerene do visoke) povezanosti ljestvica ekipnih
značajki novokonstruiranog upitnika s odgovarajućim ljestvicama postojećih upitnika. Stoga
se novokonstruirani upitnik može preporučiti kao sažeta orijentacijska mjera ekipnih značajki.
Testiranjem razlika po spolu utvrđeno je kako nema značajnih razlika po stupnju
mjerenih ekipnih značajki novokonstruiranog upitnika. Validiranim upitnicima GEQ i PSIS-Y
utvrđene su značajne razlike u zajedništvu, u 3 od ukupno 5 varijabli. Igračice pokazuje
značajno veću individualnu sklonost grupi, kako za izvedbu zadatka (odbojke), tako i
socijalnu. Također, igračice imaju značajno veću integraciju grupe na ostvarenju zadatka odbojke. Validiranim upitnicima LSS i CBS-S utvrđene su značajne razlike po stupnju
izmjerenih značajki trenerskog ponašanja u 5 od ukupno 12 varijabli. Igračice procjenjuju
kako se treneri prema njima više demokratski ponašaju i manje autokratski nego što to
procjenjuju igrači, te da pritom posvećuju i više pozornosti treniranju tehničkih elemenata
odbojke i kondicijskom treningu.
Testiranjem razlika između dobnih skupina utvrđeno je da igračice kadetske dobne
skupine (mlađe igračice) imaju više izraženu koheziju zadatka i pozitivnijim procjenjuju
zadovoljstvo i komunikacijski stil trenera od juniorki. Igrači kadetske dobne skupine imaju
više izraženo ekipno samopouzdanje od igrača juniorske dobne skupine. Osim toga juniorke
su značajno više orijentirane na ekipu od kadetkinja, a kadeti imaju značajno višu socijalnu
koheziju od juniora.
Igračice kadetske dobne skupine procjenjuju kako se njihovi treneri prema njima
ponašaju više autokratski nego što to procjenjuju starije igračice. Testiranjem razlika između
dviju dobnih skupina igrača odbojke nisu utvrđene značajne razlike po stupnju izmjerenih
validiranih mjera trenerskog ponašanja.
Analizom varijance provedenom na subuzorcima igračica i igrača odbojke koji igraju
na različitim igračkim pozicijama nisu utvrđene značajne razlike po stupnju konstruiranih
mjera ekipnih značajki.
Univarijatnom analizom varijance utvrđeno je da igračice s nižim indeksom
individualne igračke vrijednosti imaju značajno višu percipiranu razinu kohezije zadatka i
ekipne kompetencije – pripremljenosti od igračica s najvišim indeksom individualne igračke
vrijednosti. Osim toga najbolje ocijenjene igračice procjenjuju komunikacijski stil svog
trenera najmanje prihvatljivim. Isti zaključci kod igračica mogu se postaviti i na temelju
analize rezultata dobivenih diskriminativnom analizom.
Kod igrača različite igračke kvalitete analizom varijance i diskriminativnom analizom
nisu utvrđene značajne razlike po stupnju izraženosti niti jedne od ukupno 6 konstruiranih
mjera ekipnih značajki.
Analizom varijance i diskriminativnim analizama igračica po indeksu ekipne
vrijednosti dobiveni su slični rezultati kojima je utvrđeno da skupine igračica s najnižim
indeksom ekipne igračke vrijednosti karakterizira visoki stupanj kohezije zadatka te
zadovoljstva trenerom i njegovim komunikacijskim stilom.
Analizom varijance i diskriminativnom analizom skupina igrača utvrđeno je da igrači
s višim indeksom ekipne igračke vrijednosti, imaju više procjene obje varijable ekipne
kompetencije – pripremljenosti i samopouzdanja, te kohezije zadatka od igrača s nižim
indeksom ekipne vrijednosti.The main goal of this research was to construct a quality measuring instrument for
assessing group properties (cohesion, perceived collective efficacy and coaching behavior) in
volleyball. The research was conducted on a sample of 273 youth and junior male and female
volleyball players. The pilot testing included 147 participants of both sexes, and based on
their responses, items of the newly constructed questionnaire for assessing group properties
(cohesion – 13 items, perceived collective efficacy – 14 items and perceived coaching
behavior – 14 items) were selected.
With the purpose of validating the newly constructed questionnaire of team properties,
the following existing questionnaires for assessing group properties were also used:
- GEQ (Group Environment Questionnaire), and the team orientation scale from the
PSIS-Y questionnaire (Psychology skills inventory for sports – youth version) for
assessing cohesiveness
- LSS (Leadership Scale for Sport), and CBS-S – (Coaching Behavior Scale for
Sport) for assessing coaching behavior
Collective efficacy was assessed based on team’s success (team placement in 2011
Croatian championship), and the efficiency of each individual male/female player (assessment
based on coaches’ evaluation or players’ performance in the national team).
Nine factors – dimensions which explain 58.44% of the total variance of the system
were isolated by matrix factorization of the item set of the newly constructed questionnaire,
and by (oblimin) rotation. It has been established that the measured features were not
homogenous and were difficult to interpret, so data analysis was conducted separately for
each area – facet of group properties. By analyzing the metric characteristics of scales in the
newly constructed questionnaire, it has been established that the reliability of the scales
ranges from an unsatisfactory 0.68 and 0.69 in scales of social cohesion and coaching style, to
a very good 0.85 in the scale of satisfaction with the coach and 0.87 in task cohesion. For the
purposes of data analysis on a team level, all of the obtained values are acceptable. Even
though the K-S test results indicate that the result distribution of 4 out of 6 measures of group
properties deviates from normal distribution, it has been concluded, based on distribution
shape and symmetry indicators, that parametric procedures can be conducted on the obtained
scales.
By validating the existing measures of GEQ and PSIS-Y scale for assessing group
properties, it has been established that the reliability of all scales assessing cohesiveness
(except social integration of the group) was less than satisfactory (between 0.60 and 0.70). By
validating the existing questionnaires of perceived coaching behaviour (LSS and CBS-S), it
has been established that the reliability was good in all 7 scales of CBS-S, as well as in 3 out
of 5 scales of the LLS questionnaire. The reliability was not satisfactory only in scales of
autocratic behaviour and positive feedback. The distribution shape and symmetry indicators
indicate good sensitivity of all scales, and having the item selection performed in particular
scales, all scales have good homogeneity.
By correlation analysis, statistically significant, moderate to moderately high
correlations were found between the measures of the newly constructed questionnaire for
assessing cohesion, perceived collective competence and coaching behavior, which indicates
they might have a common source. Even though two latent dimensions have been determined
by factorization (group properties and coach’s communication style), eigenvalue of the
second component, which was only slightly above the threshold in the initial structure,
implies that if the sample was increased, only one latent dimension - the component of group
properties of volleyball teams would be found.
Positive (moderate to high) correlations were also found between the scales of group
properties of the newly constructed questionnaire and the corresponding scales of the existing
questionnaires. Therefore, the newly constructed questionnaire can be recommended as the
compact orientation measure of group properties.
By testing the differences between the sexes, it has been established that there were no
significant differences in the level of group properties measured by the newly constructed
questionnaire. By applying validated GEQ and PSIS-Y questionnaires, significant differences
were found in cohesion, in 3 out of the 5 variables. Female players expressed significantly
higher individuals’ personal attraction to group - task (volleyball) as well as – social. Also,
female players expressed significantly higher group integration - task (volleyball). By
applying validated LSS and CBS-S questionnaires, significant differences were found in the
level of measured properties of coaching behavior in 5 out of the 12 variables. Female
players, as opposed to male players, evaluated their coaches’ behavior as more democratic
and less autocratic, with coaches also paying more attention to practicing technical elements
of volleyball and strength and conditioning training.
By testing the differences between the age groups, it has been established that female
players of the younger age group expressed higher task cohesion and gave a more positive
evaluation of satisfaction and coach’s communication style than older players. Male players
of the younger age group expressed higher team confidence than older players. Moreover,
older female players were significantly more team oriented than younger female players, and
younger male players expressed significantly higher social cohesion than older male players.
Female players of the younger age group, in comparison to older players, evaluated their
coaches’ behavior as more autocratic. By testing the differences between the two age groups
of male volleyball players, there were no significant differences found in the level of validated
measures of coaching behavior.
By variance analysis performed in male and female subsamples of volleyball players,
there were no significant differences found in the level of constructed measures of group
properties among players in different positions.
By performing a univariate analysis of variance, it has been established that female
players with a lower index of individual player efficiency had a significantly higher level of
perceived task cohesion and collective competence – readiness than players with the highest
index of individual player efficiency. Moreover, the highest-rated female players assessed
their coach’s communication style as least acceptable. The same conclusions can also be made
about female players based on the analysis of results obtained by discriminant analysis.
Among male players of different player efficiency, there were no significant
differences found by variance analysis and discriminant analysis in the expressed level of any
of the 6 constructed measures of group properties.
Similar results were obtained by variance analysis and discriminant analyses of female
players in relation to the index of team efficiency, establishing that groups of players with the
lowest index of team efficiency are characterized by a high level of task cohesion and
satisfaction with the coach and his communication style.
Among groups of male players, variance analysis and discriminant analysis have
shown that players with higher index of team efficiency, in comparison to players with lower
index of team efficiency, gave higher evaluations in both variables of collective competence –
readiness and confidence, as well as in task cohesion
